脑梗塞并发多器官衰竭患者肿瘤坏死因子含量的观察

目的：检测脑梗塞并发多器官功能衰竭（ＭＯＦ）患者血清肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）的含量变化并探讨其意义。方法：单纯急性脑梗塞患者（ＡＣＩ组）２１例，脑梗塞并发多器官功能衰竭患者（ＭＯＦ组）２４例（其中伴上消化道出血１１例，心功能衰竭７例，肾功能衰竭６例）。采用放射免疫方法检测２组患者血清ＴＮＦ的含量。结果：脑梗塞并发ＭＯＦ组ＴＮＦ含量〔（２．４７±０．３９）μｇ／Ｌ〕明显高于ＡＣＩ组〔（１．８９±０．２４）μｇ／Ｌ〕，Ｐ＜０．０１。脑梗塞并发ＭＯＦ组中各亚组间ＴＮＦ〔上消化道出血组（２．５３±０．４３）μｇ／Ｌ，心功能衰竭组（２．０１±０．２８）μｇ／Ｌ，肾功能衰竭组（２．４１±０．３２）μｇ／Ｌ〕差异显著（Ｐ均＜０．０１），尤以上消化道出血组升高明显。结论：ＴＮＦ参与了脑梗塞并发上消化道出血的发病；监测ＴＮＦ变化有助于对脑梗塞并发ＭＯＦ患者的病情观察和预后估计。     

急性脑血管病患者血与脑脊液中肿瘤坏死因子含量的变化及其临床意义

目的：探讨肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）与急性脑血管病（ＡＣＶＤ）的关系。方法：采用酶联免疫吸附法检测了６０例ＡＣＶＤ患者血与脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）中ＴＮＦ水平。结果：ＡＣＶＤ组血及ＣＳＦ中ＴＮＦ水平分别为（２．３９１±０．５１９）μｇ／Ｌ和（３．２９４±１．４１８）μｇ／Ｌ，对照组血及ＣＳＦ中ＴＮＦ水平分别为（１．７６９±０．２７２）μｇ／Ｌ和（１．２３６±０．３９９）μｇ／Ｌ，ＡＣＶＤ组血及ＣＳＦ中ＴＮＦ含量均显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．００１）。轻、中、重型ＡＣＶＤ组患者血ＴＮＦ水平分别为（２．１１３±０．４１２）μｇ／Ｌ、（２．４１７±０．３１０）μｇ／Ｌ和（２．９４６±０．４３４）μｇ／Ｌ，ＣＳＦ中ＴＮＦ水平分别为（２．７６３±１．１０８）μｇ／Ｌ、（３．４１７±０．９４２）μｇ／Ｌ和（４．２１９±１．２５３）μｇ／Ｌ，轻、重型组分别与中型组比较，血和ＣＳＦ中ＴＮＦ含量均有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：ＴＮＦ参与了ＡＣＶＤ的炎性反应过程，抑制ＴＮＦ产生及抗炎性反应的治疗可能具有潜在的临床价值。     

大鼠严重烫伤并发心肌损害时肿瘤坏死因子的变化

目的：探讨炎症介质在严重烧伤后心肌损害中的作用。方法：采用大鼠３０％ 体表面积Ⅲ度烫伤模型,随机分为对照组（１０ 只）和烫伤组（５０ 只）,于烫伤后１、３、６、１２ 和２４ 小时检测大鼠血浆肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）和肌钙蛋白Ｔ（ＴｎＴ）及心肌组织中ＴＮＦ的含量。结果：烫伤后６ 小时血浆ＴＮＦ水平〔（３．３８±０．９０）μｇ／Ｌ〕较正常对照组〔（１．０８±０．０１）μｇ／Ｌ〕显著升高（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）,１２ 小时达峰值〔（８．０２±１．０５）μｇ／Ｌ〕,伤后２４ 小时〔（６．４４±１．４３）μｇ／Ｌ〕虽有所下降,但仍显著高于正常对照组（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。心肌组织ＴＮＦ含量伤后１２ 小时〔（２．１５±０．０９）ｎｇ／ｍ ｇ〕显著高于正常对照组〔（０．８８±０．０１）ｎｇ／ｍ ｇ,Ｐ＜ ０．０１〕。血浆ＴＮＦ水平与反映心肌损伤的敏感指标血浆ＴｎＴ的变化密切相关。结论：炎症介质ＴＮＦ在烧伤后心肌损害的发生发展中起重要作用     

急性心肌梗塞患者肿瘤坏死因子和白细胞介素—6水平的研究

测定３２例急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）患者的血浆肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦα）含量和白细胞介素６（ＩＬ６）生物活性。结果：ＡＭＩ患者各时间点ＩＬ６活性水平均显著高于正常对照组（Ｐ均＜０．０１），而ＴＮＦα与正常对照组相比无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；但在ＡＭＩ发病后２４小时内心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级者，其最初ＴＮＦα（３．０８±１．８４μｇ／Ｌ）较心功能Ⅰ级者（１．６１±１．１５μｇ／Ｌ）显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结果提示ＴＮＦα和ＩＬ６均参与了ＡＭＩ的发病过程。作者认为可能是ＴＮＦα分泌增加而诱导免疫细胞网络系统活动性升高所致，而ＩＬ６可能参与了一种非特异性的应激反应     

哮喘患儿白细胞介素4、γ干扰素水平与IgE的相关性研究

目的了解白细胞介素４（ＩＬ－４）、γ干扰素（ＩＦＮγ）对哮喘患儿ＩｇＥ生成的调节作用。方法应用酶联免疫吸附试验，检测了２２例过敏性哮喘患儿外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）培养上清液中ＩＬ－４和ＩＦＮγ的含量以及血清中ＩＬ－４、ＩＦＮγ和ＩｇＥ的水平，并进行了相关性研究。结果哮喘组患儿ＰＢＭＣ培养上清液中ＩＬ－４与ＩＦＮγ含量分别为２６７．０±１８８．７ｎｇ／Ｌ和０．９７±０．５１μｇ／Ｌ，与对照组（９２．７±１４．７ｎｇ／Ｌ和１．７５±０．８８μｇ／Ｌ）比较，差异有非常显著性（Ｐ＜０．００１，Ｐ＜０．０１）。哮喘组血清中ＩＬ－４和ＩｇＥ含量分别为９０．５±５２．６ｎｇ／Ｌ和９１６．０±５２３．２ｋＵ／Ｌ，而对照组分别为３２．２±２３．０ｎｇ／Ｌ和１８６．６±１２７．７ｋＵ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．００１）。哮喘患儿血清中ＩＬ－４与ＩｇＥ浓度呈正相关（ｒ＝０．６１），而ＩＦＮγ与ＩｇＥ呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．４９）。结论提示ＩＬ－４在哮喘患儿ＩｇＥ的产生中起促进作用，而ＩＦＮγ则起抑制作用。     

多器官衰竭患者临终前血浆肿瘤坏死因子和白细胞介素6的变化

探讨多器官衰竭（ＭＯＦ）患者临终前血浆肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦα）和白细胞介素６（ＩＬ６）含量变化及其临床意义。测定２１例ＭＯＦ患者临终前血浆ＴＮＦα和ＩＬ６水平。结果发现，ＭＯＦ患者临终前血浆ＴＮＦα（３．１７±１．０６μｇ／Ｌ）和ＩＬ６（９８±１７μｇ／Ｌ）显著高于正常对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５和Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示：ＭＯＦ患者临终前体内细胞因子网络系统仍处于激活状态。作者认为，深入研究ＭＯＦ患者血浆ＴＮＦα和ＩＬ６产生规律，在适当时机选用相应单克隆抗体改变体内细胞因子网络活性，可能有助于ＭＯＦ患者的抢救。     

脑出血患者血浆血小板α—颗粒膜蛋白的变化及其临床意义

目的：探讨脑出血患者血浆血小板α颗粒膜蛋白（ＧＭＰ１４０）含量的变化和临床意义。方法：用放射免疫分析法测定９０例脑出血患者和７０例正常人血浆ＧＭＰ１４０的含量。结果：脑出血患者血浆ＧＭＰ１４０含量于发病１周内达高峰〔（２６．５４±７．２１）μｇ／Ｌ〕，明显高于正常对照组〔（９．０２±２．８９）μｇ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１〕，以后逐渐下降，第３周末多数降为正常〔（９．６５±３．４０）μｇ／Ｌ〕。出血量＞５０ｍｌ组血浆ＧＭＰ１４０含量〔（３９．５８±７．２９）μｇ／Ｌ〕显著高于出血量＜２０ｍｌ组〔（１５．３５±３．９０）μｇ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１〕；重型组血浆ＧＭＰ１４０含量〔（３２．１８±６．８１）μｇ／Ｌ〕明显高于轻型组〔（１３．０２±３．２１）μｇ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１〕；恶化死亡组血浆ＧＭＰ１４０含量〔（３３．３１±８．４５）μｇ／Ｌ〕明显高于治愈组〔（１４．６５±５．３４）μｇ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１〕。结论：测定脑出血患者血浆ＧＭＰ１４０含量可作为临床上估计出血量、监测病情和判断预后的一个指标。     

新生儿休克时血浆肿瘤坏死因子的测定及其意义

目的：探讨肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）在新生儿休克中的作用。方法：应用放射免疫方法检测３６例新生儿休克患儿血浆ＴＮＦ水平。结果：休克组治疗前血浆ＴＮＦ浓度〔（６０４．２６±１．２６）ｎｇ／Ｌ〕显著高于正常对照组〔（３２８．３８±１．１５）ｎｇ／Ｌ〕，Ｐ＜０．０１；感染性休克组〔（６５６．１４±１．４６）ｎｇ／Ｌ〕高于非感染性休克组〔（４６８．７９±１．３２）ｎｇ／Ｌ〕，Ｐ＜０．０５；死亡组〔（６８６．１３±１．１９）ｎｇ／Ｌ〕高于存活组〔（４７１．２３±１．２９）ｎｇ／Ｌ〕，Ｐ＜０．０５。血浆ＴＮＦ浓度与患儿器官损伤数呈正相关趋势，ｒ＝０．３１，Ｐ＞０．０５。结论：ＴＮＦ参与新生儿休克的病理生理过程，且与休克预后有关     

等剪切场中剪切诱导血小板释放神经肽Y

采用剪切激活血小板的方法，利用特异性放射免疫分析显示大鼠富血小板血浆（ＰＲＰ）与富血小板组分（ＰＥＦ）分别含神经肽Ｙ（ＮＰＹ）免疫活性物质９２．５９±１０．０９μｇ／Ｌ与９７．０２±３１．１１μｇ／Ｌ，高于去血小板血浆（ＰＦＰ）（１．５２±１．３２μｇ／Ｌ），与贫血小板血浆（ＰＰＰ）（１．６６±１．６１μｇ／Ｌ）中的含量（Ｐ＜０．００１）。ＰＲＰ经剪切诱发血小板聚集后，ＰＦＰｓ（剪切后）中ＮＰＹ浓度升高到２．２５±１．３７μｇ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＰＰＰ经剪切后ＮＰＹ浓度则降为１．２２±１．０７μｇ／Ｌ。结果表明大鼠血小板中含有大量ＮＰＹ，经剪切激活血小板使其聚集时，可以释放。剪切后ＰＲＰｓ与ＰＥＦｓ的ＮＰＹ浓度均升高，分别为１１２．４９±２３．０μｇ／Ｌ与１２１．９１±３１．２９μｇ／Ｌ，提示剪切促进血小板合成ＮＰＹ。     

甲亢性心力衰竭患者血浆内源性洋地黄样因子的动态观察──附45例报告

目的：了解甲状腺功能亢进（甲亢）性心脏病心力衰竭（甲亢并心衰）患者血浆内源性洋地黄样因子（ＥＤＦ）浓度动态变化的意义。方法：用放射免疫法测定了４５例甲亢并心衰患者和３３名正常人血浆ＥＤＦ浓度。结果：甲亢并心衰组血浆ＥＤＦ浓度明显低于正常组［甲亢并心衰组（０．４５±０．１８）μｇ／Ｌ,正常组（０．６６±０．２２）μｇ／Ｌ,Ｐ＜０．０１］,心衰纠正后血浆ＥＤＦ浓度明显升高［治疗前（０．４２±０．１７）μｇ／Ｌ,治疗后（０．６１±０．２４）μｇ／Ｌ;Ｐ＜０．０１］。结论：甲亢患者的ＥＤＦ分泌不足可能与心衰的发生有关。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.