Disproportionate alterations in body composition of large for gestational age neonates

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to compare dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry-measured body composition between large (LGA) and appropriate (AGA) birth weight for gestational age neonates.Study design: LGA term infants (n = 47) with birth weights > or =4000 g were compared with 47 gestational age-matched AGA infants; 11 LGA infants were born to mothers with gestational (9) or pregestational diabetes (2). Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans were performed at 1.8 +/- 1.0 days after birth. RESULTS: Body weight and length were the dominant predictors of body composition in LGA and AGA neonates. However, LGA neonates had significantly (P <.001, all comparisons) higher absolute amounts of total body fat, lean body mass, and bone mineral content and had significantly (P <.001, all comparisons) higher proportions of total body fat and bone mineral content but lower lean body mass as a percent of body weight. The changes for total body fat and lean body mass as a percent of body weight were greatest (P <.001) in LGA infants whose mothers had impaired glucose tolerance. CONCLUSION: LGA neonates have higher body fat and lower lean body mass than AGA infants. Impaired maternal glucose tolerance exaggerated these body composition changes.     

大于胎龄儿脐血脂联素水平测定及其临床意义

目的探讨大于胎龄儿(LGA)血脂联素水平变化及其对新生儿的影响。方法研究对象为LGA和适于胎龄儿(AGA)各30例。应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定脐血和产妇血脂联素水平,用免疫比浊法测定三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TCH)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-c)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-c)水平,并分析脐血脂联素水平与母血脂联素、新生儿性别、出生体质量、体质量指数(BMI)、胎盘重量和血脂水平的相关性。结果1.LGA脐血浆脂联素水平低于AGA,差异有非常显著性(P<0.01);LGA血TG、TCH、LDL-c、HDL-c水平与AGA比较差异均无显著性(Pa>0.05)。2.LGA血浆脂联素水平与新生儿出生体质量、BMI、胎盘重量、脐血TG水平均呈显著负相关(r=-0.848,-0.785,-0.835 Pa<0.001),与母血脂联素水平、新生儿身长、孕前和分娩时产妇体质量及其BMI、其他脐血脂成分无相关性(Pa>0.05)。3.LGA男婴和女婴脐血浆脂联素、血脂各成分水平比较差异均无显著性(Pa>0.05)。结论血脂联素水平变化与LGA的发生有关,测定脐血脂联素水平有助于判断LGA的发展趋势。     

Mid-arm circumference/head circumference ratios for identification of symptomatic LGA, AGA, and SGA newborn infants

Mid-arm circumference/head circumference ratios (MAC/HC) and birth weights obtained in 73 neonates were studied to compare which of these growth measurements could more accurately predict risk of metabolic complications resulting from either acceleration or retardation of fetal growth. The MAC/HC ratio was more sensitive than birth weight in distinguishing symptomatic large for gestational age (LGA) infants who were born to diabetic mothers from other LGA infants who were asymptomatic, and symptomatic from asymptomatic small for gestational age infants. In addition, the MAC/HC ratio identified symptomatic appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants born to diabetic mothers and AGA infants with signs and symptoms of growth retardation. The MAC/HC is more useful than birth weight in assessing newborn infants at risk for the metabolic complications associated with fetal growth disorders.     

Females born large for gestational age have a doubled risk of giving birth to large for gestational age infants

AIM: To analyse if females born large for gestational age (LGA) have an increased risk to give birth to LGA infants and to study anthropometric characteristics in macrosomic infants of females born LGA. METHODS: The investigation was performed as an intergenerational retrospective study of women born between 1973 and 1983, who delivered their first infant between 1989 and 1999. Birth characteristics of 47,783 females, included in the Swedish Birth Register both as newborns and mothers were analysed. LGA was defined as >2 SD in either birth weight or length for gestational age. The infants were divided into three subgroups: born tall only, born heavy only and born both tall and heavy for gestational age. Multiple logistic and linear regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: Females, born LGA with regard to length or weight, had a two-fold (adjusted OR 1.96, 95% Cl 1.54-2.48) increased risk to give birth to an LGA infant. Females, born LGA concerning weight only, had a 2.6 (adjusted OR 2.63, 95%, 1.85-3.75) fold increased risk of having an LGA offspring heavy only and no elevated risk of giving birth to an offspring that was tall only, compared to females born not LGA. In addition, maternal obesity was associated with a 2.5 (adjusted OR 2.56, 95%, 2.20-2.98) fold increased risk of having an LGA newborn, compared to mothers with normal weight. CONCLUSION: Females, born LGA, have an increased risk to give birth to LGA infants, compared to mothers born not LGA. Maternal overweight increases this risk even further.     

多中心大于胎龄儿新生儿期死亡原因及风险的病例对照研究

目的探讨大于胎龄儿（LGA）新生儿期死亡原因及死亡风险。方法病例对照研究。《中国新生儿死亡原因多中心调查》数据库包括39家三级医院新生儿科胎龄≥24周的所有死亡病例数据,以数据库中的LGA为病例组（单胎出生,晚期早产儿或足月儿）,分别以数据库中全部适于胎龄儿（AGA）和配对的AGA（1∶1）为对照组（匹配条件：单胎、胎龄、性别、来源医院）,比较LGA和AGA新生儿期死亡原因。通过整体人群中LGA和AGA活产婴儿比例,估计整体人群LGA死亡风险。采集母亲因素、围生期因素、新生儿因素和死亡原因。根据WHO ICD-PM分类标准分为11类新生儿期死亡原因。结果2016年7月1日至2019年6月30日数据库中新生儿期死亡的LGA和AGA分别为126和1 183例。LGA组新生儿除出生体重、母亲妊娠期糖尿病患病率外均与匹配AGA组差异无统计学意义。多因素回归分析,矫正出生体重和妊娠期糖尿病因素,LGA组早期新生儿死亡风险较匹配AGA组增加1.94倍（OR=2.938,95%CI: 1.346~6.416,P=0.007）。LGA的主要死亡原因排序为先天性疾病（29.4%）、围产期窒息（21.4%）、呼吸系统疾病和心血管疾病（14.3%）、重症感染（11.9%）。LGA组新生儿全因死亡风险与匹配AGA组差异无统计学意义,LGA组死于重症感染（N6：细菌性败血症,细菌脑膜炎,肺炎,病毒感染等）的风险低于匹配AGA组（OR=0.541,95%CI：0.320~0.912,P=0.019）。结论国内三级医院晚期早产儿和足月单胎LGA的主要死亡原因构成及其比例与AGA相比总体一致,LGA并不增加新生儿期的死亡风险,且死于重症感染风险低于AGA。     

脑源性神经营养因子与新生儿出生体重的关系

目的：该文通过检测新生儿脐血脑源性神经营养因子（brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF）的水平,探讨BDNF与新生儿出生体重的关系,并对相关因素进行分析。方法：根据出生体重,将51 例足月第1胎健康新生儿分为3 组:①小于胎龄组（SGA）8例;②适于胎龄组（AGA ）31例;③大于胎龄组（LGA）12例。测量新生儿身长、体重及其母亲的身高、体重,并对脐血中BDNF、瘦素（LEP）、胰岛素（INS）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）进行检测。结果：SGA组的BDNF明显高于AGA组和大于LGA组,AGA组和LGA组中BDNF没有差异;多元逐步回归分析显示BDNF值与新生儿出生体重、体重指数存在负相关关系。LEP与BDNF不呈相关趋势（P>0.05）,INS与BDNF也不呈相关趋势（P>0.05）。INS 与LEP呈现正相关（P<0.05）。LEP与新生儿体重、产妇体重及其BMI呈正相关,而TC,TG在3组新生儿中差异无显著性。结论：BDNF是新生儿体重的重要影响因素,而且不受LEP,INS的影响。     

Vascular retinal abnormalities in neonates of mothers who smoked during pregnancy

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether maternal smoking during pregnancy causes retinal abnormalities in the newborn. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred sixty-two neonates of smoking mothers and 162 matched neonates of nonsmoking mothers (112 appropriate for gestational age [AGA], 30 small for gestational age [SGA], 20 large for gestational age [LGA] in each group) were studied. RESULTS: Retinal arterial narrowing and straightening (RANS) was observed in 52 and 10 eyes of the newborns of smoking and nonsmoking mothers, respectively (P <. 000001) in association with elevated blood pressure in the neonates. The frequency of RANS was more than 3-fold greater in the SGA neonates than in the AGA and LGA neonates of the smoking mothers. Retinal venous dilatation and tortuosity (RVDT) was found in 100 and 36 eyes of neonates of smoking and nonsmoking mothers, respectively (P <.000001). The frequency of RVDT in the SGA neonates of the smoking mothers was 2.5-fold and 4.2-fold greater than in the AGA infants and the LGA infants, respectively. Also, intraretinal hemorrhages were found in 61 and 31 eyes of neonates of smoking and nonsmoking mothers, respectively (P =.0007) in association with elevated hematocrit and RVDT, whereas no intraretinal hemorrhages were found when RANS was present. All retinal abnormalities resolved by 6 months in infants of smoking mothers and by 2 months in infants of nonsmoking mothers. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal smoking during pregnancy causes increased frequency of RANS, RVDT, and intraretinal hemorrhages; but these retinal abnormalities resolve by 6 months of age.     

我国小于胎龄儿现状分析

研究我国小于胎龄儿（SGA）的现状。方法　调研我国22个省、自治区、直辖市的86所医院提供的2005 - 01 - 01 T 00:00:00至2005 - 12 - 31 T 00:00:00出院的产科出生的新生儿（45 014例）中SGA的发生率,总结分析该86所医院新生儿科住院患儿（54 466例）中SGA的临床资料。结果　（1）产科出生的 新生儿中SGA 的发生率为6.61 %,其中早产儿中SGA发生率（13.10 %）高于足月儿（6.05 %）;（2）新生儿科住院患儿中SGA的比例为9.19 %;（3）SGA中窒息 、呼吸窘迫综合征（RDS） 、肺出血、呼吸暂停、缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）、胃潴留、消化道出血、坏死性小肠结肠炎（NEC）、寒冷损伤综合征、先天畸形的构 成比高于适于胎龄儿（AGA）和大于胎龄儿（LGA）;（4）在SGA的转归中,治愈、好转率分别为57.47 %和27.41 %, 自动出院占13.17 %,病死率为1.95 %。其 中SGA病死率明显高于AGA和LGA, 而治愈好转率（84.88 %）则明显低于AGA 和LGA。 结论　我国新生儿科住院患儿中SGA的患病率和病死率较高,加强围生期监 测和干预以减少SGA发生、积极防治SGA并发症仍是我国目前围产工作的重点。     

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目的 研究我国小于胎龄儿(SGA)的现状.方法 调研我国22个省、自治区、直辖市的86所医院提供的2005-01-01 T00:00:00至2005-12-31 T00:00:00出院的产科出生的新生)L(45 014例)中SGA的发生率,总结分析该86所医院新生儿科住院患儿(54466例)中SGA的临床资料.结果 (1)产科出生的新生儿中SGA的发生率为6.61%,其中早产儿中SGA发生率(13.10%)高于足月儿(6.05%);(2)新生儿科住院患儿中SGA的比例为9.19%;(3)SGA中窒息、呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)、肺出血、呼吸暂停、缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)、胃潴留、消化道出血、坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)、寒冷损伤综合征、先天畸形的构成比高于适于胎儿(AGA)和大于胎龄儿(LGA);(4)在SGA的转归中,治愈、好转率分别为57.47%和27.41%,自动出院占13.17%,病死率为1.95%.其中SGA病死率明显高于AGA和LGA,而治愈好转率(84.88%)则明显低于AGA和LGA.结论 我国新生儿科住院患儿中SGA的患病率和病死率较高,加强围生期监测和干预以减少SGA发生、积极防治SGA并发症仍是我国目前围产工作的重点.     

多中心大于胎龄儿新生儿期死亡原因及风险的病例对照研究

目的探讨大于胎龄儿（LGA）新生儿期死亡原因及死亡风险。方法病例对照研究。《中国新生儿死亡原因多中心调查》数据库包括39家三级医院新生儿科胎龄≥24周的所有死亡病例数据，以数据库中的LGA为病例组（单胎出生，晚期早产儿或足月儿），分别以数据库中全部适于胎龄儿（AGA）和配对的AGA（1∶1）为对照组（匹配条件：单胎、胎龄、性别、来源医院），比较LGA和AGA新生儿期死亡原因。通过整体人群中LGA和AGA活产婴儿比例，估计整体人群LGA死亡风险。采集母亲因素、围生期因素、新生儿因素和死亡原因。根据WHO ICD-PM分类标准分为11类新生儿期死亡原因。结果2016年7月1日至2019年6月30日数据库中新生儿期死亡的LGA和AGA分别为126和1 183例。LGA组新生儿除出生体重、母亲妊娠期糖尿病患病率外均与匹配AGA组差异无统计学意义。多因素回归分析，矫正出生体重和妊娠期糖尿病因素，LGA组早期新生儿死亡风险较匹配AGA组增加1.94倍（OR=2.938，95%CI: 1.346~6.416,P=0.007）。LGA的主要死亡原因排序为先天性疾病（29.4%）、围产期窒息（21.4%）、呼吸系统疾病和心血管疾病（14.3%）、重症感染（11.9%）。LGA组新生儿全因死亡风险与匹配AGA组差异无统计学意义，LGA组死于重症感染（N6：细菌性败血症,细菌脑膜炎，肺炎，病毒感染等）的风险低于匹配AGA组（OR=0.541，95%CI：0.320~0.912，P=0.019）。结论国内三级医院晚期早产儿和足月单胎LGA的主要死亡原因构成及其比例与AGA相比总体一致，LGA并不增加新生儿期的死亡风险，且死于重症感染风险低于AGA。     

Gestational diabetes and offspring body disproportion

Aim:  It has been demonstrated that females born large for gestational age (LGA) in weight but not length are at increased risk of being obese at childbearing age. We addressed the question whether women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at increased risk of giving birth to such infants.
Methods:  Birth characteristics of 884 267 infants of non-diabetic mothers and 7817 of mothers with GDM were analysed. LGA was defined as birth weight or birth length >2 standard deviation scores for gestational age. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed.
Results:  The odds ratio (OR) for a woman with GDM to give birth to an LGA infant that was heavy alone was four times increased (OR: 3.71, 95% CI: 3.41–4.04). Furthermore, in the population of mothers giving birth to LGA infants, the proportion heavy alone was 68% in the group of women with GDM compared with 64.4% in the group of non-diabetic women. The risks were independent of gender of the foetus.
Conclusion:  Women with GDM have an almost four times higher risk of delivering an LGA infant that is heavy alone. The noted disproportion between weight and length in infants of such mothers may have an impact on the risk of later obesity.     

定量超声技术对婴儿出生时骨状况的研究

目的　评价定量超声(QUS)技术在新生儿中的应用,取得新生儿出生时骨QUS的基础资料。方法　采用以色列Sunlight公司生产的Omnisense定量超声仪,对 157例新生儿进行出生时胫骨声波速度(SOS)测量。结果　 ①男女婴儿之间SOS值差异无统计学意义 (男 88例,SOS值为2968±115m/s;女 69例,SOS值为 2956±105m/s;P=0. 524)。早产儿 (68例,平均胎龄 33 0±2. 5周)SOS值平均为 2935±96m/s,足月儿(89例, 平均胎龄 39. 4±1 3周)SOS值平均为 2984±116m/s,早产儿SOS值显著低于足月儿 (t=2 837,P=0. 005)。②不同季节出生的新生儿其SOS值差异有统计学意义(F=4.377,P=0 005);新生儿SOS值在春夏季出生者显著低于秋冬季出生者,夏季出生者比冬季出生者低 2 3%。③出生体重<1500g新生儿SOS值 (11例,SOS值为 2908±99m/s)显著低于出生体重>2500g新生儿(86例,SOS值为 2980±113m/s) (P=0 .042)。④在 109例适于胎龄儿中,SOS值与胎龄显著相关(r=0.270,P=0 .005),与出生体重也显著相关 (r=0. 232,P=0 015),多元回归分析发现胎龄和出生季节是影响SOS值的重要因素 (F=8 515.P<0. 001,校正决定系数R2 =0. 141)。结论　QUS适用于新生儿骨状况的研究;本研究取得了新生儿出生时骨SOS值的资料。     

Home apnea monitor use in preterm infants discharged from newborn intensive care units

PURPOSE: To identify current factors associated with home apnea monitor use in preterm infants and to determine whether home monitor use was associated with a shorter length of hospital stay. SETTING: We evaluated neonates who were < or =34 weeks' estimated gestational age and admitted for neonatal intensive care. We excluded neonates with congenital anomalies, neonates transferred out before discharge, and neonates who died. METHODS: Using a database created with a computer-assisted tool that generates hospital notes, we reviewed the epidemiology of monitor use. Differences between neonates sent home with an apnea monitor and those who were not were evaluated by using stepwise logistic regression analysis to identify which factors were independently associated with a neonate being discharged with a monitor. RESULTS: We studied 14,532 neonates; 1588 (11%) were sent home with monitors and 12,944 (89%) were not. The most important variables associated with being discharged with a monitor were site of care and a diagnosis of apnea. Site variation remained significant when adjusted for gestational age, diagnosis of apnea, and a history of use of methylxanthines. When corrected for gestational age, monitor use was not associated with shorter hospital stays. CONCLUSION: The data suggest that monitor use is more dependent on physician preference than medical indication and is not associated with earlier hospital discharge.     

Visual evoked potentials in term light-for-gestational-age infants and infants of diabetic mothers

The latency and amplitude of the first negative peak of visual evoked potentials (VEP) were evaluated in 52 term infants, investigated within 48 h after birth. Sixteen were light-for-gestational-age (LGA), 16 were appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) and 20 were infants of diabetic mothers (IDM). The VEP latency was shorter in LGA infants compared to AGA infants, and it was closely related to the birth weight deviation. The VEP latency was inversely related to gestational age and positively related to head circumference. When corrected for gestational age and head circumference, the VEP latency was not significantly different between the subgroups, nor related to the birth weight deviation, ponderal index or skinfold thickness. Thus, it could be argued that the high conduction velocity in LGA infants is due to stress maturation or alternatively due to the smaller head circumference. The VEP amplitude was higher in LGA infants when compared with AGA infants, and inversely related to the birth weight deviation. No differences were found in VEP latency or VEP amplitude between IDM and AGA infants.     

张路指数在怀化市新生儿体格发育评价中的应用

目的验证张路指数(ZLI)在新生儿体格发育评价中的应用。方法对413例新生儿测量体质量、头围、身长,根据ZLI公式计算ZLI值,并通过31例小于胎龄(SGA)儿、65例大于胎龄(LGA)儿、317例适于胎龄(AGA)儿首次测量的原始数据对ZLI与惯用胎龄-体质量法进行验证比较。结果1.ZLI与胎龄-体质量法比较,灵敏度高于全国验证结果,有统计学差异(χ2=6.45 P<0.05),特异度、总符合率与全国验证结果比较,无统计学差异(χ2=2.38,0.22 P均>0.05);2.怀化市新生儿ZLI平均值高于全国参考值,有统计学差异(P<0.01);3.ZLI随胎龄及生后日龄增大而增加,有统计学差异(P<0.01);4.ZLI纵向累积增长率SGA儿最大,LGA儿最小,有统计学差异(P<0.05);5.超重或肥胖发生率LGA儿最大,SGA儿在各时段均为0,有统计学差异(P<0.01)。结论ZLI是一个综合评价胎儿期及新生儿期体格发育水平的指数。     

Cord prealbumin values in newborn infants: effect of prenatal steroids, pulmonary maturity, and size for dates

We assessed cord prealbumin concentrations in 214 appropriate for gestational age newborn infants, 21 small for gestational age infants, and 27 large for gestational age infants to establish normal values and to assess the effect of intrauterine growth, prenatal steroids, and pulmonary maturity on prealbumin levels. Cord prealbumin values were significantly correlated with increasing gestational age (r = 0.33; P less than 0.001) and birth weight (r = 0.40, P less than 0.001) in the AGA neonates. Neonates born before 37 weeks gestation had significantly lower prealbumin levels than those born at term (P less than 0.001). The SGA infants had significantly lower levels than age-matched AGA controls (P less than 0.01), and LGA infants had significantly higher levels than age-matched AGA controls (P less than 0.001). In preterm infants, those with exposure to prenatal steroids (betamethasone or premature rupture of membranes) had significantly higher prealbumin values than control infants of comparable age and weight (P less than 0.001). Infants without respiratory distress syndrome had higher levels than those of comparable age and weight with hyaline membrane disease (P less than 0.05). This study demonstrates that a correlation of gestational age and birth weight exists with cord prealbumin levels, and that the large variability at each gestational age may be accounted for in part by appropriateness of size for dates, prenatal steroid exposure, and pulmonary maturity.     

Longitudinal investigation of the relationship between breast milk leptin levels and growth in breast-fed infants

BACKGROUND: It has been shown that leptin is present in breast milk and human mammary epithelial cells are able to synthesize leptin. It has been suggested that leptin in human milk might be involved in the regulation of postnatal nutrition and growth. AIMS: To investigate whether there is a relationship between leptin levels in human milk and weight gain in the postnatal period and to compare variations of milk-borne maternal leptin concentrations for small for gestational age (SGA), large for gestational age (LGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants. INFANTS AND METHODS: Forty-seven healthy lactating women aged from 17-38 years and their infants were included in the study. The infants were separated into three groups according to birth weight as SGA (n = 11), LGA (n = 14) and AGA (n = 22). All infants were fed with breast milk during the study period. Anthropometric measurements were performed on the 15th day of life and at 1, 2, and 3 months of age, and the body mass index (BMI) of the infants' mothers was calculated. Breast milk leptin levels were analyzed by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: Breast milk leptin levels were found reduced in the SGA group and increased in the LGA group compared to the AGA group at 15 days of life (13.4 +/- 2.2, 28.5 +/- 4.4 and 18.4 +/- 2 ng/ml, respectively; p <0.05). At 1 month of age, leptin levels in breast milk were significantly lower in the LGA group than in the AGA group (15.5 +/- 4.9, 19.4 +/- 1.7 ng/ml, respectively; p<0.05). There was no difference among the three groups at 2 and 3 months of age (p>0.05). There was a positive correlation between birth Weight and breast milk leptin levels on the 15th day (r = 0.47, p = 0.001). A negative correlation was found between weight gain during the first 15 days and 1 month of life and breast milk leptin levels on the 15th day (r = -0.44, p = 0.002; r = -0.40, p = 0.005, respectively). No relationship could be determined between breast milk leptin levels and BMI of the mothers. CONCLUSION: Maternal milk of SGA, LGA and AGA infants had different leptin levels, especially during the first month of life. More rapid growth was shown in the SGA infants during the first postnatal 15 days compared to AGA and LGA infants, and human milk leptin levels were significantly reduced in the SGA group. However, LGA infants gained more weight during the second 15 days of life and breast milk leptin levels were dramatically decreased in LGA and increased in SGA infants at the end of first month of life. These findings suggest that the presence of leptin in breast milk might have a significant role in growth, appetite and regulation of nutrition in infancy, especially during the early lactation period, and the production of leptin in breast tissue by human mammary epithelial cells might be regulated physiologically according to necessity and state of the infant.     

新生儿出生后24小时内凝血功能检测的临床意义分析

目的探讨不同胎龄以及不同体重新生儿凝血功能指标的差异,为判断凝血功能指标的临床意义提供参考。方法2015年1月至2018年12月期间,在解放军总医院第五医学中心新生儿科住院治疗的新生儿中,纳入170例胎龄28~42周、出生8 h内入院的新生儿,其中男性87例,女性83例。按胎龄分为早期早产儿组、晚期早产儿组和足月儿组。按新生儿出生体重分为正常出生体重组、低出生体重组和极低出生体重组。按是否小于胎龄分为早产适于胎龄儿组、早产小于胎龄儿组、足月适于胎龄儿组、足月小于胎龄儿组。于生后24 h内抽取静脉血,检测活化部分凝血活酶时间(activatedpartial thromboplastin time,APTT)、凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT)、纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen,FIB)、凝血酶时间(thrombin,TT)及D-二聚体(D-dimer)。结果早期早产儿组的APTT、PT、D-二聚体水平均高于晚期早产儿组及足月儿组(P值均<0.05),FIB水平低于晚期早产儿组及足月儿组(P值均<0.05);晚期早产儿组的APTT、PT水平均高于足月儿组(P值均<0.05),但两组间D-二聚体、FIB水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。极低出生体重组的APTT、PT、D-二聚体水平均高于低出生体重组及正常出生体重组(P值均<0.05),FIB水平低于低出生体重组及正常出生体重组(P值均<0.05);低出生体重组的APTT、PT水平均高于正常出生体重组(P值均<0.05),但两组间D-二聚体、FIB水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。早产小于胎龄儿组D-二聚体水平高于早产适于胎龄儿组(P<0.05),其余指标比较差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05);足月适于胎龄儿与足月小于胎龄儿组的凝血指标比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。早产儿出血发生率高于足月儿[26.6%(29/109)与8.2%(5/61),χ^2=9.019,P=0.003]。结论新生儿凝血指标有胎龄和体重差异,胎龄越小、体重越低的新生儿凝血功能越不完善。     

Father's weight could contribute to large babies in overweight and obese mothers with and without gestational diabetes

We evaluated whether there was an association between fathers’ nutritional status and children's birth weight (BW) considering weight-matched mothers with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). In total, 86 trios of women, infants, and fathers were evaluated. BW was not different between the groups of obese and non-obese parents, frequency of maternal obesity, or GDM. The percentage of infants who were large for gestational age (LGA) was 25% in the obese group and 14% in the non-obese group (p = 0.44). There was a borderline significance for higher body mass index (p = 0.09) of the father in the LGA group compared with the adequate for gestational age group. These results corroborate the hypothesis that the father's weight can also be relevant for the occurrence of LGA.     

Postnatal weight increase and growth velocity of very low birthweight infants

BACKGROUND: Only a few studies have dealt with postnatal growth velocity of very low birthweight (VLBW) infants. OBJECTIVE: To analyse weight growth kinetics of VLBW infants from birth to over 2 years of age. PATIENTS: A total of 262 VLBW infants were selected; inaccurate estimate of gestational age, major congenital anomalies, necrotising enterocolitis, death, and loss to follow up within the first year were the exclusion criteria. METHODS: Body weight was recorded daily up to 28 days or up to discontinuation of parenteral nutrition, weekly up to discharge, then at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months of corrected age. Individual growth profiles were fitted with a seven constant, exponential-logistic function suitable for modelling weight loss and weight recovery, two peaks, and the subsequent slow decrease in growth velocity. RESULTS: After a postnatal weight loss, all infants showed a late neonatal peak of growth velocity between the 7th and 21st weeks; most also experienced an early neonatal peak between the 2nd and 6th week. VLBW infants who were small for gestational age and those with major morbidities grew less than reference VLBW infants who were the appropriate size for gestational age without major morbidities: at 2 years of age, the difference in weight was about 860 g. The more severe growth impairment seen in VLBW infants with major morbidities is almost entirely due to the reduced height of the late neonatal peak of velocity. CONCLUSIONS: The growth model presented here should be a useful tool for evaluating to what extent different pathological conditions or nutritional and medical care protocols affect growth kinetics.