IOZ牌皮肤消毒液的杀菌效果与毒理学研究

[目的]为了解IOZ牌皮肤消毒液的杀菌效果及其毒性。[方法]用悬液定量杀菌试验和动物毒性试验进行了实验室研究。[结果]分别以含盐酸聚六亚甲基胍4.0g/L、乙醇含量为72.2%的消毒剂作用大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌1min,杀灭对数值﹥5.00,同样浓度的消毒剂作用白色念珠菌1min,杀灭对数值﹥4.00;该消毒剂用于皮肤和手消毒时,作用1min对自然菌的杀灭对数值﹥1.00;毒性试验结果表明,该消毒剂属实际无毒,对皮肤无刺激,对小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验结果为阴性,亚急性毒性试验中,血液学及生化指标未见异常。[结论]IOZ牌皮肤消毒液具有良好的杀灭微生物性能,毒性低,无刺激,可广泛用于皮肤及手等的消毒。     

含醇手消毒剂杀菌效果与毒性研究

目的:了解免洗手消毒剂(含75%异丙醇)杀菌效果及相关毒性.方法:采用悬液定量杀菌试验和动物毒性试验方法进行了杀菌效果和毒性评价.结果:以含体积分数28%、33%异丙醇的手消毒剂对悬液内大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌作用1 min,平均杀灭对数值为2.18、2.33、2.12,原液作用1 rain其平均杀灭对数值均大于＞5.0,杀灭率均为100%.经口毒性试验雌雄小鼠LD50均大于10 g/kg体重,属实际无毒,其原液对家兔皮肤无刺激性.结论:该免洗手消毒剂对细菌繁殖体和真菌都具有较强的杀灭效果且对皮肤无刺激性,动物试验属无毒级物质.     

一种复合型生物消毒剂杀菌性能和毒性试验研究

摘要:目的　研究一种复合型生物消毒剂的杀菌效果、稳定性和毒性,为实际消毒应用提供科学的依据。方法　采用悬液定量杀菌试验、稳定性试验和现场试验及动物试验方法,对该消毒剂的消毒相关性能进行试验观察。结果　该消毒剂以溶葡萄球菌酶为主要成分,原液pH值3.50。以该消毒剂原液作用5 min对悬液内金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞杆菌和白色念珠菌的杀灭对数值均＞5.00。用该消毒剂原液对30人次皮肤喷涂消毒作用5 min,对自然菌的杀灭对数值均＞1.00。该消毒剂经37℃存放90 d,存放后原液对白色念珠菌作用5 min杀灭对数值≥4.00。该消毒剂原液对小鼠急性经口毒性试验LD50均大于5000 mg/kg.bw,对家兔皮肤皮肤刺激指数为0,对豚鼠皮肤致敏率为0%。结论　该消毒剂具有较好的杀菌效果和稳定性,属实际无毒物质,对皮肤无刺激性,无致敏作用。     

纳米消毒凝胶杀菌效果及毒性的试验观察

目的：了解纳米消毒凝胶的杀菌效果及毒性。方法：进行载体浸泡定量杀菌试验。结果：该消毒凝胶25．0％的稀释液作用25min对金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌)的杀灭率以及50％的稀释液作用25min对大肠埃希菌的杀灭率均≥99.92%；原样作用20min对白色念珠菌的杀灭率为99.99％。有机物对该消毒剂的杀菌效果有轻度影响；该消毒剂于37℃温箱放置90d后性质稳定。纳米消毒凝胶对雌雄NIH小鼠经口LD50＞5500mg/kg，属于实际无毒级。一次性接触动物皮肤属无刺激性。结论：纳米消毒凝胶杀菌效果好，且无毒性。     

某品牌口腔黏膜消毒剂的毒理学评价与杀菌效果研究

目的研究某品牌口腔黏膜消毒剂的毒理学安全性和消毒效果。方法采用动物试验、现场试验以及悬液定量杀菌试验来观察其毒性和杀菌效果。结果某品牌口腔黏膜消毒剂对铜绿假单胞菌、溶血链球菌及金黄色葡萄球菌作用0.5 min,杀灭对数值均5.00;对白色念珠菌作用0.5 min,杀灭对数值4.00;对30名志愿者前臂皮肤表面作用1 min,对其表面自然菌的平均杀灭对数值为2.32(1.94～2.75),每次试验的杀灭对数值均1.00。对家兔急性眼刺激和一次破损皮肤刺激试验均为无刺激性,小鼠急性经口毒性试验显示为实际无毒类物质,豚鼠变态反应试验属于无致敏性,小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验结果为阴性。结论该品牌口腔黏膜消毒剂具有良好的杀菌效果,稳定性强,属于低毒性物质,刺激性小。     

聚维酮碘消毒液毒性与消毒效果观察

目的观察聚维酮碘消毒液的毒性与消毒效果。方法依据《消毒技术规范》对其进行毒理学、实验室定量杀菌及手现场消毒试验。结果该消毒液对小鼠急性经口毒性试验结果LD50〉5 000mg/kg.BW;微核试验阴性;多次皮肤刺激、急性眼刺激、1次阴道黏膜刺激试验结果均无刺激性。样品500mg/L有效碘溶液对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌作用0.5min杀灭对数值均〉5.00,对白色念珠菌作用0.5min杀灭对数值〉4.00;对30人次志愿受试者手皮肤表面自然菌消毒1min,平均杀灭对数值〉1.00,各项指标均达到消毒合格要求。结论聚维酮碘消毒剂为实际无毒级,杀菌效果良好,杀菌谱广,作用快,可用于人体体表皮肤和黏膜消毒。     

一种聚六亚甲基双胍复方消毒剂杀菌性能及毒性的实验研究

目的 观察以聚六亚甲基胍为主要杀菌成分的复方消毒剂的杀菌性能及毒性. 方法采用悬液定量杀菌试验和现场消毒试验以及动物试验方法进行实验室检测. 结果该消毒液含聚六亚甲基双胍含量为5 800 mg/L,以原液作用0.5 min对悬液内大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌平均杀灭对数值均＞5.00,对白色念珠菌平均杀灭对数值＞4.00.稳定性结果,在37℃恒温箱内存放37 d,有效成分含量下降率为6.35%.能量试验结果,杀灭大肠杆菌最低合格有效浓度为750 mg/L.现场消毒试验结果,以5 800 mg/L该消毒液对手、皮肤表面擦拭消毒1 min,其平均杀灭对数值为＞1.00.该消毒液对小鼠急性经口毒性LD50大于5 000 mg/kg(体重),皮肤刺激试验显示对皮肤无刺激作用,阴道黏膜刺激试验显示无刺激性,小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验结果均为阴性;亚急性毒性试验亦未发现异常指标;变态反应试验未见受试皮肤出现红斑和水肿反应等刺激反应,表明对皮肤无致变态反应作用. 结论该聚六亚甲基双胍复方消毒剂具有良好的杀菌作用,安全性能好.     

壳聚糖成膜剂的杀菌效果与毒理学研究

目的了解壳聚糖成膜剂的杀菌效果及其毒性。方法悬液定量杀菌试验和动物毒性试验。结果该样品作用大肠杆菌,金黄色葡萄球菌2 min,杀灭对数值5.00,作用白色念珠菌2 min,杀灭对数值4.00,稳定性试验结果证明,该产品稳定性好,毒性试验结果表明,对皮肤无刺激。结论壳聚糖成膜剂具有良好的杀灭微生物性能,毒性低,稳定性好,可广泛用于皮肤、伤口等消毒。     

洁芙柔消毒凝胶消毒效果观察

目的了解洁芙柔消毒凝胶对微生物的杀灭效果.方法采用悬液定量杀菌试验和现场消毒效果进行观察.结果该消毒凝胶对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌作用1 min杀灭率均为100%;洁芙柔消毒凝胶对手上自然菌作用3 min,杀灭率为99.02%.结论洁芙柔消毒凝胶是一种凝胶状醇类消毒剂,杀菌力强,且具护肤成分,消毒后手感干爽,是一种较为理想的外科手消毒剂.     

一种复方中药消毒剂消毒效果及毒性试验观察

目的研究一种复方中药消毒剂的杀菌效果及其安全性。方法采用手、皮肤、物体表面消毒现场试验和动物试验方法,对该中药消毒剂效果及毒性进行试验室观察。结果该中药消毒剂作用1min,对手、皮肤及物体表面的自然菌平均杀灭对数值分别为1.42、1.37和1.78。小鼠急性经口毒性LD505 000 mg/kg体重。对家兔眼刺激试验属轻刺激性,皮肤刺激试验属无刺激。该消毒剂原液对不锈钢、铜基本无腐蚀,对碳钢和铝有轻度腐蚀。结论该消毒剂作用时间短、消毒效果较好、使用安全。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.