Oxidized low-density lipoproteins induce apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells

目的：研究氧化型低密度脂蛋白（ｏｘＬＤＬ）诱导血管平滑肌细胞凋亡．方法：梯度超速离心分离血浆ＬＤＬ，以ＣｕＳＯ４１０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１氧化，观察ｏｘＬＤＬ对培养兔胸主动脉平滑肌细胞的损伤作用．Ｈｏｅｃｈｓｔ３３２５８荧光染色观察形态学改变，抽提细胞ＤＮＡ进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳．结果：ｏｘＬＤＬ３００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１与ＶＳＭＣ共温育２４ｈ诱导典型的凋亡形态学变化和ＤＮＡ降解，但天然低密度脂蛋白无此作用．当ｏｘＬＤＬ为４００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１或温育时间延至４８ｈ，上述变化更加明显．硫酸葡聚糖２０ｍｇ·Ｌ－１和ＢＨＴ５０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１对此作用无影响．ＬＰＣ１２５μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１无诱导凋亡作用．结论：ｏｘＬＤＬ诱导血管平滑肌细胞凋亡，氧自由基和ＬＰＣ不参与这一过程．     

Regulation of intracellular Ca^2＋ and calcineurin by NO／PKG in proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: To determine whether Ca2+/calcineurin mediated the inhibitory effects of nitric oxide /cGMP-dependent protein kinase (NO/PKG) on the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). METHODS: Proliferation and viability of primary VSMC from rat aorta were measured using [3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay and acridine orange and ethidium bromide staining, respectively. Cytosolic Ca2+ was determined by Fluo-3/AM. Calcineurin protein and its activity were assayed using immunoblotting and free inorganic phosphate analysis, respectively. RESULTS: (+/-)-S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) and Sp-8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-guanosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate (Sp-8-pCPT-cGMPS) decreased phenylephrine (PE)-induced proliferation of VSMC by 27.3% and 36.6%, respectively, but Rp-8-[(4-chlorophenyl)thio]-guanosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate (Rp-8-pCPT-cGMPS) increased PE-induced proliferation of VSMC. SNAP, Sp-8-pCPT-cGMPS, and Rp-8-pCPT-cGMPS did not affect the viability of VSMC. Calcineurin protein was decreased by 63.1% and its activity was decreased by 59.7% in smooth muscle cells (SMC) pretreated with verapamil (Ver) and then stimulated by PE. In SMC pretreated with Ver, the absorbance of cells stimulated by PE decreased by 22.0% and was further inhibited by the additional treatment of SNAP and Sp-8-pCPT-cGMPS. In SMC pretreated with cyclosporin A (CsA), the absorbance of cells stimulated by PE decreased by 36.7%, but could not be further altered by the additional treatment of SNAP, Sp-8-pCPT-cGMPS, and Rp-8-pCPT-cGMPS. In addition, Ver inhibited PE-induced intracellular Ca2+ variations, which could be further inhibited by SNAP and Sp-8-pCPT-cGMPS, but not by Rp-8-pCPT-cGMPS. Moreover, the increase in calcineurin activity induced by PE was inhibited by SNAP and Sp-8-pCPT-cGMPS, but was promoted by Rp-8-pCPT-cGMPS. Conclusion: NO/PKG regulates calcineurin activity via the modulation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and thus partially inhibits the proliferation of VSMC without affecting their viability.     

Proliferation of aortic smooth muscle cells and renin-angiotensin system in SHR rats

目的：探讨ＳＨＲ大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞（ＡＳＭＣ）异常增殖和肾素血管紧张素系统（ＲＡＳ）的关系．方法：测定血管紧张素Ｉ（Ａｎｇ）、卡托普利（Ｃａｐ）、沙拉新（Ｓａｒ）对培养的ＳＨＲ、ＷＫＹＡＳＭＣ增殖和Ａｎｇ、血管紧张素转化酶（ＡＣＥ）的影响．结果：Ａｎｇ在２％血清培养基中可刺激ＳＨＲＡＳＭＣ增生．ＳＨＲＡＳＭＣ分裂增殖能力比ＷＫＹ强，ＳＨＲＡＳＭＣＲＡＳ处于高功能状态．Ｃａｐ长期（４周）干预显著抑制ＳＨＲＡＳＭＣ异常增殖和Ａｎｇ、ＡＣＥ活性，Ｓａｒ长期干预同样抑制ＳＨＲＡＳＭＣ的增殖和ＡＣＥ活性，但Ａｎｇ水平反而升高．Ｃａｐ短期（２４小时）干预不影响两种大鼠ＡＳＭＣＲＡＳ．结论：Ｃａｐ和Ｓａｒ长期干预通过减少ＳＨＲＡＳＭＣＡｎｇ生成或阻断Ａｎｇ和特异受体结合，抑制其异常增殖．     

Effects of advanced glycosylation end products on proliferation and cytosolic free calcium in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells

目的：研究糖基化终产物（ＡＧＥＰ）对主动脉平滑肌细胞增殖的影响及其与［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ的关系．方法：采用同位素掺入法分别测定ＤＮＡ和蛋白质合成；Ｆｕｒａ２ＡＭ测定［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ．结果：ＡＧＥＰ以浓度、时间相关的方式促进［３Ｈ］ＴｄＲ与［３Ｈ］Ｌｅｕ掺入细胞，随ＡＧＥＰ作用时间、糖化时间延长，掺入率增加明显．ＡＧＥＰ增加［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ，与时间、浓度相关，但随ＡＧＥＰ作用时间延长（４０分钟后）而有所降低，ＢＳＡ修饰中葡萄糖浓度的增加，糖基化时间延长，［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ也呈上升趋势．结论：ＡＧＥＰ刺激平滑肌细胞增殖，并与细胞［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ浓度增加有关．     

Effects of superoxide anion on intracellular Ca~(2 ) concentration in rabbit pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells

目的：研究超氧阴离子对兔肺动脉平滑肌细胞内钙的影响．方法：采用Ｆｕｒａ２测定酶分离的兔肺动脉平滑肌细胞内钙．结果：ＡＴＰ３０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１诱导平滑肌细胞内钙瞬时性增加．Ｔｈａｐｓｉｇａｒｇｉｎ引起平滑肌细胞内钙缓慢的增加．超氧阴离子作用于平滑肌细胞后，使ＡＴＰ诱导细胞内钙增加的持续相升高，在ＡＴＰ作用后５和１０ｍｉｎ的比值（Δｒａｔｉｏ５ｍｉｎ和Δｒａｔｉｏ１０ｍｉｎ）分别由００９１±００２２和００２１±００２０升高至０１４９±００４８和０１１７±００４７．但超氧阴离子对ｔｈａｐｓｉｇａｒｇｉｎ诱导的细胞内钙变化没有明显的影响．结论：超氧阴离子延迟ＡＴＰ诱导的平滑肌细胞内钙瞬时性增加，而不影响钙的泄漏途径．     

Neferine inhibits angiotensin Ⅱ-stimulated proliferation in vascular smooth muscle cells through heme oxygenase-1

Aim:

To explore the effect of neferine on angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation.

Methods:

Human umbilical vein smooth muscle cells (HUVSMCs) were used. Cell proliferation was determined by using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry analysis. Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 protein expression was tested by Western blot analysis. Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation was determined by using immunoblotting.

Results:

Pre-incubation of HUVSMCs with neferine (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 μmol/L) significantly inhibited Ang II-induced cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner and neferine 5.0 μmol/L increased HO-1 expression by 259% compared with control. The antiproliferative effect of neferine was significantly attenuated by coapplication of zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP IX, an HO-1 inhibitor) with neferine. Ang II-enhanced ERK1/2 phosphorylation was markedly reversed by neferine. By inhibiting HO-1 activity with ZnPP IX, the inhibitive effect of neferine on ERK1/2 phosphorylation was significantly attenuated. Cobalt-protoporphyrin (CoPP), an HO-1 inducer, significantly decreased Ang II-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and inhibited Ang II-induced cell proliferation. The ERK1/2 pathway inhibitor PD98059 significantly blocked Ang II-enhanced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and inhibited cell proliferation.

Conclusion:

These findings suggest that neferine can inhibit Ang II-induced HUVSMC proliferation by upregulating HO-1, leading to the at least partial downregulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation.     

Effects of Kampo medicine,Keishi—ka Shakuyaku—to （TJ—60） on alteration of diacylglycerol metabolism in gastrointestinal smooth muscle of diabetic rats

AIM: To examine the effects of Kampo medicine, keishi-ka-shakuyaku-to (TJ-60) on the signal transduction in diabetic gastrointestinal dysfunction. METHODS: Experimental diabetic models were prepared using streptozotocin (STZ)-treated Wistar rats. Randomly selected STZ rats were treated with insulin (12 U/kg/d) or TJ-60 (1% of food intake). Diacylglycerol (DG) and DG kinase activities were quantified in isolated aortic smooth muscle tissue. RESULTS: One of the key element of the PI-turnover, DG kinase activity in resting state in gastric smooth muscle was significantly increased compared to the control value, and carbachol (CCh)-induced response was not detectable, but it was detected in the control rats. On the other hand resting activity in ileum did not differ from the control, but the CCh-induced responses were suppressed. Treatment with TJ-60 indicated resistant effects for the alteration of DG kinase activities in diabetic intestinal tissues. In order to reveal the mechanism of the effects, total content of DG was measured, because the DG plays important role in the PI-turnover and the DG converted from not only PI but also incorporated glucose under high glucose condition. Patterns of the change in DG levels were similar to those in DG kinase. These results indicate that the effect of TJ-60 occurs at the cellular level of DG. CONCLUSION: Dysfunction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle in diabetes is mediated by an alternation of DG and DG kinase. TJ-60 influences the alteration and relief the dysfunction.     

三七总皂苷对血管平滑肌细胞迁移的抑制作用及机制探讨

目的探讨三七总皂苷抑制血管平滑肌细胞迁移的分子机制。方法采用伤口愈合实验分析三七总皂苷抑制血管平滑肌细胞迁移的作用,通过RT-PCR、明胶酶谱分析及Western blot的方法检测迁移相关基因基质金属蛋白酶2、9(matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9,MMP-2,MMP-9)及骨桥蛋白(osteopontin,OPN)基因的表达。结果三七总皂苷抑制大鼠血管平滑肌细胞的迁移活性,并抑制迁移相关基因MMP-2、MMP-9及OPN的表达(P<0.05)。结论三七总皂苷抑制血管平滑肌细胞的迁移,该作用与抑制迁移相关蛋白MMP-2、MMP-9和OPN基因的表达有关。     

高糖增强兔血管平滑肌细胞对内皮素-1的增殖反应性(英文)

观察高糖对内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）促兔主动脉血管平滑肌细胞（ＶＳＭＣ）增殖的影响．方法： ＶＳＭＣ分别培养于含正常葡萄糖、高糖或高渗（５．５，２５，葡萄糖 ５．５＋甘露醇 １９．５ ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）的培养基中［３Ｈ］胸腺嘧啶掺入法检测ＤＮＡ合成速率，蛋白质印迹法检测磷酸化 ｐ４４／４２ ＭＡＰＫ的表达．结果：在 １０至 １０－８ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１浓度范围内， ＥＴ－１以浓度依赖方式增加 ＶＳＭＣ的［３Ｈ］胸腺嘧啶掺入及磷酸化ｐ４４／４２ ＭＡＰＫ的表达，从 １０－１１到 １０－８ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，培养于高糖的 ＶＳＭＣ对相同浓度 ＥＴ－１的增殖反应性高于正常糖或高渗培养条件下的ＶＳＭＣ（Ｐ＜ ０．０５，或 Ｐ＜ ０．０１），而在后两种条件下，ＶＳＭＣ对ＥＴ－１的增殖反应无显著差别．同样，在高糖条件下，ＥＴ－１诱导的ＶＳＭＣ磷酸化ｐ４４／４２ＭＡＰＫ的表达较正常糖和高渗ＶＳＭＣ增加 ６０％－６５％结论：高糖增强ＶＳＭＣ对ＥＴ－１的增殖反应性，可能与磷酸化的 ｐ４４／４２ ＭＡＰＫ高表达有关     

糖尿病大鼠冠状动脉平滑肌细胞体外培养方法的探讨

目的探讨糖尿病大鼠冠状动脉平滑肌细胞体外培养方法,建立糖尿病大鼠冠状动脉平滑肌细胞模型,为糖尿病性冠心病的研究奠定基础。方法建立糖尿病大鼠模型,用酶消化法体外培养冠状动脉血管平滑肌细胞。结果糖尿病大鼠造模成功后分离冠状动脉,用酶消化法培养糖尿病大鼠血管平滑肌细胞,24h更换培养液液,培养7~10d细胞重叠生长达多层,高低起伏呈“峰—谷”状。细胞α-actin免疫组织化学染色鉴定为平滑肌细胞。结论糖尿病大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖速度快,培养条件要求严格,在形态学上与正常大鼠平滑肌细胞相同。     

Role of human airway smooth muscle in altered extracellular matrix production in asthma

1. The underlying abnormality in asthma is not fully understood; however, inflammation, airway remodelling and bronchial hyperresponsiveness are key factors. The plasma exudate from the microvascular leakage plays a significant role in remodelling, which includes extracellular matrix (ECM) protein deposition/breakdown and airway smooth muscle (ASM) hyperplasia/hypertrophy. 2. The ECM is an intricate network of macromolecules that forms the 'scaffolding' of the airways. This scaffolding not only acts as mechanical support that plays a crucial role in the maintenance of airway function and structure, but it is also a dynamic and complex network that has the potential to influence cellular function, including migration, differentiation and proliferation of a number of cell types. 3. In asthmatic airways, the profile of ECM proteins is altered. The deposition of collagen I, III, V, fibronectin, tenascin, hyaluronan, versican and laminin alpha2/beta2 is increased, whereas the deposition of collagen IV and elastin is decreased. 4. This imbalance in the ECM profile within the asthmatic airway could be due to: (i) increased de novo synthesis of ECM proteins; (ii) decreased activity of its degrading enzymes, namely matrix metalloproteinases (MMP); or (iii) upregulation of the tissue-specific inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP). 5. One of the characteristic features of asthma is an increase in the amount of ASM within the airways. The ECM proteins/MMP/TIMP in and around the smooth muscle may play a contributory role in this increased growth. 6. The role of current asthma treatments in the prevention or reversal of airway ECM changes is an area that has only recently become of interest, with the majority of the in vivo work focusing on the effects of corticosteroids. 7. The evidence presented in this review indicates that the ASM may influence its own environment/proliferation through the production of ECM proteins, MMP and TIMP. Further studies are needed to fully understand the role of the ASM in the production of ECM proteins, MMP and TIMP andtheir potential influence in the mechanisms underlying asthma.     

罗格列酮对血管平滑肌细胞血管紧张肽Ⅱ受体2表达的影响

目的:观察罗格列酮对血管紧张肽Ⅱ(AngⅡ)诱导大鼠血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)血管紧张肽Ⅱ受体2(AT_2R)mRNA和蛋白表达的影响及其机制。方法:1μmol·L~(-1) AngⅡ孵育体外培养大鼠VSMCs 6h,然后随机分成7组,另设空白对照组。其中3组分别加入终浓度为20、30、50μmol·L~(-1)罗格列酮干预12h;另3组加入30μmol·L~(-1)的罗格列酮分别再干预6、12、24h;余1组为AngⅡ模型组。采用RT- PCR和免疫组织化学方法检测VSMCs AT_2R mRNA及蛋白的表达水平。结果:空白对照组AT_2R mRNA和蛋白表达量为[(57±s5)％,1.094±0.012],AngⅡ可下调AT_2R mRNA及蛋白的表达[(41±4)％,0.91±0.05](P<0.01,P<0.05);与AngⅡ组相比,罗格列酮20、30、50μmol·L~(-1)干预12h或30μmol·L~(-1)罗格列酮再干预6、12、24h均能使AT_2R mRNA和蛋白的表达明显上调[(63±6)％,1.18±0.04;(94±10)％, 1.35±0.03;(110±12)％,1.58±0.03;(40±4)％,1.23±0.03;(57±6)％,1.372±0.023;(90±10)％,1.64±0.03](P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:基础状态下,体外培养的大鼠VSMCs AT_2R少量表达, AngⅡ下调AT_2R mRNA及蛋白的表达;一定浓度范围内,罗格列酮可剂量、时间依赖性地上调AngⅡ诱导的大鼠VSMCs AT_2R mRNA和蛋白的表达。     

葛根素对血管平滑肌细胞增殖及对c-fos蛋白和凝血酶受体mRNA表达的影响

目的:通过建立凝血酶(T)诱导的血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)增殖模型,观察葛根素对T诱导的VSMC增殖的影响,并进一步观察其对c- fos蛋白以及凝血酶受体(TR)mRNA表达的作用,旨在认识葛根素作用的分子机制。方法:以细胞计数法和流式细胞仪测定DNA含量,细胞周期分析观察T及葛根素对VSMC增殖和DNA合成的影响。T及葛根素等各处理因素作用2 4h后,免疫印迹法(Westernblot)检测c -fos蛋白表达,半定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT- PCR)检测TRmRNA的表达。结果:T对VSMC有明显促增殖作用,促增殖效应在2 4h末达到峰值,且T浓度在0 .1～1.0U·L- 1有剂量依赖关系;葛根素呈剂量依赖性地抑制T诱导的细胞增殖、DNA合成以及VSMCc fos蛋白的表达;高浓度(1.5×10 - 3mol·L- 1)的葛根素可显著抑制T诱导的TRmRNA上调。结论:葛根素能抑制T诱导的VSMC增殖,这可能与其抑制c- fos蛋白有关,并部分与其抑制TRmRNA表达有关。     

IGF对大鼠平滑肌细胞骨桥蛋白表达的影响

目的　研究胰岛素样生长因子 (IGF)对培养的大鼠胸主动脉平滑肌细胞骨桥蛋白表达的影响。方法　大鼠平滑肌细胞被随机分为对照组 ,IGF I不同浓度 (5、10、2 0、3 0μg·L-1)及时间 (3、2 4、48h)干预组 ,用RT PCR及Western blotting技术结合光密度扫描分析 ,观察IGF I对培养的大鼠胸主动脉平滑肌细胞内骨桥蛋白基因表达的影响。结果　IGF I 2 0 μg·L-1即能刺激平滑肌细胞内骨桥蛋白的表达 ,RT PCR结果分析骨桥蛋白与 β actinmRNA比值 3h干预组 1 0 2 9± 0 0 60 ,2 4h干预组 1 0 3 2± 0 0 71和 48h干预组1 13 2± 0 190分别较对照组提高了 3 9 70 % ,40 44 %和5 4 0 5 % ;Western blotting分析 3h干预组骨桥蛋白量 19 5 1± 16 983 ,2 4h后 167 98± 15 780和 48h后 175 64±9 913分别较对照组提高 5 3 3 0 %、1 15倍和 1 2 5倍。结论　说明IGF I能在基因水平上刺激大鼠平滑肌细胞内骨桥蛋白的表达     

氯沙坦对血管平滑肌细胞富含半胱氨酸蛋白61的影响

目的探讨氯沙坦对血管平滑肌细胞富含半胱氨酸蛋白61(CYR61)的影响。方法贴块法培养大鼠血管平滑肌细胞,分别给予不同浓度血管紧张肽Ⅱ(ATⅡ)和氯沙坦,采用半定量逆转录聚合酶链反应及Western blotting检测不同处理组平滑肌细胞CYR61 mRNA和蛋白表达。采用酶联免疫吸附技术检测平滑肌细胞培养介质中CYR61含量的变化。结果10~(-6)/10~(10) mol·L~(-1)ATⅡ呈剂量依赖性地增加平滑肌细胞内CYR61蛋白及其mRNA表达水平,增高培养介质中CYR61含量(P<0.01)。10~(-5)～10~(-7)mol·L~(-1)氯沙坦预处理组中,ATⅡ刺激的平滑肌细胞CYR61蛋白及其mRNA表达水平及培养介质中CYR61含量明显减低(P<0.01)。结论氯沙坦可拮抗ATⅡ所致的平滑肌细胞内CYR61的表达与分泌。     

葛根素对凝血酶诱导的血管平滑肌细胞增殖及凝血酶受体mRNA表达的影响

目的通过建立凝血酶诱导的血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)增殖模型,观察葛根素对凝血酶诱导的VSMC增殖的影响,并进一步观察其对凝血酶受体(TR)mRNA的表达有何作用,旨在认识葛根素的作用的分子机制。方法以细胞计数法和流式细胞仪DNA含量测定法观察凝血酶及葛根素对VSMC增殖和DNA合成的影响。凝血酶及葛根素等各处理因素作用24h后,以半定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测TRmRNA的表达。结果凝血酶对VSMC有明显促增殖作用,促增殖效应在24h末达峰,且凝血酶浓度在0.1U/L~1.0U/L之间有剂量依赖关系;葛根素呈剂量依赖性地抑制凝血酶诱导的细胞增殖、DNA合成;高浓度(1.5×10-3mol/L)的葛根素可显著抑制凝血酶诱导的TRmRNA上调。结论葛根素抑制凝血酶诱导的VSMC增殖,这可能部分与其抑制TRmRNA表达有关。     

Angiotensin II-induced growth of vascular smooth muscle cells is associated with modulation of cell surface area and platelet-derived growth factor receptor expression

1. Excessive growth of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) can lead to critical problems in the treatment of some vascular diseases. Recent studies suggest a connection between this abnormal growth of VSMC and the octapeptide hormone angiotensin (Ang) II. However, the growth-promotive potential of AngII on VSMC is unclear. 2. Using the novel AngII inhibitor E4177 and an original animal model, we confirmed that AngII does function in abnormal growth of VSMC induced after transplantation of vein grafts in an animal model. 3. Furthermore, using a primary culture of human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC), we found that AngII augmented the growth of HASMC in a serum-dependent manner and induced enlargement of the cell surface area in HASMC, both effects being nullified by E4177. The latter effect of AngII was associated with an increase in the expression level of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors. In specimens obtained from the animal model, PDGF receptors were highly expressed. 4. These data obtained in vitro and in vivo imply that AngII has the potential to promote growth of VSMC and suggest that this growth promotion may be mediated by enlargement of the cell surface area.