肝肺综合征患者降钙素基因相关肽及内皮素含量检测

目的　肝肺综合征 (HPS)的发生与血循环或肺内扩张 /收缩血管物质失衡密切相关。检测HPS患者血浆中降钙素基因相关肽 (CGRP)和内皮素 (ET)含量 ,以探讨它们在HPS发病中的作用。方法　选择经肺灌注扫描及血气分析诊断的HPS患者 16例 ,无HPS的肝硬化患者 30例 ,用放射免疫分析法测定其血浆CGRP、ET含量 ,同时以 15名健康献血员作为对照。结果　HPS组血浆CGRP[(6 5± 15 )pg/ml]、ET[(78± 2 1) pg/ml]显著高于肝硬化组 [(5 1± 15 ) pg/ml,(6 0± 14 ) pg/ml,P <0 .0 1],也显著高于对照组 [(32± 12 ) pg/ml,(36± 11)pg/ml,P <0 .0 1];肝硬化组与正常对照组比较差异也有显著性(P <0 .0 1)。线性相关分析显示 ,HPS组患者血浆CGRP及ET含量与动脉血氧分压呈显著负相关 ,与肺内分流率大小无关。结论　HPS患者血浆CGRP、ET含量增高 ,其增高可能与HPS肺内血管扩张和动脉血氧分压下降有关。     

卡维地洛对慢性心力衰竭患者血浆内皮素及降钙素基因相关肽的影响

目的　观察卡维地洛对慢性心力衰竭 (CHF)患者血浆内皮素 1(ET 1)、降钙素基因相关肽 (CGRP)水平的影响。方法　将 6 0例CHF患者分成卡维地洛组和常规治疗组进行对照 ,测定两组患者在用药前及用药 6个月后血浆ET 1、CGRP水平变化 ,并与正常对照组 (2 0例 )进行对照。结果　CHF患者血浆ET 1较正常对照组明显升高(P <0 .0 1) ,血浆CGRP则明显降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;卡维地洛组治疗后血浆ET 1较治疗前明显下降 (P <0 .0 1) ,血浆CGRP治疗后较治疗前明显升高 ;常规治疗组治疗后血浆ET 1、CGRP水平的变化差异无显著性意义。结论　卡维地洛对心力衰竭患者的血浆ET 1有降低作用 ,对血浆CGRP有升高作用     

高血压病人血浆线粒体偶联因子6的变化

目的　观察健康人及高血压患者血浆中线粒体偶联因子 6 (mitochondrialcouplingfactor 6 ,CF6 )的含量变化。方法　用放射免疫法检测血浆CF6的含量。结果　健康成人血浆CF6含量为 2 0 6± 32pg/ml(n =5 0 ) ,单纯原发性高血压患者升高为 2 6 5± 5 8pg/ml(n =5 2 ) ,高血压并发心绞痛患者为 2 93±4 7pg/ml(n =10 ) ,高血压并发心肌梗死患者为 32 4± 5 3pg/ml(n =15 ) ,高血压并发心力衰竭患者为32 7± 4 4pg/ml(n =14 ) ,均比健康成人显著升高 (P <0 0 1) ;和单纯高血压患者比较 ,高血压并发心肌梗死患者和高血压并发心力衰竭患者血浆CF6的水平明显升高 (P <0 0 1) ;高血压并发心绞痛患者与单纯高血压患者比较 ,没有显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。高血压并发心肌梗死患者与高血压并发心力衰竭患者CF6含量相近 (P >0 0 5 )。高血压并发心肌梗死患者在发生心肌梗死入院即时、以及梗死后一天、三天、七天时血浆CF6含量持续于高水平 ,但各时间点间没有显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　原发性高血压以及高血压性心脏病患者的血浆CF6含量明显升高 ,并与病情严重程度相关     

心力衰竭患者血浆尾加压素Ⅱ与心钠素关系的研究

目的 :探讨不同程度心力衰竭患者血浆尾加压素Ⅱ、心钠素变化及其关系。方法 :放射免疫法检测 2 0例正常人 (对照组 )、45例心力衰竭患者 (心力衰竭组 ,心功能Ⅱ级 10例 ,Ⅲ级 15例 ,Ⅳ级2 0例 )血浆尾加压素Ⅱ和心钠素含量 ,超声心动图测定左心室射血分数、E峰与A峰比值 (E/A值 )。结果 :①对照组和心力衰竭组血浆尾加压素Ⅱ为 ( 4 3 5± 1 2 2 )pg/mlvs( 1 41± 1 0 9) pg/ml ,心钠素为 ( 4 1 82±6 0 9) pg/mlvs( 3 19 88± 3 0 2 1)pg/ml(P均 <0 0 0 1) ,均有极显著性差异 ;②心力衰竭组心力衰竭症状改善后 ,血浆尾加压素Ⅱ为 ( 1 90± 1 47) pg/ml,较治疗前 ( 1 41± 1 0 9) pg/ml升高 (P <0 0 5 ) ;治疗前后血浆尾加压素Ⅱ有正相关关系(r =0 5 63 ,P <0 0 0 1)。治疗后血浆心钠素为 ( 2 2 8 5 2± 2 2 0 1)pg/ml ,较治疗前明显降低 ,有显著正相关 (r =0 717,P<0 0 0 1) ;③血浆尾加压素Ⅱ含量减低、心钠素含量的升高与心力衰竭严重程度相平行 ;④血浆尾加压素Ⅱ含量与心钠素含量分别与心功能级别、左心室射血分数、E/A值有相关性。结论 :心力衰竭患者血浆心钠素含量升高伴有尾加压素Ⅱ含量下降 ,同时与心力衰竭程度平行 ,血浆尾加压素Ⅱ含量变化可以作为临床心力衰竭严重程度的客观指标     

硝苯地平治疗高血压后血浆内皮素和降钙素基因相关肽的变化

目的硝苯地平降压治疗对血浆内皮素(ET)和降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)水平的影响.方法31例原发性高血压(EH)患者口服硝苯地平控释片40mg/d×14,用放射免疫法直接测定治疗前后的血浆ET和CGRP水平.结果EH患者血浆ET水平明显高于对照组(85.6±21.0对42.1±20.3pg/ml,P＜0.001);CGRP水平明显低于对照组(23.0±8.1对55.4±17.8pg/ml,P＜0.001).舒张压与ET水平呈正相关(r=0.5302,P＜0.001),ET与CGRP呈弱的负相关(r=0.3707,P＜0.005).治疗后,血压和ET水平明显下降(P均＜0.001),CGRP水平呈显著增高(P＜0.001).结论硝苯地平是一种有效的降压药,它通过调节EH时多种血管活性多肽之间的平衡关系,对器官具有重要保护作用.     

急性冠脉缺血综合症患者血浆内皮素和内啡肽的变化及意义

目的 :观察急性冠脉缺血综合征 (ACIS)几种血浆介质的变化及意义。方法 :6 5例 ACIS患者被分为 AMI组(4 3例 ) ,不稳定型心绞痛组 (2 2例 ) ,于其发病后 12、 14、 48小时和 2 0天检查血肌酸激酶同工酶 (CK- MB)、内皮素 (ET)、β内啡肽 (β- EP)水平。结果 :ET峰值 :AMI组、心绞痛组分别为发病 12小时的 2 88.4± 80 .6 pg/ml,2 45 .1± 6 3.4pg/ml;β- EP峰值 :AMI组为 2 4小时的 2 10 .9± 5 0 .2 pg/ml,心绞痛组为 12小时的 15 4.2± 47.6 pg/ml;CK-MB>15 0 U/L 组 :β- EP2 40 .5± 42 .6 pg/ml,ET30 2 .4± 5 8.1pg/ml,明显高于 CK- MB<10 0 U/L组的 (P<0 .0 5 )。心功能 级患者 :β- EP 2 48.6± 2 7.3pg/m l,ET 311.6± 45 .2 pg/ml,明显高于心功能正常组 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论 :(1) ACIS发病后 β- EP在 2 4小时达到峰值 ,升高程度与心肌缺血坏死程度有关 ,它是 AMI后心衰的病理性介质之一 ;(2 ) ACIS发病后 ET迅速升高 ,12小时达到峰值 ,是急性损伤时的一种内源性致病因子 ,能诱发冠状动脉痉挛和血小板聚集。     

复方丹参滴丸对冠心病合并充血性心衰患者血浆CGRP和ET浓度的影响

目的　研究复方丹参滴丸对冠心病 (CHD)合并充血性心力衰竭 (CHF)患者血浆降钙素基因相关肽 (CGRP)和内皮素 (ET)的影响。方法　 68例 CHD合并 CHF者随机分为 2组 ,常规治疗组 34例 ,应用地高辛、氢氯噻嗪、硝酸异山梨醇酯等药物治疗 ;联合治疗组 34例 ,常规治疗的同时加用复方丹参滴丸。以放射免疫法测定治疗前后血浆 CGRP和 ET的浓度 ,并与 34例正常人对照。结果　 CHD合并 CHF患者较正常人血浆CGRP浓度明显降低 (P<0 .0 5) ,ET明显增高 (均 P<0 .0 5) ;常规治疗和联合治疗组均可提高 CGRP浓度 ,降低 ET浓度 (P<0 .0 5) ;与常规治疗组相比联合治疗组作用更明显 (P<0 .0 5)。结论　常规治疗加用复方丹参滴丸能显著改善 CHD合并 CHF患者的 CGRP和 ET的代谢失衡     

心力衰竭患者血浆肾上腺升压素改变的临床意义

目的　观察不同程度的充血性心力衰竭 (CHF)患者血浆肾上腺升压素 (ADT)的变化和药物治疗对其影响。方法　采用特异性放射免疫法检测 45例CHF患者药物治疗前后ADT血浆浓度。结果　ADT血浆浓度在Ⅱ级心功能为 ( 2 9.98± 1.13 ) pg/ml,Ⅲ级为 ( 3 3 .45± 0 .91) pg/ml,Ⅳ级为 ( 2 0 .71± 0 .75 )pg/ml,Ⅲ级时达到高峰 ,Ⅳ级时明显下降 ,并且低于对照组的 [( 2 4.89±2 .19) pg/ml] ,心衰各亚组与对照组比较 ,差异均有显著性 (P均 <0 .0 5 ) ;经 7天抗心衰治疗后 ,Ⅲ级组患者血浆ADT含量明显下降 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,Ⅱ、Ⅳ级组与治疗前比较无明显变化。结论　ADT参与了心衰的病理进程 ,可能反应心衰的严重程度 ,可作为心衰患者心功能的一种较好评价指标 ;短期药物治疗可降低其血浆水平     

充血性心衰患者血浆内皮素含量变化以及苯那普利对其影响

目的:探讨充血性心衰患者血浆内皮素(ET)的浓度和苯那普利对ET的影响。方法:用放免法测定79例心衰患者血浆ET含量并用苯那普利10mg/d,连服2周观察疗效。结果:心衰患者的血浆ET浓度较对照组明显升高,NYHA心功能Ⅳ级者的ET水平(94.7±20.0)pg/ml较NYHA心功能Ⅱ级(69.5±19.0)pg/ml和NYHA心功能Ⅲ级者(79.2±14.3)pg/ml明显升高(P均<0.01)。左室射血分数(EF)减低者的血浆ET浓度明显升高,经相关分析后,血浆ET浓度与EF呈显著的负相关(r=-0.35,P=0.02)。其中29例患者经苯那普利治疗后,血浆ET浓度由治疗前的(113.7±36.6)pg/ml下降至(81.1±43.1)pg/ml(P<0.001)。结论:ET参与了心衰的发病和病理过程,苯那普利可明显降低心衰患者的血浆ET浓度。     

慢性肝病患者血浆内皮素水平变化的研究

探讨内皮素(ET)在慢性肝病患者中的变化规律.采用非平衡竞争性放射免疫法测定血浆中ET水平.128例慢性肝病患者中的ET水平分别为慢性轻度肝炎(50.46±32.74)pg/ml;慢性中度肝炎(51.16±30.69)pg/ml;慢性重度肝炎(63.61±24.86)pg/ml;肝硬化代偿期(43.78±18.97)pg/ml;肝硬化失代偿期(79.29±14.02)pg/ml;肝癌(77.00±59.20)pg/ml.各型慢性肝病的El水平与正常(32.33±3.70)pg/nl比较有显著性升高(P＜0.01).各型之间有显著性差异(P＜0.01).结论 ET随着肝脏损害程度加重而升高,与肝病的慢性化程度相关,ET越高,预后越差.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.