Nutritional support in acute pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis is a catabolic condition requiring adequate nutritional support to avoid severe nitrogen loss. Providing nutrition to the patients with acute pancreatitis is, however, limited by the fact that oral feeding may stimulate the pancreas and aggravate the pancreatitis. Hence, total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is recommended for such patients but that too has limitations apart from its prohibitive cost. At the same time, therefore, enteral feeds have been developed, which provide adequate nutrition and are fairly well tolerated by these patients. Based on the available studies, a rational scheme of managing acute pancreatitis has been recommended. Patients with moderately severe acute pancreatitis who are malnourished or are likely to develop complications requiring surgery should be supported with total parenteral nutrition from an early stage. All patients with severe acute pancreatitis should, on the other hand, be supported with total parenteral nutrition from the beginning, but enteral nutrition via a jejunostomy should be commenced as early as possible since such patients often run a protracted course and giving them TPN might become exorbitantly expensive and impractical. Mixed or polymeric feeds are tolerated well from the sixth or seventh postoperative day but in an occasional patient elemental diet via the jejunostomy may become necessary.     

重症胰腺炎的营养支持疗法

营养支持疗法在重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）的治疗中有着举足轻重的作用,本文总结近年SAP营养支持疗法方面的热点及新观点。SAP患者人院后5～7d不能经口进食的患者应开始营养支持。营养支持疗法中肠内营养（EN）较肠外营养（PN）能减少并发症及病死率,EN优于PN。在48h内开展EN对SAP的转归有积极的作用。新近研究表明SAP患者使用鼻胃管营养途径（NG）是可行的,但目前尚有争议。目前半要素或要素型EN营养制剂的使用经验和临床研究还是不充分的,谷氨酰胺、促动力药、免疫增强型EN营养制剂及益生菌不作为常规推荐。     

��������Ӫ��֧��

肿瘤患者基础代谢率增加,营养代谢出现异常;营养支持前要对患者进行营养风险和营养状态评估;基于CSPEN、ESPEN和ASPEN的规范,营养支持在支持机体的同时也促进了肿瘤的生长,没有证据证明这一现象会产生有害的临床结果。应根据患者营养评估和患者胃肠功能等来选择何种方式的肠内营养或肠外营养支持。对于恶病质患者,给予孕激素刺激食欲。终末期恶性肿瘤患者的治疗应该以保证生存质量及缓解症状为目的。在营养支持的同时,注意监测患者电解质等情况,及时对症处理。     

肠内营养治疗急性胰腺炎切人时机的临床研究

[目的]探讨急性胰腺炎肠内营养治疗的最佳切人时机。[方法]将诊断为急性胰腺炎的200例患者随机分为3组：ENl组、EN2组和EN3组,分别于入院后2～3d、4～6d和7～9d开始肠内营养,并于人院后第10天测定各组患者的血液淀粉酶、脂肪酶、c-反应蛋白、胰蛋白酶原激活肽、D-fL酸水平及二胺氧化酶活性,并将其与治疗前进行比较。[结果]除EN3组G反应蛋白水平与治疗前无明显差异,其余各组Amy、LPS、CRP及TAP水平均显著降低;ENl组D-fL酸水平及DAO活性均较治疗前显著降低,EN2组D-fL酸水平最著降低。ENl组改善以上指标的程度最著高于EN3组。[结论]入院后2～3d是急性胰腺炎患者肠内营养的最佳切人时机,治疗效果优于后期切入点。     

Treatment outcome of selective digestive decontamination and enteral nutrition in patients with severe acute pancreatitis

Background/Purpose

Sepsis due to infected pancreatic necrosis is the most serious complication in the late phase of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Bacterial translocation from the gut is thought to be the main cause of pancreatic infection. The possibility has recently been reported that selective digestive decontamination (SDD) and enteral nutrition (EN) may alleviate the complications and reduce the mortality rate in patients with SAP. We analyzed the treatment outcome of SDD and EN in patients with SAP.

Methods

We divided 90 patients with SAP into three groups: SDD(?)EN(?),group A; SDD(+)EN(?), group B; and SDD(+)EN(+), group C. Clinical outcome was analyzed retrospectively. The effect of SDD was compared in groups A and B, and the effect of EN was compared in groups B and C.

Results

The background of patients was not significantly different between the groups. SDD reduced the incidence of organ dysfunction (from 70% to 59%) and the mortality rate (from 40% to 28%), but the differences were not significant. EN reduced the incidence of infected pancreatic necrosis (from 31% to 24%) and the frequency of surgery for pancreas (from 28% to 18%), and further reduced the mortality rate (from 28% for SDD to 16%), but the differences were not significant. The peripheral lymphocyte count was significantly increased in patients with EN.

Conclusions

SDD and EN did not significantly affect the treatment outcome in SAP. However, the results in this study raise the possibility that SDD and EN may decrease the complications and reduce the mortality rate in SAP. The efficacy of SDD and EN for SAP should be evaluated in a randomized controlled trial.     

Enteral nutrition and acute pancreatitis

INTRODUCTION Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common severe illness of the digestive tract with variable involvement of other regional tissues and / or remote organ sysems[1-3],Mild disease is associated with minimal organ dysfunction and rapid recovery ,while severe disease is associated with multiple organ system failure and local complications such as necrosis , abscess , fistulas and pseudocyst formation [4-6].     

老年重症急性胰腺炎早期营养干预治疗策略的探讨

目的旨在通过对老年重症急性胰腺炎（severeacutepancreatitis,SAP）患者早期营养干预治疗的临床研究,反思传统观念的陈旧认识,为临床早期开始经鼻胃管肠道喂养提供科学依据。方法将48例人住ICU的SAP患者随机分为两组：经鼻胃管肠道喂养（EN）干预治疗组（EN组）,25例,年龄60～80岁,中位数年龄71岁;全胃肠外喂养（TPN）干预治疗组（TPN组）,23例,年龄60—80岁,中位数年龄68岁。动态检测两组患者的开始营养干预治疗时间、每日能量供量、经口进食时间、胃肠道症状、腹痛、C反应蛋白（CRP）、并发症等指标,观察期皆为5d。对两组的上述指标进行比较和统计学分析。结果（1）两组患者人住ICU后第l天的基本临床指标的差异没有统计学意义（P〉O．05）,说明分组是随机的,具有可比性。（2）在人住ICU5天内两组患者的开始营养干预治疗时间、每日能量供量、经口进食时间、胃肠道症状、腹痛,经比较其差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,表明两组患者接受两种营养干预治疗的时间具有可比性;营养物质的摄人为等热量,两组恢复经口进食时间、发生胃肠道症状几率、腹痛的程度等均相当;入住ICU5d内患者的并发症发生率及第3天、第5天的CRP值,EN组均明显低于TPN组（p〈0．05）,表明EN干预治疗比TPN干预治疗更明显降低患者的并发症发生率和减轻患者的全身炎症反应。结论经鼻胃管肠道喂养干预是治疗老年重症急性胰腺炎的有效方法,且比全胃肠外喂养干预治疗方法更优越,是一种积极、安全、有效、经济的治疗干预措施。     

早期肠内营养在重症急性胰腺炎治疗中的作用

目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎早期肠内营养的可行性、安全性及有效性。方法将我院40例重症急性胰腺炎病人，随机分成肠内营养组（EN）（20例）和对照组（20例），EN组在入院72h后在胃镜辅助下置空肠营养管，由肠外营养逐渐过渡到肠内营养，其余治疗与对照组相同。分别比较两组治疗后7天时的血浆白蛋白和血红蛋白水平，以及治疗前后血尿淀粉酶水平。结果所有病人对早期肠内营养都能耐。无胰腺炎复发，肠内营养对血尿淀粉酶无明显影响，EN组血浆白蛋白和血红蛋白水平较治疗前及对照组有显著提高，EN组有1例出现肺感染，2例并发胰腺假性囊肿。对照组有3例出现肺感染，2例并发胰腺假性囊肿。结论对重症急性胰腺炎进行早期肠内营养支持是可行、安全及有效的，能降低胰周及全身感染率，改善重症急性胰腺炎病人的营养状况。     

阶段性营养支持在重症急性胰腺炎治疗中的应用

目的观察肠内和肠外联合阶段性营养对重症急性胰腺炎治疗效果的影响。方法重症急性胰腺炎患者50例分为完全胃肠外营养组（TPN组,n=25）和肠内营养加肠外阶段性营养组（PN＋EN组,n=25）,比较两组治疗效果及临床指标的变化。结果两组患者治疗后血淀粉酶均有下降,但两组间比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。营养支持后PN＋EN组在APACHE1I评分和CT评分较TPN组明显降低（P〈0．01）,两组血清白蛋白及血钙水平较治疗前升高（P〈0．01）,血糖明显降低（P〈0．01）,但两组间比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。与TPN组相比,PN＋EN组患者住院天数、腹胀缓解时间、体温恢复正常时间均明显缩短,感染发生率显著降低（P〈0．01）。结论肠内和肠外联合阶段性营养对重症急性胰腺炎治疗效果优于完全胃肠外营养。     

培菲康联合柴芍承气汤对早期肠内营养支持重症急性胰腺炎疗效的影响

目的 评价培菲康联合柴芍承气汤对早期肠内营养支持治疗重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)疗效的影响.方法 将47例SAP患者随机分为早期肠内营养支持(EEN)+传统治疗组(PN组,15例),PN组+柴芍承气汤组(中药组,17例),中药组+培菲康组(观察组,15例).测定3组患者治疗前和治疗后第1天、5天、9天和14天血清中内毒素、C反应蛋白(CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α浓度,比较住院时间、住院总费用及并发症、病死率.结果 与治疗前比较,患者经治疗后第5天起血清CRP、内毒素、TNF-α均改善.治疗后第1天3组患者间血清指标比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与PN组比较,中药组和观察组第5天和第9天血清指标降低显著(P＜0.05);与中药组比较,观察组从第9天开始对指标改善作用更显著(P＜0.05).与中药组、PN组比较,观察组患者住院时间缩短,并发症发生率和病死率降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),观察组和中药组患者住院费用较PN组均减少(P＜0.05).治愈出院42例.结论 培菲康联合柴芍承气汤在早期肠内营养支持SAP治疗中血清指标改善显著,减少并发症,降低死亡率,减少住院时间.     

重症急性胰腺炎肠内、外营养研究进展

重症急性胰腺炎有较高的病死率,营养支持是重要的治疗措施。肠内营养和肠外营养各有其优缺点。肠内营养在维护肠道屏障功能、减少细菌移位方面具有独特的作用。     

COPD急性呼衰期肠内外营养支持的研究

目的:探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并急性呼吸衰竭患者行机械通气支持治疗时给予早期肠内营养的优点。方法:32例机械通气患者随机分成早期肠内营养(EN)组和早期完全胃肠外营养(TPN)组，在摄入同等热量、同等氮量的条件下对营养及免疫指标、严重感染发生率、感染持续时间、机械通气时间、住院时间、临床营养及相关费用等指标进行比较，研究期为10天。结果：EN组及TPN组给予营养支持治疗后的营养及免疫指标均高于营养支持治疗前；营养支持治疗后EN组营养及免疫指标均高于TPN组；严重感染发生率、感染持续时间、机械通气时间、住院时间、临床营养及相关费用均低于TPN组。结论：慢性呼吸衰竭急性加重期患者行机械通气支持治疗时早期给予高脂低糖肠内营养疗法(EN)较早期完全胃肠外营养(TPN)能更好地提供营养，提高免疫力，减少并发症，缩短机械通气的时间，降低临床营养及相关费用，值得推广。     

Prophylaxis for septic complications in acute necrotizing pancreatitis

Because the mortality of severe pancreatitis is higher when infected necrosis supervenes, prevention of infections has become a relevant endpoint for management. The "ideal" drug should be characterized by specific activity against the bacteria known to be responsible for infection and should be able to penetrate the gland in a sufficient concentration. To date there have been eight prospective trials with antibiotics, one on selective digestive decontamination, and others with enteral nutrition. A meta-analysis regarding experiences with antimicrobial drugs reports a significant reduction in the incidence of infected necrosis and pancreatic abscesses during severe pancreatitis. In conclusion, among the several options aimed at reducing infections during necrotizing pancreatitis, the prophylactic use of antibacterial drugs is the only one to have been tested to date in several randomized studies. Strong consideration should be given to treating patients with severe pancreatitis with broadspectrum antibiotics, selective digestive decontamination, and enteral nutrition.     

Compared with parenteral nutrition, enteral feeding attenuates the acute phase response and improves disease severity in acute pancreatitis

Background—In patients with major trauma andburns, total enteral nutrition (TEN) significantly decreases the acutephase response and incidence of septic complications when compared with total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Poor outcome in acute pancreatitis isassociated with a high incidence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and sepsis.
Aims—To determine whether TEN can attenuate theacute phase response and improve clinical disease severity in patientswith acute pancreatitis.
Methods—Glasgow score, Apache II, computedtomography (CT) scan score, C reactive protein (CRP), serum IgMantiendotoxin antibodies (EndoCAb), and total antioxidant capacity(TAC) were determined on admission in 34 patients with acutepancreatitis. Patients were stratified according to disease severityand randomised to receive either TPN or TEN for seven days and thenre-evaluated.
Results—SIRS, sepsis, organ failure, and ITUstay, were globally improved in the enterally fed patients. The acutephase response and disease severity scores were significantly improvedfollowing enteral nutrition (CRP: 156 (117-222) to 84 (50-141),p<0.005; APACHE II scores 8 (6-10) to 6 (4-8), p<0.0001) withoutchange in the CT scan scores. In parenterally fed patients theseparameters did not change but there was an increase in EndoCAb antibodylevels and a fall in TAC. Enterally fed patients showed no change in the level of EndoCAb antibodies and an increase in TAC.
Conclusion—TEN moderates the acute phaseresponse, and improves disease severity and clinical outcome despiteunchanged pancreatic injury on CT scan. Reduced systemic exposure toendotoxin and reduced oxidant stress also occurred in the TEN group.Enteral feeding modulates the inflammatory and sepsis response in acute pancreatitis and is clinically beneficial.

Keywords:acute pancreatitis; enteral nutrition; bacterialtranslocation; oxidative stress

     

早期低脂肠内营养对急性重症胰腺炎血清甘油三酯的影响

目的观察早期低脂肠内营养（EEN）治疗对急性胰腺炎（SAP）血清甘油三酯水平的影响。方法将34例SAP并发高脂血症患者随机分为实验组和对照组,给予内镜下置管早期肠内营养治疗,16例实验组患者给予低脂要素肠内营养,18例对照组患者给予标准营养液肠内营养治疗,观察治疗前后甘油三酯（TG）、白细胞（WBC）、C反应蛋白（CRP）、谷草转氨酶（AST）、血钙及血糖的变化。结果两组患者治疗前后甘油三酯水平均明显下降,但实验组甘油三酯水平下降更加显著,且白细胞（WBC）、C反应蛋白（CRP）、谷草转氨酶（AST）、血钙与对照组比较下降更加明显,治疗前后血糖下降显著,治疗后两组比较差异不显著,考虑与均采用胰岛素降糖治疗有关。结论低脂EEN能够有效降低SAP甘油三酯水平并降低炎症反应、改善病情。     

JPN Guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis: medical management of acute pancreatitis

The basic principles of the initial management of acute pancreatitis are adequate monitoring of vital signs, fluid replacement, correction of any electrolyte imbalance, nutritional support, and the prevention of local and systemic complications. Patients with severe acute pancreatitis should be transferred to a medical facility where adequate monitoring and intensive medical care are available. Strict cardiovascular and respiratory monitoring is mandatory for maintaining the cardiopulmonary system in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Maximum fluid replacement is needed to stabilize the cardiovascular system. Prophylactic antibiotic administration is recommended to prevent infectious complications in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis. Although the efficacy of the intravenous administration of protease inhibitors is still a matter of controversy, there is a consensus in Japan that a large dose of a synthetic protease inhibitor should be given to patients with severe acute pancreatitis in order to prevent organ failure and other complications. Enteral feeding is superior to parenteral nutrition when it comes to the nutritional support of patients with severe acute pancreatitis. The JPN Guidelines recommend, as optional measures, blood purification therapy and continuous regional arterial infusion of a protease inhibitor and antibiotics, depending on the patient’s condition.     

55例急性胰腺炎病人全胃肠外营养后淤胆的原因分析

目的探讨急性胰腺炎病人行全胃肠外营养(TPN)后发生淤胆的原因。方法 动态观察应用TPN的55例急性胰腺炎病人血清酶学(γ-GGT、ALP、ALT、AST)、胆红素(TB、D8)、肝胆B超。本研究中病人根据TPN配方分为3组:A组15例,主要以葡萄糖为能量,较少补充脂肪乳剂,未补充氨基酸;B组12例,其TPN的糖/脂<1,适当补充氨基酸;C组28例,TPN配方为双能源提供能量。结果 本组病人上述酶学指标及胆红素在发病初期均升高,随治疗而好转,考虑可能与原发病有关。但24例的上述指标在营养支持过程中再度升高,肝胆B超提示出现脂肪肝和(或)胆囊积液和(或)胆囊内沉积物。A、B组病人TPN后淤胆发生率均高于C组病人(P<0.05)且发生的时间也早于C组病人,但A、B组之间TPN后淤胆发生率无明显差异(P>0.05)且发生的时间也相近。结论 急性胰腺炎病人行全胃肠外营养后发生的淤胆与营养配方有关,应引起重视。     

早期不同营养方式对老年呼吸机相关性肺炎的疗效分析

目的评价早期不同营养方式对老年呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)患者的治疗效果的影响。方法将90例确诊的VAP患者随机分为肠内营养(EN)组(30例)和肠外营养(PN)组(30例)及对照组(30例)。在给予常规治疗的基础上,EN和PN组接受等氮等热量营养支持,而对照组仅给予常规流质饮食及静脉营养。比较各组营养支持2周后营养状态、临床有效率、撤机时间、住院天数及不良反应发生率的差异。结果各组患者营养支持后血清血红蛋白水平及臂肌围变化无明显差异(P0.05),但血清白蛋白和总蛋白水平有所升高,其中,EN组明显高于其他两组(P0.05),同时炎性指标则明显降低,EN组低于其他两组(P0.05),但是PN组与对照组间无统计学差异。EN组临床治疗有效率和脱机成功率明显高于PN组及对照组,机械通气时间和住院天数则明显低于PN组及对照组(P0.05),而PN组与对照组无差异,各组间不良反应发生率无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论早期营养支持可以提高VAP患者营养状态,其中EN效果最显著,更有助于改善VAP患者临床治疗效果。     

Fundamental and intensive care of acute pancreatitis

Patients who have been diagnosed as having acute pancreatitis should be, on principle, hospitalized. Crucial fundamental management is required soon after a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis has been made and includes monitoring of the conscious state, the respiratory and cardiovascular system, the urinary output, adequate fluid replacement and pain control. Along with such management, etiologic diagnosis and severity assessment should be conducted. Patients with a diagnosis of severe acute pancreatitis should be transferred to a medical facility where intensive respiratory and cardiovascular management as well as interventional treatment, blood purification therapy and nutritional support are available. The disease condition in acute pancreatitis changes every moment and even symptoms that are mild at the time of diagnosis may become severe later. Therefore, severity assessment should be conducted repeatedly at least within 48 h following diagnosis. An adequate dose of fluid replacement is essential to stabilize cardiovascular dynamics and the dose should be adjusted while assessing circulatory dynamics constantly. A large dose of fluid replacement is usually required in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Prophylactic antibiotic administration is recommended to prevent infectious complications in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Although the efficacy of intravenous administration of protease inhibitors is still a matter of controversy, there is a consensus in Japan that a large dose of a synthetic protease inhibitor should be given to patients with severe acute pancreatitis in order to prevent organ failure and other complications. Enteral feeding is superior to parenteral nutrition when it comes to the nutritional support of patients with severe acute pancreatitis. The JPN Guidelines recommend, as optional continuous regional arterial infusion and blood purification therapy.