身体热状态的分度及其在评价个体热防护装备中的应用

本文介绍了在不同热负荷下,身体所处的热生理功能状态,作了明确的5级分度。即分为舒适、温热及轻度、中度和重度热负荷状态。采用直肠温度、平均皮温、出汗率、心率及热积等5项生理指标,作为评定基础。并利用多元判别方法,建立了对5项生理指标的综合评价指数。已较好地用于评价个体热防护装备。     

热习服对中长跑运动员湿热环境下运动体液调节激素及Hsp70的影响

目的:探讨热习服对湿热环境下运动机体体液调节激素ALD、AVP、ANP、NE及Hsp70的影响。方法:16名中长跑运动员随机分为热习服组(HA)和对照组(HC),每组各8人;HA组先进行10天的热习服方案,使机体产生热习服,然后进行一次33℃、80%RH湿热环境下的40min、70%VO2max运动强度的热负荷运动;HC组不经过热习服阶段,直接进行一次同于热习服组的热负荷运动。热负荷运动前后测试实验对象的热应激的生理学指标及体液调节激素ALD、AVP、ANP、NE及Hsp70的水平,观察两组实验对象测试指标在热负荷运动前后的变化。结果:热负荷运动后,HA组和HC组核心温度和心率均非常显著性升高(P<0.01),出汗率无显著变化;HA组热负荷运动后的核心温度和心率水平比对照组低、出汗率水平比对照组高,但两组间差异无统计学意义。与运动前相比,HA组和HC组热负荷运动后红细胞压积非常显著性升高(P<0.01)。与运动前相比,HA组和HC组运动后ALD和NE非常显著性升高(P<0.01),AVP显著性升高(P<0.05),ANP显著性降低(P<0.05),Hsp70非常显著性升高(P<0.01),但组间检验均未见显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:体液调节激素对维护热负荷运动过程中的机体水盐代谢和平衡发挥着重要作用;热习服一定程度上降低了机体对热负荷运动应激的生理生化热调节反应,提高了机体适应运动热环境的能力。     

液冷服装备设计的生理基础及医学要求

论述了身体各部位组织的基础代谢、基础血流及基础热容量等热生理特征，改变气温和风速对身体各部位体表温度的影响，各部位致冷效能和效率的比较，及活动强度和致冷介质对各部位致冷效能的影响等。从而提出了两种全身液冷服（ＬＣＧ）的流量分配比例。即Ⅰ型为头颈部２０％、躯干３５％、上肢１５％、下肢３０％；Ⅱ型为头颈部２０％、躯干２５％、上肢１５％、下肢４０％。     

急性热应激对大鼠丘脑、纹状体膜磷脂代谢的影响

急性热应激对大鼠丘脑、纹状体膜磷脂代谢的影响①１０００５０北京军事医学科学院基础医学研究所赵亚丽②邢成吕志忠②李建栋③王鲁明廖洁④董方霆④赵永岐关键词热应激；膜磷脂；丘脑；纹状体中国图书资料分类号Ｒ３３８．２由于过热对机体的影响是全身性的，涉及到各器...     

缺氧与加压呼吸复合因素对人体生理功能的影响

笔者通过低氧混台气地面加压呼吸不同总压值的实验和低压舱高空加压供氧实验，观察了缺氧和加压呼吸两种因素对人体生理功能的影响。实验结果表明，被试者耐受加压供氧的时间、终止实验的原因和其生理指标的变化都因总压值的不同而各异。其中，在16．0kPa(120mmHg)时，被试者的呼吸与循环生理反应较大；总压值降低至15．3kPa(115mmHg)和14．7kPa(110mmHg)以下，机体对加压呼吸的反应明显减轻，但对缺氧负荷的反应变为明显。分析认为，在不完善的代偿防护条件下，加压负荷是影响机体耐力的主要因素，其加压值越大，机体的循环停滞性缺氧反应越明显。降低总压值至15．3kPa，即使缺氧负荷有所增加，但由于加压负荷减轻，机体综合生理负荷并不增加。     

高温军事体力锻炼时锌,铜,锰代谢的研究

为研究高温军事体力锻炼对人体中锌（Ｚｎ）、铜（Ｃｕ）、锰（Ｍｎ）等微量元素代谢的影响，观察了夏季全训连队战士２０人，每天轻装越野５ｋｍ（ＷＢＧＴ３１．７５℃），训练期２周共１０￣１２次。标准试验（ＷＢＧＴ３０．３℃，常速行军９０ｍｉｎ）对此显示，热习服水平显著提高；出汁量降低，汗Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ降低，定量负荷后血清Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ降低减轻，Ｃｕ升高；Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ负平衡减轻。但Ｍｎ平衡与血清Ｍｎ低下不一致。     

两种透气式舰员防毒服热生理效应比较(论著)

目的：在热环境和中等运动负荷条件下，比较和量化穿着两种透气式舰员防毒服（新ＮＣ服和现ＨＣ服）人员的热应激反应和机体的热负荷状态。方法：受试人员为８名未经热习服锻炼的男性战士。在热环境中，受试人员分别着两种实验服装进行跑台步行运动试验；步行的速度和坡度分别为１．１１ｍ／ｓ和５％，试验持续时间为８０分钟。监测指标包括：直肠温度（Ｔｒｅ）、皮肤温度（Ｔｓｋ）、热蓄积率（ΔＳ）以及出汗率和汗蒸发率等。结果：与着ＨＣ服相比，着ＮＣ服时受试人员的Ｔｒｅ、Ｔｓｋ和ΔＳ响应显著增加，出汗率和汗蒸发率没有显著差异。结论：受试人员在着ＮＣ服时产生了更强的热应激反应，机体的热负荷也更高，同时受试人员主诉着ＮＣ服比着ＨＣ服感到更不舒适     

腹腔镜妇科手术不同激光对组织热损伤的实验研究

腹腔镜妇科手术不同激光对组织热损伤的实验研究冯凤芝１综述王勉镜２孙爱达１审校目前，有多种激光应用于腹腔镜妇科手术。应用最广的是ＣＯ２激光，其次为Ｎｄ∶ＹＡＧ激光，遗憾的是以上两种激光均存在一定程度的缺点，限制了它们的应用。近年来发展了固体状态的中红...     

身着通风防护背心以减少直升机飞行员所受的热负荷

直升机飞行员常暴露于周期性的高热压力环境中，尤其当他们穿着救生衣的时候。因此，在2小时的模拟飞行中，用一种通风防护背心来减小直升机飞行员所受的热负荷，可以测试出来这种背心的降温效果。假设通风防护背心可以减小飞行员所受的热压力。五名男性飞行员和一名女性飞行员在三种不同的条件下在模拟器中飞行2小时，这三种条件分别为：不通风条件下的环境湿球温度分别为15℃、32℃；通风条件下的环境湿球温度为32℃。身着通风防护背心在很大程度上减少了直肠温度的升高，缓解了热负荷。     

热脱水对高温及常温环境中渐增负荷运动时血乳酸浓度的影响

本研究旨在探讨在热脱水之后，高温、常温及非脱水条件下运动时血乳酸（ＨＬａ）的变化。１２名身体健康男大学生（非热环境适应者），在以下３种不同环境条件下，进行功率自行车渐增负荷运动，测定吸氧量（ＶＯ２）、通气量（ＶＥ）、心率（ＨＲ）及直肠温度（Ｔｒ）：（１）在常温条件下，不进行桑拿浴（Ｎ２５℃）：（２）进行桑拿浴后，在常温条件下（ｍ５℃）；（３）进行桑拿浴后，在高温条件下（Ｄ４Ｏ℃）。结果如下：（ｕＤ４Ｏ℃渐增负荷运动时，ＨＬａ显著性高于Ｄ２５℃和Ｎ２５℃，并且渐增负荷运动ｍ５℃时Ｍａ也高于Ｎ２５℃。但是３种条件下ＶＯ２却未出现显著性差异；（２）不但Ｎ２５℃时最大吸氧量（Ｖｑｎｔａｘ）要比ｏ２５℃和Ｄ４０℃高，而且Ｄ２５℃时ＶＯ２ｍａｘ也比Ｄ４０℃高。Ｎ２５℃时力竭时间明显长于Ｄ２５℃和ＭＯ℃。结果表明，热脱水之后，高温渐增负荷运动时ＨＩａ上升由于活动肌肉的糖元分解增强，而非局部缺氧所致。肝脏清除ＨＬａ能力下降也可导致ＨＬａ上升。     

Heat stress and strain in exercise and sport

Heat stress arising from the thermal environment is of concern to sports medicine and to sports administration because of the perceived risk of heat casualties, in particular heat stroke. Many sports organizations recommend environmental indices such as the WBGT for assessing risk and setting environmental limits for training and competition. But the limits are not justified by evidence. This article describes the nature of heat stress in sport and how it may be assessed objectively. Heat stress and the principal human responses to exercise heat stress are reviewed briefly. Metabolic heat production and the thermal environment provoke separate and largely independent physiological strains. Metabolic heat production drives body core temperature, and the thermal environment drives skin temperature; the combined stresses are integrated to drive sweat rate. Control of core temperature depends on adequate sweat production and the capacity of the environment to evaporate the sweat. The nature of exercise heat stress is demonstrated by rational analysis of the physical heat exchanges between the body and the environment. The principles of this analysis are applied to critical review of current practice in the assessment of heat stress in sport. The article concludes with discussion of research to establish methods for objective sport-specific assessment of heat stress.     

热习服和热应激生物学效应差别的实验研究

目的:探讨热应激和热习服生物学效应的差别。方法:通过观察日本大耳白兔在热应激时和热习服时心肌酶谱、肝功能、肾功能、免疫力及电解质等的变化。结果:(1)热应激组动物体温较热习服组升高快、幅度大;(2)热习服组动物心肌酶谱、肝功能、电解质指标的异常程度明显高于热应激组;(3)热习服组血糖和免疫功能较热应激组降低更明显。结论:热习服动物虽然体温升高不明显,但其生理机能的异常程度明显高于热应激组,而其组织和器官的损伤程度更重。     

Thermoregulation during exercise in the heat: strategies for maintaining health and performance

As a result of the inefficiency of metabolic transfer, >75% of the energy that is generated by skeletal muscle substrate oxidation is liberated as heat. During exercise, several powerful physiological mechanisms of heat loss are activated to prevent an excessive rise in body core temperature. However, a hot and humid environment can significantly add to the challenge that physical exercise imposes on the human thermoregulatory system, as heat exchange between body and environment is substantially impaired under these conditions. This can lead to serious performance decrements and an increased risk of developing heat illness. Fortunately, there are a number of strategies that athletes can use to prevent and/or reduce the dangers that are associated with exercise in the heat. In this regard, heat acclimatisation and nutritional intervention seem to be most effective. During heat acclimatisation, the temperature thresholds for both cutaneous vasodilation and the onset of sweating are lowered, which, in combination with plasma volume expansion, improve cardiovascular stability. Effective nutritional interventions include the optimisation of hydration status by the use of fluid replacement beverages. The latter should contain moderate amounts of glucose and sodium, which improve both water absorption and retention.     

舱外航天液冷服传热分析

简单介绍了舱外航天液冷服的结构、功能，分析了通风气体与液冷服基础服装间的对流换热、液冷服的传热传质过程，给出了液冷服传热传质数学模型。通过舱外航天服液冷通风系统与人体的联合热生理实验，该模型得到了验证，并为舱外航天服液冷通风系统的设计提供了依据。     

The pathopysiology of heat stroke: an integrative view of the final common pathway

Heat stroke is defined as a condition in which body temperature is elevated to such a level that it becomes a noxious agent causing body tissue dysfunction and damage with a characteristic multi-organ clinical and pathological syndrome. Marked hyperthermia, usually above 40.5°C and associated encephalopathy, occurs after thermoregulation is subordinated to circulatory and metabolic demands and to the associated systemic inflammatory reaction. Exertional heat stroke is a function of both intrinsic and extrinsic modulators. Intrinsic modulators like genetics, fitness, acclimatization, illness, medications, and sleep quality can alter individual risk and outcomes, while extrinsic modulators like exercise intensity and duration, clothing and equipment, ambient temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation can affect the group risk and outcomes. This review integrates the current theoretical and accepted knowledge of physiological alterations into one model that depicts a common pathway from heat stress to heat stroke.     

人体散热稳定度影响因素的理论分析

生命活动中人体代谢产生的热量必须及时散发到周围环境，才能维持正常的生命活动。本文讨论了人体散热的几种方式，从理论上分析了各种散方式对人体散热稳定度的影响，及影先人体散热稳定度的各种因素。结果表明，温度环境是人体散热稳定度的主要影响因素。     

现场坦克车内高温条件下人体热状态理论预测的验证

本文描述了把体温调节数学模型的实验室研究推广到坦克现场的应用情况,结果表明,模型在高温环境中预测人体热状态的生理指标Tr,Ts 等的变化与实测基本一致。     

Methods for improving thermal tolerance in military personnel prior to deployment

Acute exposure to heat,such as that experienced by people arriving into a hotter or more humid environment,can compromise physical and cognitive performance as well as health.In military contexts heat stress is exacerbated by the combination of protective clothing,carried loads,and unique activity profiles,making them susceptible to heat illnesses.As the operational environment is dynamic and unpredictable,strategies to minimize the effects of heat should be planned and conducted prior to deployment.This review explores how heat acclimation (HA) prior to deployment may attenuate the effects of heat by initiating physiological and behavioural adaptations to more efficiently and effectively protect thermal homeostasis,thereby improving performance and reducing heat illness risk.HA usually requires access to heat chamber facilities and takes weeks to conduct,which can often make it impractical and infeasible,especially if there are other training requirements and expectations.Recent research in athletic populations has produced protocols that are more feasible and accessible by reducing the time taken to induce adaptations,as well as exploring new methods such as passive HA.These protocols use shorter HA periods or minimise additional training requirements respectively,while still invoking key physiological adaptations,such as lowered core temperature,reduced heart rate and increased sweat rate at a given intensity.For deployments of special units at short notice (＜ 1 day) it might be optimal to use heat re-acclimation to maintain an elevated baseline of heat tolerance for long periods in anticipation of such an event.Methods practical for military groups are yet to be fully understood,therefore further investigation into the effectiveness of HA methods is required to establish the most effective and feasible approach to implement them within military groups.     

液冷服散热原理模型及其分析

目的 建立舱外航天液冷服散热的原理模型,提出其在工程设计中应遵循的基本原则。并以该原理模型为基础找到液冷服设计参数与散热量和散热效率的模化关系。方法 根据工程实际,对舱外航天液冷服散热过程进行分析。结果 液冷服各参数（管长、管径、流率和进口液温）对散热量和散热效率的影响是相互制约,相互作用的,因此各参数的合理取值是设计液冷服的关键。结论 该分析和研究对今后舱外航天液冷服的设计研制具有一定的指导意义     

Problem: thirst, drinking behavior, and involuntary dehydration.

The phenomenon of involuntary dehydration, the delay in full restoration of a body water deficit by drinking, has been described extensively but relatively little is known about its physiological mechanism. It occurs primarily in humans when they are exposed to various stresses including exercise, environmental heat and cold, altitude, water immersion, dehydration, and perhaps microgravity, singly and in various combinations. The level of involuntary dehydration is approximately proportional to the degree of total stress imposed on the body. Involuntary dehydration appears to be controlled by more than one factor including social customs that influence what is consumed, the capacity and rate of fluid absorption from the gastrointestinal system, the level of cellular hydration involving the osmotic-vasopressin interaction with sensitive cells or structures in the central nervous system, and, to a lesser extent, hypovolemic-angiotensin II stimuli. Since humans drink when there is no apparent physiological stimulus, the psychological component should always be considered when investigating the total mechanisms for drinking.