急性肾功能衰竭的流行病学状况

目的探讨急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）的流行病学状况,为该疾病的诊治及预防提供依据。方法回顾性分析2003~2006年收治的611例ARF患者的临床资料,观察ARF的发生状况、病因构成及预后特点。结果611例ARF患者中,医院获得性ARF（HA-ARF）78例,社区获得性ARF（CA-ARF）533例。HA-ARF发病率2003~2005年呈上升趋势,引起HA-ARF的病因依次是肾性、肾前性、肾后性因素;与手术相关的HA-ARF占29.49%,以心血管手术更为突出。HA-ARF患者合并多器官功能障碍综合征比例及其病死率较CA-ARF高（分别为52.6%vs19.9%,P〈0.05;39.7%vs 11.3%,P〈0.05）。肾后性因素特别是结石导致CA-ARF的发生率较HA-ARF高（15.8%vs 11.3%,P〈0.05）。结论药物性肾损害是引起肾实质性ARF的首位病因,尿路结石是引起肾后性CA-ARF的首位病因,心血管手术相关HA-ARF的防治亦非常重要。     

老年医院获得性急性肾衰竭的临床分析

目的探讨65岁及以上老年人医院获得性急性肾衰竭(HA-ARF)的特点、病因、预后及其相关因素。方法收集我院11年间诊断的老年HA-ARF病例,统计分析老年HA-ARF的发病情况、病因、预后及其相关影响因素。结果老年HA-ARF占同期老年急性肾衰竭(ARF)患者总数54%,明显高于老年社区获得性ARF(CA-ARF),(P<0.05),并以肾前性ARF(74.4%)为主。多因素综合分析老年HA-ARF病因以感染(33.3%)为首位病因,其次与低血容量(29.6%)、肾毒性药物(27.2%)、心功能衰竭(24.7%)、手术(22.2%)、肿瘤(8.6%)及肾后性疾病(1.2%)相关。老年HA-ARF多由多种病因共同导致。老年HA-ARF的病死率高达66.7%。发生少尿和多器官衰竭(MODS)可明显增加病死率,行血液净化治疗未能明显降低病死率。结论感染、低血容量、肾毒性药物、心功能衰竭及手术是老年人HA-ARF的常见病因。加强原发病的整体治疗,尽早发现并治疗HA-ARF有助于改善预后。     

老年慢性心力衰竭患者肾功能损害的临床观察

目的观察老年慢性心力衰竭患者中肾功能不全的发生情况。方法选择老年慢性心力衰竭患者95例,根据年龄分为老年组44例(年龄<80岁),高龄组51例(年龄≥80岁)。测定血清尿素、肌酐、白蛋白等指标,通过慢性肾脏病流行病学协作组开发的公式计算肾小球滤过率,并依此判断慢性肾脏病的患病率。结果与老年组比较,高龄组慢性肾脏病患病率明显升高(60.8%vs 45.5%,P<0.05),肾小球滤过虑明显降低,差异有统计学意义[(52.69±2.95)ml/(min.1.73m2)vs(61.59±3.14)ml/(min.1.73m2),P<0.05]。结论老年慢性心力衰竭患者肾功能下降,应加以关注。     

药物性肾损害

肾脏由于其自身的生理特点,血流量多(占心输出量的25%)、血管面积大及浓缩稀释等功能,易受各种药物损害。据一个多中心的调查结果,183%的急性肾功能衰竭(ＡＲＦ)与药物性肾损害有关。本文就药物与肾损害的机制及临床表现进行简要的综述。急性肾功能衰竭肾前性因素ＡＲＦ的定义为血清肌酐在24小时内至少升高44μｍｏｌ/Ｌ(05ｍｇ/ｄｌ),可由多种药物通过不同机制造成。药物导致血管内容量减少或血管收缩表现为肾前性ＡＲＦ。在充血性心力衰竭、肝硬化、肾病综合征或有潜在肾功能损害的患者中存在容量减少或动脉血容量不足的情况,此时机体有可…     

老年人急性肾功能衰竭的临床特点

目的：探讨老年人急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）的临床特点，以期提高老年人ARF的诊治水平。方法：对109例老年（≥60岁）ARF患者的诊断，治疗及转归进行回顾性分析，并与同期收治的175例青年ARF患者（18－40岁）进行比较。结果：老年ARF患者占同期422例ARF患者的25．8％，其停顿院病死率为58．7％。肾前性ARF，败血症引起的ARF是老年人ARF的主要临床类型，分别占20．2％和15．6％，感染（52．3％比29．7％），心血管合并症（64．2％比38．3％），呼吸衰竭（43．1％比20．0％），高钾血症（29．4％比15．4％）等并发症老年ARF患者高于青年患者（P＜0．001或P＜0．01）。以发生ARF后30天为观察终点，发现老年ARF患者肾功能恢复较青年组差，透析中低血压（11．8％比3．3％），心绞痛（10．1％比1．5％），失衡综合征（5．2％比2．1％），等合并症的发生率较青年患者高（P＜0．001或P＜0．05）。结论：老年ARF患者并存慢性疾病和并发症多是其病死率高的主要原因，积极防治基础病，及时，正确地处理临床并发症可改善预后。     

480例急性肾损伤住院患者临床分析

目的探讨急性肾损伤住院患者的病因构成、临床转归及住院死亡率等流行病学特征。方法回顾性分析64058例住院患者急性肾损伤的发生情况,并分析其临床特征、导致肾功能受损的原因及临床转归等。采用logistic回归方法分析与急性肾损伤患者死亡相关的因素。结果2006年1月1日～2008年12月31日64058例住院患者中急性肾损伤患者480例,发生率为0．75％。急性肾损伤患者住院死亡率为23．33％,而3年的总住院死亡率为1．49％。急性肾损伤的病因以肾前性和肾实质性为主,年长者居多。logistic回归分析结果表明,影响急性肾损伤患者死亡的因素是脏器衰竭数目和年龄,OR值分别为12．268和1．488,95％可信区间分别为7．639～19．701和1．030～2．151。结论脏器衰竭数目的增加和高龄是急性肾损伤患者死亡的危险因素。医护人员认知水平的提高、动态肾功能检测是提高早期诊断率的关键,多科室协同综合治疗措施的及时介入、保护重要脏器功能有助于改善预后。     

老年人造影剂肾病及临床相关因素分析

目的探讨老年人造影剂肾病(contrast nephropathy,CN)的临床相关因素及其转归.方法回顾性分析老年住院患者使用造影剂前后血清肌酐的变化.结果①105例老年人接受造影剂检查,均使用低渗或等渗非离子型造影剂,剂量99.8±37.7 ml(39～200 ml),43.81%(46/105例)接受水化(静脉或口服水化).②6.67%老年人发生CN,肾功能正常者的发生率1.35%,而在慢性肾功能不全者的发生率高达19.35%(两者比较P<0.05).③慢性肾功能不全、慢性充血性心力衰竭是老年人发生CN的危险因素,而与增龄、是否有创的造影检查、造影方法、造影剂的剂型、合并糖尿病或高血压等无关.④7例发生CN的患者,5例血清肌酐恢复正常,1例遗留慢性肾功能衰竭,1例合并多脏器功能衰竭死亡.结论选用肾毒性小的造影剂、控制造影剂的剂量和水化能够使老年人安全使用造影剂.发生CN的危险因素是慢性肾功能衰竭或慢性充血性心力衰竭,给予对症治疗大多数CN患者肾功能恢复.     

老年多器官功能衰竭与急性肾功能衰竭

探讨老年急性肾衰与多器官功能衰竭的临床特点,治疗及转归。方法６７例ＭＯＳＥ合并ＡＲＦ患者,老年组３３例,青壮年组３４例,对比分析两组患者的病因,临床经过、治疗转归。结果老年组由肾实质疾病引起的肾性,ＡＲＦ占３．０％,而青壮年组占３２．３％;单纯ＡＲ老年组病死率２５．０％,青壮年组１１．１％;     

老年急性肾衰竭的诊治进展

急性肾衰竭(ARF)是由多种病因引起的,临床表现为肾功能在数天或数周内迅速恶化、体内代谢产物潴留、肾小球滤过率下降以及由此引起的水、电解质及酸碱平衡紊乱的临床综合征.随着年龄的增加,由于肾脏结构和生理功能的改变,老年人肾脏重量减轻、肾血管硬化、肾血流量下降、自身血管调节能力明显减低、血管活性物质分泌减少、尿浓缩稀释功能降低、肾脏储备功能下降等,或常合并有肾脏基础病变(如高血压肾损害、糖尿病肾病等),因此,老年是罹患ARF的高危人群,尤其是医院获得性ARF (HA-ARF),占住院患者的2％～7％,占重症患者的25％[1,2],同时研究表明老年人对各种肾损伤因素的敏感性增高,极易发生ARF,而且年龄越大,发生ARF的概率越高[3].     

高龄慢性肾脏病患者124例临床分析

目的 对高龄慢性肾脏病患者肾功能损害进行相关因素分析.方法 对2008年苏州大学附属第一医院住院的124例80岁以上慢性肾脏病患者进行回顾性分析.结果 高龄慢性肾脏病患者由高血压、恶性肿瘤、糖尿病引起的肾损害分别占51.6%、25.0%、11.3%.124例患者中内生肌酐清除率(Ccr)≥60 ml/min 15例,占12.1%;30 ml/min≤Ccr<60 ml/min 80例,占64.5%;15 ml/min≤Ccr<30 ml/min 22例,占17.7%;Ccr<15 ml/min 7例,占5.6%;患者血肌酐水平在Ccr<30 ml/min时才有明显升高.高龄慢性肾脏病患者血红蛋白随着肾功能的减退呈下降趋势(P<0.05).多元线性回归分析显示血肌酐、尿素氮、尿酸、血红蛋白与Ccr具有相关性(均P<0.05).结论 高龄慢性肾脏病患者肾损害的主要原因是高血压和恶性肿瘤,应常规检查内生肌酐清除率,控制血压;纠正高尿酸血症和贫血有利于延缓肾功能恶化.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.