肿瘤血管生成及影像学在其中的应用

肿瘤血管生成在肿瘤生长、转移及预后等方面起着关键的作用。肿瘤血管生成及抗肿瘤血管生成的研究是当前肿瘤防治研究中的热点。影像学的发展,为判断肿瘤血管生成提供了一种安全、有效的方法,必将在肿瘤的诊断,治疗效果的判断及预后等方面发挥重要的作用。本文阐述了血管生成在肿瘤生长、转移及预后中的意义,肿瘤血管的特点,抗肿瘤血管生成治疗的主要机制及其优势。介绍了影像学在肿瘤血管生成研究领域中的应用进展及前景。     

肿瘤血管生成的PET检测

肿瘤血管生成作为肿瘤的主要特征,在肿瘤生长和转移中起着重要作用,为肿瘤治疗提供了新策略.通过标记血管生成相关的受体、多肽、激酶或细胞外基质蛋白,形成高亲和力的分子探针,与肿瘤血管生成过程中产生的特异性靶分子结合,从而显示包括整合素、VEGF/VEGFR、基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)等与血管生成关系密切的特征性血管生成因子,可从分子水平对肿瘤新生血管及血管靶向治疗疗效进行无创性检测.笔者就肿瘤血管生成PET影像学检测研究进展及未来发展作一综述.     

肿瘤血管生成抑制剂及其应用

肿瘤血管生成与肿瘤生长和转移密切相关，血管生成抑制剂结合介入疗法为富血管肿瘤治疗开辟了一种暂新的途径。大量研究表明，肿瘤生长需要血管提供营养，没有血管供血肿瘤不会长大，它生长的最大体积为2mm^3—3mm^3，肿瘤内大量血管为肿瘤的生长和转移创造了有利条件，使肿瘤细胞远程转移机率增大，同时是临床治疗肿瘤失败的主要原因之一。因此，以肿瘤血管生成的各个环节及其发生过程中的生化改变为目标，研制抗肿瘤血管生成药物在肿瘤的防治中有着极其重要的现实意义．     

抗血管生成肿瘤疫苗研究进展

研究发现,肿瘤的生长和转移依赖于血管的生成,如果抑制肿瘤新生血管的形成就可以有效抑制肿瘤细胞的生长和转移.越来越多的证据表明,以血管相关抗原为靶点的疫苗可以引发机体产生特异性细胞或体液免疫反应,抑制血管的形成,从而起到阻止肿瘤细胞生长和转移的作用.目前,针对肿瘤血管生成的疫苗治疗已成为肿瘤研究的热点及肿瘤治疗的新策略.本文就目前所进行的抗肿瘤血管生成的疫苗研究情况作一综述.     

血管生成与肝癌介入治疗

血管生成是肿瘤生长和转移的病理基础和必要条件。肝癌作为一种富血供的实体肿瘤,生长快,易转移,手术后复发率高,抗肿瘤血管生成结合介入疗法在肝癌的治疗中有可能成为一种较好的方法。     

EphA2与肿瘤血管生成拟态的研究进展

肿瘤血管生成是实体瘤侵袭转移的关键步骤．1971年Folkman提出了肿瘤生长依赖血管新生的假说．由此拉开了近代关于肿瘤血管生成研究的序幕。随着本世纪基因技术的飞速进展及靶向治疗的广泛应用．研究者越来越多的将抗肿瘤治疗的目光集中在抑制肿瘤新生血管生成方面．抗血管生成治疗已成为当前研究的焦点。     

内皮抑素及内皮抑素基因抗肿瘤的分子影像学研究进展

人体的许多生理过程都必须有新生血管形成,恶性实体瘤的生长和转移依赖于周围新生血管的生成,通过抑制肿瘤血管的生成,切断肿瘤细胞获得营养以及生长因子的途经,可达到抑制肿瘤生长和转移的目的。因此,这种抗肿瘤血管生成治疗的休眠疗法（dormancy therapy）已成为当今肿瘤治疗的热门研究领域之一。传统影像检查技术只能对一些与血管相关的物理和功能参数进行直接或间接评价,而无法对肿瘤新生血管做出早期的定量分析;     

阿帕替尼治疗恶性肿瘤的研究进展

肿瘤的生长、浸润、转移依耐于肿瘤新生血管的形成.近年来以抑制血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)和血管内皮生长因子受体(vascular endothelial growth factor receptor,VEGFR)信号通路为作用机制的抗血管生成靶向药物在恶性肿瘤的临床治疗中得到广泛应用.阿帕替尼(Apatinib)是一种高度选择性地抑制血管内皮细胞生长因子受体2(VEGFR-2)的酪氨酸激酶活性的抗血管生成靶向药物.在基础及临床实验研究中阿帕替尼在多种恶性肿瘤中均表现出较好的抗肿瘤效应同时具有良好的耐受性.本文就阿帕替尼抗肿瘤作用机制、对多种恶性肿瘤的抗肿瘤效应(临床前期及临床研究)、安全性及生物学标志物等最新研究进展进行综述,以加深对该药在抗肿瘤临床应用的了解.     

抗血管治疗联合抗血管生成治疗恶性肿瘤

近年来开展的通过抑制肿瘤血管生成而达到阻止肿瘤迅速生长和转移的治疗方法，即抗肿瘤血管生成治疗(anti-angiogenesis therapy)已成为肿瘤治疗研究热点之一。本期刊登的《重组人血管内皮抑素腺病毒对人癌裸小鼠移植瘤的抑制作用》、《肝癌患者血浆血管内皮生长因子的表达及动脉化疗栓塞     

肿瘤血管生成的分子影像学研究进展

肿瘤血管生成与肿瘤的生长、恶变、转移以及患者的预后有着密切的关系,因此,肿瘤的抗血管生成治疗引起了人们的极大兴趣.分子影像学应用高亲和力的分子探针与靶分子特异性结合的原理,可在活体细胞和分子水平上特征性地显示及测量生物机体的生化过程.近年来,分子影像学技术在肿瘤血管生成的可视化及定量研究中取得了一定的进展,有望成为肿瘤早期诊断与靶向治疗评价的重要手段.该文综述了肿瘤血管生成的分子影像学技术的最新进展.     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

Analysis of the results of the international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of Fe

The results of an international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of ⁵⁵Fe organized by the BIPM in 2005 are reported and analysed. This exercise, which follows the procedures of the CIPM mutual recognition arrangement to update older comparisons, is a renewal of the comparison organized by the BIPM that took place in 1978. A EUROMET comparison was organized in 1996 specifically to compare activity measurements of a ⁵⁵Fe solution by means of liquid-scintillation techniques. Results of these three comparisons are presented and discussed in this paper.

The radionuclide solution was provided by the NPL, which also distributed the samples to the participants. The activity of the ampoules was measured by 16 laboratories using 12 methods producing 25 results. Some general considerations on uncertainty assessments pertaining to the different techniques used are drawn. The outcome of four different estimators is compared from which the presence of at least one outlier can be confirmed. Further measurements should be made to try to reduce the discrepancy between the results. To date the outcome of the present comparison does not show an improvement to that of the 1996 comparison.     

Evaluation of the results of various technics of non-surgical therapy of varicocele

A new method of non-surgical treatment of varicocele syndrome is described: it consists in sclerotherapy of spermatic vein by trans-femoral percutaneous catheterization with balloon-catheters. In 8 cases venous thrombosis has been induced by direct electric clotting. The techniques and a 6 months follow-up are discussed. It is pointed out that this procedure should be considered as the method of choice for tubular lesions and sub-fertility prophylaxis in young people and in childhood.     

延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因分析

目的探讨延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因和预防措施.方法回顾性分析总结12例延迟性脾破裂中的诊断和误漏诊的经验与教训.结果本组延迟性脾破裂的误漏诊5例(41.66%).对多发伤与脾破裂并存可能认识不足,外伤史轻微或伤员隐瞒外伤史,缺乏腹痛-缓解-突然再腹痛的典型病史,缺乏“对冲性脾破裂”力学分析和整体化诊断思路等为其误漏诊的主要原因.结论详细的外伤史和全面系统检查,重视腹以外多发伤掩盖腹内脏器伤及延迟性脾破裂可能.确立外伤-腹内脏器伤-脾破裂整体化诊断思路.不间断地辅以B超检查脾形态学变化和腹内有无积液,腹腔穿刺确定有无血腹、X线胸腹部检查观察左侧胸肋角和膈肌运动情况、必要时CT检查以尽早发现脾包膜下血肿,降低延迟性脾破裂误漏诊率.