Influence of retrograde flushing via the caval vein on the post-reperfusion syndrome in liver transplantation

INTRODUCTION: The reperfusion phase during orthotopic liver transplantation (LTX) is a critical event with sometimes profound hemodynamic and cardiac changes. We present the influence of retrograde reperfusion in LTX on the post-reperfusion syndrome (PRS). METHODS: Fifty-six LTXs in 53 patients were performed with the piggy-back technique with retrograde reperfusion via the caval vein and antegrade reperfusion via the portal vein. The incidence of PRS was evaluated. RESULTS: We observed a PRS in two patients (3.6%), four patients (7.1%) had a decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 20-29%, 18 patients (32.2%) of 10-19%, 27 patients (48.2%) of 1-9% and five patients (8.9%) had a small increase in MAP. DISCUSSION: Our retrospective study showed that retrograde reperfusion seems to maintain stability during the reperfusion phase. Hemodynamic disturbances during LTX were uncommon, leading us to suppose that the incidence of PRS could be diminished with retrograde reperfusion.     

Isolated Hypoxic Hepatic Perfusion With Orthograde or Retrograde Flow in Patients With Irresectable Liver Metastases Using Percutaneous Balloon Catheter Techniques: A Phase I and II Study

Background Isolated hepatic perfusion for irresectable metastases confined to the liver has reported response rates of 50% to 75%. Magnitude, costs, and nonrepeatability of the procedure are its major drawbacks. We developed a less invasive, less costly, and potentially repeatable balloon catheter–mediated isolated hypoxic hepatic perfusion (IHHP) technique.Methods In this phase I and II study, 18 consecutive patients with irresectable colorectal or ocular melanoma hepatic metastases were included. Two different perfusion methods were used, both with inflow via the hepatic artery, using melphalan 1 mg/kg. In the first eight patients, the portal vein was occluded, and outflow was via the hepatic veins into an intracaval double-balloon catheter. This orthograde IHHP had on average 56% leakage. In next 10 patients, we performed a retrograde outflow IHHP with a triple balloon blocking outflow into the caval vein and allowing outflow via the portal vein. The retrograde IHHP still had 35% leakage on average.Results Although local drug concentrations were high with retrograde IHHP, systemic toxicity was still moderate to severe. Partial responses were seen in 12% and stable disease in 81% of patients. The median time to local progression was 4.8 months.Conclusions We have abandoned occlusion balloon methodology for IHHP because it failed to obtain leakage control. We are presently conducting a study using a simplified surgical retrograde IHHP method, in which leakage is fully controlled, which translates into high response rates.     

Complex vascular reconstruction using donor's vessel grafts in orthotopic liver transplantation

The vascular abnormalities of recipients are associated with reconstructive difficulties with an increased risk of postoperative complications. We performed an orthotopic liver transplantation that required a complex vascular reconstruction using donor vascular grafts. A patient with hepatitis B virus cirrhosis received a liver from a brain-dead donor. Dynamic computed tomography revealed complete obstruction of the portal vein due to thrombosis as well as narrowing of the hepatic arteries. We employed orthotopic liver transplantation using the piggy-back technique with complex reconstruction of the portal vein and the hepatic arteries. For portal vein reconstruction, we used the donor's iliac vein as an interpositional conduit from the recipient's gastric coronary vein to graft the portal vein. The hepatic arteries of the graft were reconstructed at the back-table before anastomosis to the side of superior mesenteric artery using an interpositional conduit of the donor's external iliac artery. All postoperative studies revealed good graft function with an excellent blood flow through all vascular anastomoses during the first year postoperatively.     

Effects of hypothermic machine perfusion on rat liver function depending on the route of perfusion.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) to preserve rat livers according to the route of perfusion, i.e., via portal vein, hepatic veins (retrograde), or hepatic artery. Livers were preserved for 24 or 48 hr by simple cold storage (SCS) or by HMP. Preservation solution was supplemented with (HMP) or without (SCS) hydroxyethyl starch. After preservation, grafts were reperfused for 2 hr with an oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer. RESULTS: After 24 hr of preservation, total glutathione concentrations in HMP livers were similar (1287+/-37, 1418+/-118, and 1471+/-62 nmol/g in hepatic artery, portal vein, and hepatic vein HMP livers, respectively) and higher than in the SCS (833+/-118 nmol/g, P<0.05) group. These higher total glutathione values were due to higher reduced glutathione concentrations. ATP concentrations in the liver tissue were similar in HMP groups (0.75+/-0.4, 0.64+/-0.1, and 0.77+/-0.1 micromol/g in hepatic artery, portal vein, and hepatic vein HMP livers, respectively) and higher than in SCS (0.32+/-0.06 micromol/g, P<0.05). After 2 hr of normothermic reperfusion, bile production in the HMP portal and HMP retrograde groups were similar (391+/-29 ml and 372+/-25 ml) and higher than in the HMP artery or SCS groups (275+/-25 ml and 277+/-32 ml, respectively; P<0.05). Aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, and purine nucleoside phosphorylase release into the perfusate of HMP portal and HMP retrograde perfused livers was similar and significantly lower compared to the HMP artery and SCS groups. At the end of reperfusion, no statistical differences were found for glutathione concentration and energetic reserves in the livers of each group. After 48 hr of preservation, livers from the HMP portal and HMP retrograde groups did significantly better than livers from the HMP artery or SCS groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the superiority of HMP over SCS to preserve the liver graft. It shows that retrograde perfusion is similar to PV perfusion and that perfusion by HA is less beneficial.     

Renoportal Anastomosis as a Rescue Technique in Postoperative Portal Thrombosis in Liver Transplantation

Renoportal anastomosis has been used as the primary portal revascularization technique in grade 4 portal thrombosis, but never after posttransplant portal thrombosis. A cirrhotic patient with hepatocellular carcinoma and partial portal thrombosis of two-thirds of the lumen was transplanted. The thrombus was removed and good portal flow obtained upon reperfusion (2.8 L/min). On the ninth postoperative day Doppler ultrasound revealed complete portal thrombosis extending from the splenomesenteric confluence. At emergency reoperation, we removed the newly formed thrombus. Portal vein branches were flushed with heparin and urokinase. After reconstruction of the anastomosis, we achieved a flow of 1.1 L/min. Rethrombosis occurred again on day 13. At reoperation, thrombus was removed again. However, this time portal flow was not recovered, due to hepatofugal flow associated with both the presence of collaterals and pancreatic edema. A left renoportal anastomosis was performed using an interposed iliac vein graft. A catheter was placed into the portal vein through a recanalization of the umbilical vein of the graft. After urokinase perfusion, portal inflow was 1.7 L/min. The postoperative course was satisfactory, with progressive normalization of liver tests and no further thrombosis. Persistent ascites improved with treatment. Angiography on day 41 showed good portal flow from the renal vein, with uniform distribution within the liver. A renoportal anastomosis can be useful for recovery of liver failure after posttransplant portal thrombosis, in the absence of portal flow.     

Vascular occlusion techniques during liver resection

Control of bleeding from the transected liver basically consists of vascular inflow occlusion and control of hepatic venous backflow from the caval vein. Central venous pressure determines the pressure in the hepatic veins and is an extremely important factor in controlling blood loss through venous backflow. Vascular inflow occlusion (Pringle maneuver) involves clamping of the portal vein and the hepatic artery in the hepatic pedicle and gives rise to postischemic, reperfusion injury. Several strategies have been devised to reduce reperfusion injury (pharmacological interventions) or to increase ischemic tolerance of the liver (ischemic preconditioning). Intermittent clamping is recommended in complex liver resections or in patients with diseased livers. The combination of occlusion of vascular inflow and outflow of the liver results in total hepatic vascular exclusion (THVE) and is mainly used in tumors invading the caval vein. During THVE the liver can be cooled by hypothermic perfusion allowing for extended ischemia times. Selective THVE entails clamping of the main hepatic veins in their extrahepatic course, thus preserving caval flow. Safe liver surgery requires knowledge of the regular techniques of vascular occlusion for 'on demand' use when necessitated to reduce blood loss.     

Hepatic arterial buffer response fails to restore hepatic oxygenation after temporary liver dearterialization in canines

BACKGROUND: Hepatic artery thrombosis is a rare but extremely troublesome condition after liver transplantation. Recently, urgent arterial revascularization has been used as rescue therapy, leading to improved graft and patient survivals. Hepatic artery ligation produces a progressive reduction in portal vein blood flow. Theoretically, a hyperemic response may be expected following hepatic artery reperfusion (hepatic artery buffer response, HABR). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that HABR can maintain adequate liver oxygenation after temporary liver dearterialization. METHODS: Seven dogs (19.7 +/- 1.2 kg) subjected to 60 minutes of hepatic artery occlusion were observed for 120 minutes thereafter. Systemic hemodynamics was evaluated through Swan-Ganz and arterial catheters, and splanchnic perfusion by portal vein and hepatic artery blood flows (PVBF and HABF) via an ultrasonic flowprobe. Liver enzymes (ALT and LDH) and systemic and hepatic oxygen delivery (DO2hepat) were calculated using standard formulae. RESULTS: Hepatic artery occlusion induced a progressive reduction in PVBF and DO2hepat. A complete restoration of HABF after hepatic artery declamping was observed; however, the DO2hepat (33.3 +/- 5.9 to 16.5 +/- 5.9 mL/min) did not return to the baseline levels. CONCLUSION: Temporary hepatic artery occlusion induced a progressive decrease in portal vein blood flow during ischemia, an effect that continued during the reperfusion period. The hepatic artery blood flow was promptly restored after declamping. However, HABR was not able to restore hepatic oxygen delivery to baseline levels during the reperfusion period.     

Orthotopic transplantation of segmental hepatic graft from living donors in the dog. Technic and results

The authors describe new technic of non-auxiliary orthotopic transplantation of segmental liver harvested from living dogs. 32 dogs were utilized. In the donor dogs, the left medial and lateral lobes were mibilized. The left portal branch, left hepatic artery, left biliary branch and the left hepatic vein were dissected free. The segmental liver graft was perfused and cooled in-situ through the left portal vein. The recipient dogs underwent two steps total hepatectomy: First the segments I, II, III, IV and V were resected. The segments VI and VII were maintained as well as the right portal vein and the retro-hepatic inferior vena cava order to keep the splanchnic and caval flux and to avoid the spleno-cavo-jugular by-pass. The segmental liver graft was then transplanted in an orthotopic position. Termino-lateral hepatico-caval anastomosis and left porto-portal anastomosis as well as arterial and biliary reconstruction were executed. All the donors survived more than 30 days. Nine recipient dogs died during the first three post-operative days from hemorrhage (3 dogs), fibrinolysis (2 dogs), primary non function of the graft (2 dogs) and hepatic artery thrombosis (1 dog). Seven recipients survived more than 30 days.     

Could the use of interposition grafts for arterial reconstruction be avoided by more caudate graft placement in living donor liver transplantation?

One of the major challenges in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is short and small vessels (particularly the hepatic artery), particularly in segmental liver grafts from living donors. In the present study we report an alternative surgical technique that avoids interpositional vessel grafts or tension on the connection by anastomizing the allograft hepatic vein to the recipient inferior vena cava in a more caudate location. From March 2000 to January 2003, 28 patients (11 women/17 men) underwent 28 LDLT. Until June 2001, the preferred technique for hepatic vein anastomosis was end-to-end anastomosis between the allograft hepatic vein and the recipient hepatic vein (HV-HV) (n = 10). Thereafter an end-to-side anastomosis was performed between allograft hepatic vein and recipient inferior vena cava (HV-IVC) (n = 18). The level of venotomy on the recipient vena cava was decided according to the pre-anastomotic placement of the allograft in the recipient hepatectomy site with sufficient width to have an hepatic artery anastomosis without tension or need for an interposition graft during hepatic artery and portal vein anastomoses. Except the right lobe allograft with anterior and posterior portal branches, all portal and hepatic artery anastomoses were constructed without an interposition graft or tension in the HV-IVC group. Only one hepatic artery thrombosis developed in the HV-IVC group. As a result, this technique may avoid both hepatic artery thrombosis and the use of interposition grafts in living donor liver transplantation.     

肝移植后无症状性肝动脉血栓形成一例

目的 探讨导致移植肝动脉阻塞后无症状的可能原因。方法 通过肝功能监测、彩色多普勒超声、肝动脉造影、肝组织活检以及胆道造影等手段追踪观察肝动脉血栓形成的临床经过，综合分析导致“无症状”的各种可能因素。结果 肝移植术后第4d肝动脉吻合出现血栓形成，至20d肝动脉接近完全阻塞；肝组织学检查见肝内胆汁淤积、肝细胞水样变性、小胆管上皮细胞萎缩以及汇管区纤维化等病理学改变。肝功能检查提示除γ0谷氨本主酶和碱笥磷酸酶升高之外，肝功能恢复顺利。术后71d血管造影显示肝动脉完全阻塞，但有侧枝循环建立和门静脉代偿性扩张。术后患者始终未出现肝动脉阻塞所特有的临床症状。结论 侧枝循环的建立和门静脉的代偿，使移植肝得以存活；术后2周之内经常进行彩色多普勒超声检查对肝动脉血栓形成的早期诊断有帮助。     

Technical implications of living donor liver transplantation: a single-center experience

Liver transplantation for end-stage liver disease is the treatment of choice in current surgical practice. However, the shortage of cadaveric organs has limited this treatment option for many years. Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) may be an option to overcome the organ shortage. In the present series we report a single-center experience with 39 LDLT performed from March 2000 to June 2003. The main indications for LDLT was hepatitis B cirrhosis (11 patients). The recipient hepatectomy was performed with caval preservation. The hepatic vein anastomosis was performed either to recipient hepatic vein or inferior vena cava. The portal vein anastomosis was performed either to the recipient's main or right portal branch. Biliary diversion was performed to the recipient biliary ducts if possible, otherwise to a jejunal loop in Roux-en-Y fashion. The survival rate at the end of one year was 71%. The leading cause of mortality was sepsis in five patients. Biliary complications developed in 20% of the recipients. All bile leaks were from the Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. Hepatic artery thrombosis was diagnosed in four patients by loss of hepatic blood flow on Doppler ultrasound. LDLT is a major surgical option for end-stage liver disease, particularly for countries with low rates of organ donation. However, there are technical challenges to be overcome such as small vessels from segmental grafts and multiple small bile ducts.     

Extensive thrombosis of the portal vein and vena cava after orthotopic liver transplantation with cavoportal hemitransposition: a case report

We report herein a case of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) with cavoportal hemitransposition. The patient underwent OLT for hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis with diffused portomesenteric vein thrombosis (PVT). The unique feature of this case was that 1 month after the operation, because of extensive thrombosis of the portal vein and vena cava in the allografted liver, the hepatic artery was the only vessel to supply the liver. Percutaneous pulse spray thrombolysis through a femoral vein access was incompletely successful with the result that the cavoportal anastomosis stoma occluded and the allografted liver was supplied only by the hepatic artery; the portal vein served no function. Yet the patient survived and was eventually discharged in good condition with normal liver and kidney functions. The patient is alive and well with persistent normalization of hepatic function during 1.5 years follow-up.     

Transcaval posterocranial resection of the liver as treatment of the Budd-Chiari syndrome

In 3 patients with a Budd-Chiari syndrome the suprahepatic caval vein was incised during extracorporeal circulation and the suprahepatic hindrance for the hepatic venous runoff abolished. By resection of the juxta caval hepatic tissue the thrombotically occluded parts of the main vein stems were removed and a free hepatic venous flow to the caval vein was established in 2 patients. In the third patient, who had a caval stenosis at the diaphragmatic level (web) and thrombosis of even smaller hepatic veins and a retrograde flow to the portal vein, the resection resulted in an abundant blood flow from the resected liver area. It is assumed that this flow originates not only from the smaller hepatic veins, but to a great extent from arterio- and portovenous shunting. Angiography has shown that such shunting can take place after resection. The first 2 patients are healthy and working full-time at 2 1/2 and 2 years postoperatively, respectively. Nine months postoperatively, the third patient is in good condition, jaundice has disappeared, and bleeding from esophageal varices has not occurred.     

肝移植术中血管超声检查在血管并发症预防和诊断中的价值

目的 探讨肝移植术中血管超声检杳在预防和诊断血管并发症中的价值.方法 肝移植术中对116例患者进行血管超声检查,检测血管吻合后肝动脉峰值流速和门静脉流量.以肝动脉峰值流速2>30 cm/s为正常肝动脉标准,以门静脉流量2>800ml/min为正常门静脉标准.结果 在116例患者中,有14例肝动脉峰值流速<30 cm/s,其中9例通过应用利多卡因腹腔于根部浸润、罂粟碱及盐酸消旋山莨菪碱肝动脉内注射,解除血管痉挛后,肝动脉峰值流速达到正常标准,但术后仍有3例患者发生肝动脉并发症;另5例经过上述处理,肝动脉峰值流速仍<30 cm/s,故采用供者髂内动脉对受者腹主动脉与供者肝动脉进行搭桥吻合,吻合后测肝动脉峰值流速2>30 cm/s,术后未发生肝动脉并发症.116例患者中,有5例门静脉流量<800 ml/min,其中4例经证实存在门腔分流,行门腔分流静脉结扎后,门静脉流量达到正常标准,但术后仍有1例发生门静脉血栓;另1例存在门静脉Ⅲ级血栓,血栓切除后进行门静脉端端吻合,门静脉流量仍达不到标准,故利用供者髂静脉通过胰腺前胃十二指肠后与受者肠系膜上静脉远端进行搭桥吻合,术中测量门静脉流量达到正常标准,术后未发生门静脉并发症.结论 肝移植术中血管超声检查对血管并发症具有较高的预防和诊断价值.对术中超声检查提示异常的患者,术后应该严密监测,以尽早发现可能出现的血管并发症并进行相应治疗.     

Vascular Complications Following Adult Piggyback Liver Transplantation With End-to-Side Cavo-Cavostomy: A Single-Center Experience

Background

Vascular complications remain a significant cause of morbidity, graft loss, and mortality following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). These problems predominantly include hepatic artery and portal vein thrombosis or stenosis. Venous outflow obstruction may be specifically related to the technique of piggyback OLT.

Materials and Methods

Between February 2002 and February 2009, we performed 200 piggyback OLT in 190 recipients. A temporary portacaval shunt was created in 44 (22%) cases, whereas end-to-side cavo-cavostomy was routinely performed for graft implantation. Pre-existent partial portal or superior mesenteric vein thrombosis was present in 17 (12%) cirrhotics in whom we successfully performed eversion thrombectomy, which was followed by a typical end-to-end portal anastomosis. The donor hepatic artery was anastomosed to the recipient aorta via an iliac interposition graft in 31 (16%) patients.

Results

The 14 (7%) vascular complications included hepatic artery thrombosis (n = 5), hepatic artery stenosis (n = 3), aortic/celiac trunk rupture (n = 2), portal vein stenosis (n = 2), and isolated left and middle hepatic venous outflow obstruction (n = 1). There was also 1 case of arterial steal syndrome via the splenic artery. No patient experienced portal or mesenteric vein thrombosis. Therapeutic modalities included re-OLT, arterial/aortic reconstruction and splenic artery ligation. Vascular complications resulted in death of 5 (36%) patients.

Conclusion

Our experience indicated that piggyback OLT with an end-to-side cavo-cavostomy showed a low risk of venous outflow obstruction. Partial portal or mesenteric vein thrombosis is no longer an obstacle to OLT; it can be successfully managed with the eversion thrombectomy technique.     

婴幼儿活体肝移植后的血流动力学变化及血管并发症

目的 探讨婴幼儿活体肝移植术后的血流动力学变化及血管并发症的发生情况.方法 应用彩色多普勒超声观测34例婴幼儿活体肝移植术后2个月内门静脉、肝动脉、肝左静脉最大流速及肝动脉阻力指数变化情况,并观察术后血管并发症的发生情况及其预后.结果 34例受者中,术后超声显示血管通畅者29例(85.3%,29/34),发生血管并发症5例(14.7%,5/34).29例血管通畅的患儿,术后第1天时门静脉最大流速(vmax)为(53.97±21.44)cm/s,肝动脉收缩期最大流速(PSV)为(52.88±17.87)cm/s,阻力指数(RI)为0.73±0.09,肝左静脉最大流速为(40.53±25.07)cm/s.与术后第1天比较,术后1周时门静脉vmax、肝动脉PSV、肝左静脉vmax及肝动脉RI的差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);术后2周时门静脉vmax为(44.26±17.43)cm/s,明显低于术后第1天(P＜0.05);术后2个月时门静脉vmax为(40.31±26.29)cm/s,肝动脉PSV为(41.50±8.67)cm/s,均明显低于术后第1天(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).5例血管并发症均发生在术后7 d内,其中肝动脉血栓形成3例(2例行取栓术,1例行溶栓治疗),门静脉血栓形成2例(1例行取栓术,1例行溶栓治疗),5例中3例死亡.结论 婴幼儿活体肝移植术后门静脉vmax和肝动脉PSV呈下降趋势;血管并发症发生时间早,发生率较高,活体肝移植术后7 d内至少应每天进行1次超声检查.     

Changes in hepatic ultrastructure and function following portal vein resection with a use of an internal shunt bypass

Experimental studies on ultrastructural and functional changes of mitochondria were carried out using adult dog livers after portal vein resection with an internal shunt bypass. As a comparative study portal vein resection with an external shunt bypass was also carried out. A 10 cm long anti-thrombotic UK catheter was inserted into the portal vein as an internal shunt bypass (internal shunt group). Similarly, a catheter was inserted between the portal vein and inferior caval vein as an external shunt bypass (external shunt group). The time of portal vein shunt bypass was 2 hrs for both groups. During operations, the blood flow of the hepatic artery was blocked. After the bypass was installed, the hepatic artery and the portal vein were declamped. As a control experiment the hepatic artery was clamped without making a shunt bypass (non-shunt group). Left lateral lobe was resected from the liver prior to the shunt implant and then the right lateral lobe was removed 2 hrs after the declamping of the hepatic artery. Biochemical analysis on mitochondria isolated from the livers of the internal and the external shunt groups was carried out. Changes of mitochondrial ultrastructure were also studied using electron microscope. Changes in serum m-GOT and OCT activities were also examined. Essentially no changes were detected in phosphorylating capacities and ultrastructure of mitochondria of the livers obtained from either the external shunt group or the internal shunt group. However m-GOT and OCT activities in the serum were definitely elevated in the external shunt group of animals compared to those in the internal shunt group of animals. This suggests that the permeability of hepatic mitochondrial membranes in the external group of animals was changed probably due to hypoxia. From these results we recommended the application of the internal shunt bypass for hepato-biliary surgery combined with the resection of the portal vein.     

Replacement of the vena cava with aortic graft for living donor liver transplantation in budd-Chiari syndrome associated with hydatid cyst surgery: a case report

A 12-year-old girl, operated because of a hydatid cyst of the liver, with Budd-Chiari syndrome was evaluated for postoperative development of ascites and paraumbilical varicose veins. A vena caval stent was placed for the relief of inferior vena caval obstruction. The patient was admitted because of progressive deterioration in ascites and liver functions. Imaging techniques showed degeneration adjacent to the right hepatic vein in liver segments 7 to 8, a partially calcified 5-cm hydatid cyst, and a thrombosis in the inferior vena cava was that addressed with a 10-cm metal stent. A living donor segments 2 to 3 liver transplantation was obtained from the patient's mother. After completion of the donor operation without complications, the vena caval stent was removed following the recipient hepatectomy. Suprarenal flow continued after resection of the fibrotic vena cava and placement of a cadaveric cryopreserved aortic graft for the vena cava, anastomosed between the suprarenal and subdiaphragmatic segments of the vena cava. An end-to-side anastomosis was performed between the left hepatic vein of the donor liver and the aortic graft. There was no complication and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 19. Follow-up Doppler ultrasonography showed the aortic vena caval graft to be open, along with the hepatic/portal vein and hepatic artery. This case demonstrated that operations for liver hydatid cyst surgeries can iatrogenically induce Budd-Chiari syndrome; a cryopreserved aortic graft can be an alternative to ensure the continuity of the vena cava in living donor liver transplantation.     

HTK液逆行灌注可减轻肝脏隔离化疗对大鼠的损伤

目的:建立大鼠肝脏隔离灌注化疗模型;探讨在大剂量化疗药物肝脏隔离灌注过程中,HTK液经肝静脉逆行灌注对肝脏的保护及减少全身泄漏作用。方法:将75只体重300～350g的雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组,每组25只;手术建立大鼠隔离灌注化疗模型。A组经肝动脉灌注含30mg/L三氧化二砷的林格液,门静脉灌注林格液,肝静脉为流出道。B组经肝静脉灌注林格液,门静脉为流出道,余同A组。C组经肝静脉灌注4℃组氨酸-色氨酸-酮戊二酸(Histidine-Tryptophan-Ketoglutarat,HTK)液,余同B组。各组于术后1、2、3、7d各随机处死大鼠5只,进行血清肝功能及肝组织病理学检查。A组和B组大鼠术中检测体循环和肝循环中的血药浓度。结果:各组动物血清ALT和AST峰值均出现在术后第1天,其后开始下降,至术后7d恢复正常。术后第1、2、3d,3组间的血清ALT、AST均数均有显著性差异(P0.05);光镜下观察肝组织,进一步证实了上述结果。A组与B组间体循环血药浓度差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而两组间的肝循环血药浓度相类似;表明逆行隔离灌注的体循环泄漏率较顺行隔离灌注组为低。结论:低温HTK液逆行灌注可显著减轻肝脏隔离化疗对大鼠的损伤,提高手术的安全性。     

门静脉-下腔静脉吻合术预防活体肝移植术后小肝综合征3例报道

目的探讨门静脉-下腔静脉吻合术用于预防活体肝移植术后小肝综合征(small-for-size liver syndrome,SFSS)的效果。方法 3例活体肝移植均采用不含肝中静脉的右半肝作为移植物。术中发现实测移植物(肝)重量/受体的体质量(体重)的比值(graft to recipient weight ratio,GRWR)为0.58%、0.77%及0.71%,均<0.8%,符合小移植物的诊断。处理:首先吻合肝静脉流出道,其次吻合门静脉,将受体门静脉右支与移植肝门静脉右支端端吻合,将受体门静脉左支与下腔静脉行端侧吻合达到门腔分流的作用,之后按顺序吻合动脉和胆道。术中均未行脾静脉结扎或脾切除等处理。术后定期随访。结果 3例患者术后均未发生SFSS并顺利出院,出院时间分别为术后25d、34d及56d。移植肝功能逐步好转,术后1d门静脉流速理想。移植肝增长良好。门静脉-下腔静脉短路通畅时间:除1例通畅持续仅104d,其余2例持续通畅。结论 LDLT术中进行门静脉-下腔静脉吻合术可以及时有效预防小移植物背景下的SFSS,受体门静脉左支与下腔静脉行端侧吻合的分流技术安全可靠。