Hypouricemic effect of the methanol extract from Prunus mume fruit in mice

Context: The fruit of the Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc (Rosaceae) is used as a health food or medicinal material in traditional herb medicine for a long time in Eastern Asian countries.

Objective: Our present study investigated the hypouricemic effect of the methanol extract from P. mume fruit (MPMF) in mice with potassium oxonate-induced hyperuremia.

Materials and methods: Effect of MPMF (35, 70 and 140 mg/kg, p.o.) administrated for 7 days on the serum, liver, urinary uric acid levels and liver xanthine oxidase (XO) activity were assessed in mice.

Results: Hyperuricemic mice induced by potassium oxonate demonstrated an elevation in serum and liver uric acid levels (11.0 mg/dL and 0.52 mg/g tissue) and a reduction in urinary uric acid levels (49.9 mg/dL). Oral administration of 140 mg/kg MPMF for 7 days reversed the abnormalities in serum, liver and urinary uric acid levels (7.1 mg/dL, 0.37 mg/g tissue and 69.7 mg/dL, respectively). In addition, 70 and 140 mg/kg MPMF (3.1 and 2.9 nmol/min per mg protein) inhibited liver XO activity compared with hyperuricemic mice (3.9 nmol/min per mg protein).

Discussion and conclusion: The results indicated that the beneficial hypouricaemic effect of MPMF may be mediated, at least in part, by inhibiting XO activity in the liver. Our study suggests that P. mume and its extracts may have a considerable potential for development as an anti-gout agent for clinical application.     

Glucose-lowering effect of powder formulation of African black tea extract in KK-Ay/TaJcl diabetic mouse

We observed the suppressive effect of a powder formulation of African black tea extract prepared from the leaves of Camellia sinensis on type 2 non-insulin dependent diabetic mice, KK-A(y)/TaJcl. Black tea extract significantly showed suppressive effect of the elevation of blood glucose on oral glucose tolerance test of 8 week-old KK-A(y)/TaJcl mice (P < 0.05). Long-term treatment with black tea extract showed significant suppression of post-prandial blood glucose and obesity (P < 0.05). The weight of the intestine of mice treated with black tea extract was significantly reduced (P < 0.05). From these results, African black tea used in this study showed a suppressive effect on the elevation of blood glucose during food intake and the body weight.     

Novel indolizine derivatives lowers blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: A histopathological approach

Background

Diabetes mellitus is a deadly disorder in human which induce chronic complications. The streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rat is the most common animal model of human diabetes. The present study investigated the effects of novel indolizine derivatives (1–16) on plasma blood glucose concentrations in STZ-diabetic rats.

A new retinoid-like compound that activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and lowers blood glucose in diabetic mice

Retinoid X receptor (RXR) forms heterodimers with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs, with subtypes of alpha, delta and gamma), and the heterodimers can be activated by either an RXR or a PPAR subtype-specific ligand. Based on the chemical structure of the RXR natural ligand, 9-cis-retinoic acid (9-cis-RA), we designed and synthesized a retinoid-like compound, CS018. In vitro characterizations by cell-based reporter gene assays indicated that CS018 activated RXR homodimers and the heterodimers of RXR with PPARs, but not with farnesoid X-activated receptor (FXR) and liver X-activated receptor (LXR). Furthermore, RT-PCR results showed that CS018 induced the expression of the PPARgamma target genes, CD36 and lipoprotein lipase (LPL). In vivo studies on the diabetic db/db mice demonstrated that CS018 dramatically lowered the animal blood glucose levels. CS018 thus may represent a new retinoid-like compound that activates RXR/PPARs and has potential therapeutic applications in type 2 diabetes and other metabolic diseases.     

金樱子浸膏对糖尿病模型小鼠血糖水平的影响

目的观察金樱子浸膏对糖尿病模型小鼠血糖水平的影响。方法小鼠尾静脉注射四氧嘧啶建立糖尿病动物模型,以0.45、0.90、2.70 g·kg-1剂量的金樱子浸膏灌胃给予糖尿病小鼠21 d,测定0、21 d时空腹血糖值和21 d时的糖耐量。结果与模型组比较,盐酸二甲双胍、0.90 g·kg-1的金樱子浸膏能够有效改善糖尿病小鼠的多饮多食症状,体重显著增加(P<0.05);给药21 d后能明显降低空腹血糖值,改善糖尿病小鼠的糖耐量异常(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论金樱子浸膏能明显降低四氧嘧啶所致糖尿病模型小鼠血糖水平。     

蒺藜皂苷对正常和2型糖尿病大鼠餐后血糖水平的影响

目的研究蒺藜皂苷（STT）对正常和2型糖尿病大鼠餐后血糖水平的影响及可能机理。方法正常和2型糖尿病大鼠灌胃蔗糖或葡萄糖,同时灌胃STT,60 min后,尾静脉采血,测定血糖浓度;提取大鼠小肠α-葡萄糖苷酶,体外测定STT对酶活性的抑制作用。结果正常和2型糖尿病大鼠灌胃蔗糖同时灌胃STT 60min后,血糖水平显著低于对照,分别为对照的70.19%（P〈0.001）和68.05%（P〈0.001）,但STT对灌胃葡萄糖后血糖水平的变化无显著性影响;0.1、1、10 mg/mL的STT能够显著抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶的体外活性（P〈0.001）,抑制率分别为20.83%、43.73%和52.62%。结论STT能够显著降低正常和2型糖尿病大鼠餐后血糖水平的升高,其可能机理为对小肠α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制作用。     

黄精多糖对四氧嘧啶糖尿病模型小鼠糖脂代谢的影响

目的研究黄精多糖（PSP）对四氧嘧啶（ALX）糖尿病模型小鼠糖脂代谢的影响,探讨其对ALX糖尿病模型小鼠血糖水平是否具有降低作用及其可能的作用机制。方法采用ALX（220mg·kg^-1）腹腔注射建立糖尿病小鼠模型,72h后测空腹小鼠血糖浓度。PSP连续灌胃15d,末次给药18h后摘眼球取血、分离血清;用血糖仪测小鼠的血糖;用化学比色法测血清TG、TC、NO和NOS浓度变化;用放免法测血清胰岛素含量;实验结束时取肝脏和肾脏,制成10％匀浆,测定其NO和NOS水平;胰腺组织HE染色,观察胰腺组织病理形态变化。结果PSP能降低ALX诱导的糖尿病模型小鼠血糖水平,升高模型小鼠血清胰岛素含量,降低血清和肝脏NO和NOS,但对血清TG、TC浓度没有显著影响。结论PSP对ALX糖尿病模型小鼠升高的血糖水平具有一定的降低作用,但对血清TG、TC浓度没有影响,其降低血糖的作用可能与升高血清胰岛素含量、降低血清、肝脏的NO和NOS水平有关。     

成功高血糖模型小鼠血糖值范围的探讨

目前，糖尿病已严重威胁国人身心健康。随着多种具防治糖尿病和降血糖作用的保健食(药)品相继问世，因而迫切需要建立一套完整、合理和经济的实验动物功效评价体系，而该功效评价体系中高血糖模型血糖值的高低、稳定与否直接影响结果的可靠性。为此，我们进行了本研究，以筛选一个做为四氧嘧啶所致成功高血糖模型小鼠的合适血糖值范围，为建立一种经济和稳定的高血糖模型提供依据。     

大补阴丸的降血糖与免疫调节作用

目的：观察大补阴丸对血糖和免疫功能的影响。方法：复制阴虚小鼠模型和四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠,测定血糖和免疫功能。结果：大补阴丸对正常及四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠有降血糖作用,对阴虚小鼠的血糖降低有保护作用,对正常及阴虚小鼠有免疫调节作用。结论：大补阴丸有降血糖和调节免疫功能作用。     

香椿叶总黄酮对糖尿病小鼠血糖的影响

目的研究香椿叶总黄酮对糖尿病小鼠血糖的影响。方法采用链脲佐菌素腹腔注射制备糖尿病小鼠模型,造模成功小鼠随机分为模型组、香椿叶总黄酮大剂量(800 mg·kg-1·d-1)、中剂量(400 mg·kg-1·d-1)和小剂量组(100 mg·kg-1·d-1),优降糖组(60mg·kg-1·d-1),连续给药30 d后,观察血糖的变化。结果香椿总黄酮可明显降低糖尿病小鼠的血糖。结论香椿叶总黄酮有明显的降糖作用,为临床上防治糖尿病提供了理论依据。     

考察影响2型糖尿病小鼠血糖的因素

目的:考察四氧嘧啶(alloxan,ALX)诱导法制备2型糖尿病小鼠模型时影响血糖的因素.方法:120只昆明种小鼠,随机分为正常对照组和5个剂量的模型组,每组20只.正常对照组小鼠腹腔注射生理盐水,5个剂量的模型组小鼠分别腹腔注射250、200、150、100、50mg/kg的ALX,给药体积均为10 ml/kg,测量各组小鼠空腹血糖(FBG)的差异.考察体重(18.0～22.0g,22.1～ 28.0 g,28.1～35.0 g,n=20),饲养环境(是否有垫料,是否更换垫料,n=10)以及禁食时间(8、10、12、14、16 h,n=10)对FBG的影响,将FBG≥11.1 mmol/L的小鼠模型作为建模成功.计算各组小鼠的成模率和死亡率.结果:体重为22～28 g的小鼠腹腔注射ALX 100～ 150 mg/kg,夜间禁食12～ 14 h,无垫料的情况下饲养,可成功构建2型糖尿病小鼠模型.结论:该方法构建2型糖尿病小鼠模型成功率高,死亡率低,小鼠模型的血糖稳定.     

三消剪对小鼠血糖含量的影响

目的探索三消剪对小鼠血糖含量的影响。方法灌胃给予不同剂量的三消剪 (SanXiaoJian ,SXJ)观察其对四氧嘧啶型糖尿病小鼠血糖、尿糖含量、体重、饮水量 ,肾上腺素型糖尿病小鼠血糖含量及正常小鼠血糖含量的影响。结果三消剪可明显降低各类糖尿病小鼠的血糖及尿糖含量 ,且对正常小鼠血糖无影响 ,可有效拮抗四氧嘧啶引起的小鼠体重减少 ,饮水量、尿量增加 ,提高小鼠的糖耐量。结论三消剪对糖尿病小鼠有明显保护作用     

甲壳低聚糖对糖尿病小鼠血糖和肠道菌群的影响

目的观察甲壳低聚糖对链脲佐菌素 (STZ)糖尿病小鼠血糖和肠道菌群的影响。方法将用STZ诱导的糖尿病模型小鼠分为糖尿病治疗组和糖尿病对照组 ,分别灌胃甲壳低聚糖 60 0mg (kg·d)和等体积的蒸馏水 ,连续 2 1d ,而后检测两组小鼠血糖及肠道菌群的变化。结果糖尿病治疗组小鼠的血糖降低、肠道菌群中双歧杆菌数量增多 ,与糖尿病对照组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论甲壳低聚糖具有降低STZ糖尿病小鼠血糖及调节肠道菌群功能     

Licorice flavonoids suppress abdominal fat accumulation and increase in blood glucose level in obese diabetic KK-A(y) mice

Licorice, the root of the Glycyrrhiza species, is one of the most frequently employed botanicals in traditional medicines. In this study, we investigated the effects of hydrophobic flavonoids from Glycyrrhiza glabra LINNE on abdominal fat accumulation and blood glucose level in obese diabetic KK-A(y) mice. In order to enrich a fraction of hydrophobic flavonoids, licorice flavonoid oil (LFO) was prepared by further extracting licorice ethanolic extract with medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), and adjusting the concentration of glabridin, the major flavonoid of licorice, to 1.2% in oil. KK-A(y) mice aged 6 weeks were assigned to 5 groups (n=6 each), and fed a high-fat diet containing 0 (control), 0.5%, 1%, or 2% LFO, or 0.5% conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) for 4 weeks. Compared with the control, body weight gain and weights of abdominal adipose tissues were suppressed (p<0.05) by feeding the diet containing 2% LFO, and blood glucose levels after 2 and 4 weeks were suppressed by all of the diets containing LFO. Although CLA feeding suppressed (p<0.05) body weight gain, it increased (p<0.05) blood glucose level after 2 weeks compared with the control level. Furthermore, LFO and licorice ethanolic extract stimulated human adipocyte differentiation in vitro. These results indicate that licorice hydrophobic flavonoids have abdominal fat-lowering and hypoglycemic effects, possibly mediated via activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma).     

Suppressive effect of the hot-water extract of Ficus pseudopalma Blanco leaves on the postprandial increase in blood glucose level in mice

The use of medicinal plants with anti-diabetic properties continues because of the high cost of diabetes mellitus treatment. In the Bicol region of the Philippines, one local source is the leaves of Ficus pseudopalma Blanco (Philippine fig), which is utilized as an ingredient of their cuisine, and the decoction of its leaves is believed to have a blood-glucose lowering effect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the blood-glucose lowering effect of F. pseudoplama using sugar/carbohydrate-loaded and normoglycemic mice. The results showed that the hot-water extract of the leaves significantly suppressed the increase of blood glucose levels after glucose, maltose and starch loading. On the other hand, the extract did not show any hypoglycemic activity in either fasted or non-fasted mice as compared to the positive control drugs. These results suggest that F. pseudopalma is potentially useful for the management of blood glucose levels in the postprandial condition, as believed in the Bicol region of the Philippines.     

Qi盐对正常及糖尿病模型大鼠血糖的影响

目的观察Qi盐对正常小鼠和糖尿病模型大鼠的降血糖作用.方法尾静脉注射四氧嘧啶制作大鼠糖尿病模型,连续灌胃给Qi盐14 d,葡萄糖氧化酶法测血糖.结果Qi盐1.6,0.8,0.4 g·kg-1对正常小鼠血糖及糖耐量均无明显影响,但0.8,0.4 g·kg-1可降低四氧嘧啶模型大鼠血糖,改善糖耐量.结论Qi盐对糖尿病模型大鼠有降血糖作用.     

锦灯笼宿萼不同提取物对小鼠耐糖量及糖尿病肾病大鼠血糖水平影响

目的 观察锦灯笼宿萼水提取物和乙醇提取物对小鼠耐糖量及对链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的糖尿病肾病大鼠血糖的影响.方法 小鼠八组,每组10只,包括蔗糖组4个组和葡萄糖组4个组,蔗糖组分别灌胃给予水提取物1.96 g·kg一和锦灯笼宿萼70％乙醇提取物1.54g·kg-1和阿卡波糖,模型组于最后一次给予与实验组等量蔗糖.葡糖糖组分别灌胃给予水提取物1.96 g·kg-1和锦灯笼宿萼70％乙醇提取物1.54g·kg-1和二甲双胍,模型组于最后一次给予与实验组等量葡萄糖.测定血糖;对STZ糖尿病肾病模型大鼠分别灌胃给予锦灯笼宿萼70％乙醇提取物0.89 g·kg“和水提物1.52 g·kg-1,并测定血糖.结果 锦灯笼宿萼不同提取物对小鼠耐糖量影响实验中蔗糖组中70％乙醇提取物组的小鼠0.5h时血糖值为(8.55±1.35) mmol·L-1,蔗糖模型组小鼠血糖值为(11.04 ±0.84) mmol·L-1;葡萄糖组中70％乙醇提取物组的小鼠0.5h时血糖值为(17.92±1.60) mmol·L-1,葡萄糖模型组小鼠血糖值为(21.12±1.60)mmol·L-1;锦灯笼宿萼水提取物组和70％乙醇提取物组与模型组比较,小鼠对蔗糖、葡萄糖的耐糖能力差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);锦灯笼宿萼不同提取物对STZ大鼠血糖的影响试验中,锦灯笼宿萼70％乙醇提取物组的血糖值为(32.06±1.52) mmol·L-1,模型组血糖值为(50.53±3.08)mmol·L-1,锦灯笼宿萼70％乙醇提取物组与模型组比较,对降低早期糖尿病肾病的大鼠血糖差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 锦灯笼宿萼水提物和乙醇提取物能够提高小鼠对蔗糖和葡萄糖的耐糖量,并降低STZ糖尿病肾病大鼠血糖值,乙醇提取部位优于水提取部位.     

菝葜对小鼠血糖和肝糖元的影响

目的:研究菝葜对小鼠血糖和肝糖元的影响.方法:分别以中药菝葜煎剂10和20g/kg、优降糖(20mg/kg)、降糖灵(40mg/kg)和等容积生理盐水(20ml/kg)灌胃,测定各组正常小鼠的血糖水平及以四氧嘧啶(70mg/kg)、肾上腺素(0.2mg/kg)和葡萄糖(2g/kg)所致小鼠高血糖模型的血糖水平,测定小鼠肝糖元含量.结果:小鼠灌胃菝葜煎剂连续3d或6d,能显著对抗肾上腺素和葡萄糖引起的小鼠血糖升高,降低四氧嘧啶尿病小鼠的血糖浓度,明显增加肝糖元含量,但对正常小鼠的血糖值无明显影响.结论:菝葜对实验性糖尿病小鼠的血糖有明显的抑制作用.     

Reduction of blood glucose level by orexins in fasting normal and streptozotocin-diabetic mice

The influence of chronic arthritic pain on two endogenous opioid peptides, dynorphin B and [Met5]enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7, and multiple opioid receptors in discrete brain, lumbar spinal cord and pituitary pools was investigated. Using radioimmunoassay and receptor binding assay, we examined the changes in regional opioid peptide levels and opioid receptor activity due to chronic inflammation in adjuvant arthritic rats. At 4 weeks post-inoculation, increased levels of immunoreactive dynorphin B and [Met5]enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 were measured in tissues of arthritic rats compared with controls. No significant changes in mu-, delta- or kappa-opioid receptors were seen after chronic inflammation. Taken together, these results indicate that in chronic arthritis, opioid receptor changes do not follow the peptide alterations of pro-dynorphin and pro-enkephalin systems. Thus, dynamic modification and modulation of nociceptive information takes place during chronic inflammation. This supports the key role of the central nervous system in chronic inflammatory pain conditions.