Health Care Need and Utilization: A Preliminary Comparison of Injection Drug Users,Other Illicit Drug Users,and Nonusers

This paper investigates the relationship between chronic drug use and the health care system. Data from 536 African-American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White men and women were analyzed to determine independent risk factors for three outcome variables: 1) Need for health care treatment, 2) Utilization of health care treatment, and 3) Failure to receive needed treatment. Nine independent demographic, health, and drug-use history variables were assessed in logistic regression models. Chronic drug users were more likely in the past year to need health care treatment, were as likely to receive some health care treatment, and were more likely not to receive needed treatment than were nonusers. [Translations are provided in the International Abstracts Section of this issue.]     

基本药物-基本医疗卫生服务-合理用药的实践与依存性

目的:说明基本药物、基本医疗卫生服务、合理用药三项医疗卫生服务的实践与依存性,强调在"新医改"中实施基本药物制度要与合理用药同等重视,为我国"新医改"方案的具体实施提供参考。方法:根据我国基本药物制度与基本医疗卫生服务制度的内涵,引用国际上尤其是世界卫生组织的理念和实践经验,总结以往"医改"不成功的教训,介绍当前用药调研与评价的指标体系,分析基本药物、基本医疗卫生服务以及合理用药三要素的实践与依存性。结果与结论:基本药物、基本医疗卫生服务和合理用药相辅相成,在新一轮"医改"中,更要重视世界卫生组织的经验,在实施基本药物制度的同时,重视合理用药。     

A Prospective Examination of the Association of Stimulant Medication History and Drug Use Outcomes among Community Samples of ADHD Youths

A continuing debate in the child psychopathology literature is the extent to which pharmacotherapy for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), in particular stimulant treatment, confers a risk of subsequent drug abuse. If stimulant treatment for ADHD contributes to drug abuse, then the risk versus therapeutic benefits of such treatment is greatly affected. We have prospectively followed an ADHD sample (N = 149; 81% males) for approximately 15 years, beginning at childhood (ages 8 to 10 years) and continuing until the sample has reached young adulthood (ages 22 to 24 years). The sample was originally recruited via an epidemiologically derived community procedure, and all youths were diagnosed with ADHD during childhood. We report on the association of childhood psychostimulant medication and subsequent substance use disorders and tobacco use. The substance use outcomes were based on data collected at three time points when the sample was in late adolescence and young adulthood (age range approximately 18 to 22 years old). We did not find evidence to support that childhood treatment with stimulant medication, including the course of stimulant medication, was associated with any change in risk for adolescent or young adulthood substance use disorders and tobacco use. These results from a community-based sample extend the growing body of literature based on clinically derived samples indicating that stimulant treatment does not create a significant risk for subsequent substance use disorders.     

Health Care Among Insured Drug Users and Nonusers

This paper analyzes data on medical needs, utilization, and access collected during 1997–1999 in Houston from 117 drug users and 55 nonusers living in the same neighborhoods. Results indicate that drug users in Houston did not have a different level of medical needs than did nonusers, nor were they disadvantaged in terms of utilization or access to medical services. Part of the difference in results from previous studies may be because the longitudinal design of the study selected for relatively stable drug users and nonusers (for example, all study participants reported some form of publicly funded health insurance). Thus we suggest that, among persons with stable life situations, drug use does not significantly influence medical need, access, and utilization.     

Alcohol and Drug Use and Aberrant Drug-Related Behavior Among Patients on Chronic Opioid Therapy

Objective: To better identify individuals on chronic opioid therapy (COT) at high risk for aberrant-drug related behavior (ADRB). We examine whether patients with low level alcohol and drug use have similar characteristics to those with alcohol and drug disorders. We then examined the relationship of alcohol and drug use to ADRBs among COT patients. Methods: The sample was 972 randomly selected COT patients (age 21–80 years old) from a large health system in Northern California, USA, and interviewed in 2009. Logistic regression models were used to model the dependent variables of: alcohol use, illicit drug use, alcohol disorders, illicit drug disorders, and ADRBs. Results: The odds of daily/weekly alcohol use were lower for those with a high daily opioid dose (120+ mg/day vs. <20 mg/day) (OR = 0.32, p < 0.010). Illicit drug disorders were associated with depression (OR = 2.31, p < .001) and being on a high daily opioid dose (OR = 5.51, p < .01). Participants with illicit drug use had higher odds of giving (OR = 2.57, p < 0.01) and receiving opioids from friends or family (OR = 3.25, p < 0.001), but disorder diagnoses were not associated with ADRBs. Conclusions: Findings reinforce that illicit drug use should be of high concern to clinicians prescribing opioids, and suggest it should be considered separately from alcohol use and alcohol disorders in the evaluation of ADRBs. Frequent alcohol use is low, but not uncommon, and suggests a need to discuss specific issues regarding safe use of opioids among persons who use alcohol that may differ from their risk of drug use.     

基于合理用药调研指标及儿童药物利用指数的儿科合理用药情况调研

目的 了解儿科合理用药调研指标及药物利用情况,为促进儿童合理用药提供参考。方法 对儿科门诊处方进行合理用药调研指标进行评估,并对儿科住院患者重点药物进行药物利用指数分析。结果 儿科门诊处方平均用药2.49种,人均次费用73.13元,抗菌药使用率19.74%,针剂使用率16.08%,基本药物使用率15.15%,患儿平均就诊时间为6.06 min,与药师接触的平均时间为0.63 min,实际调配药物率为97%,药袋标示率及通用名使用率均达100%。住院抗菌药物使用率61.5%,费用占同期药品费用的14.41%,使用频度最高的为头孢曲松钠,万古霉素与氟康唑注射液CDUI>1,单位体质量日剂量偏大。免疫调节剂及中药注射剂消耗金额分别占儿科同期药品的12.19%、0.75%,DUI均<1。结论 儿科门诊处方用药基本合理,但基本药物使用率偏低,患者关怀指标有待一步改善。住院患儿抗菌药使用率偏高,万古霉素与氟康唑注射液使用欠合理。部分药品尚缺少儿童用药合理性评价的数据与标准。     

基本药物制度下的合理用药探讨

目的：探讨基本药物制度下的合理用药情况。方法：通过对基本药物制度的分析,目前不合理用药的原因的分析．提出促进合理用药的相应意见。结果与结论：建立并完善基本药物制度．促进合理用药。     

门诊药学服务合理化随访研究

目的：探索推进合理用药的工作模式，考察干预措施影响合理用药的持续时间，探讨持续影响合理用药的主要因素。方法：分干预前（2000～2001年）、干预后1年（200l～2002年）和干预后4年（2004～2005年）3个组别。用对照方法，对合理用药国际指标的核心指标进行现场调查，选择3年各5个月门诊随机抽样处方和当日门诊就医的病人，数据用SPSS11．1软件进行统计分析。结果：平均用药品种数从干预前2、76个降到干预后1年2、09个，到干预后4年还保持在2、08个（P〈0、01）。抗菌药使用百分率干预前34．0％，干预后1年28．0％，干预后4年又上升为30．0％。药师平均调配药品时间从干预前11．8S增加干预后1年的13．88，干预后4年持续增加到15、6s。3组现场调研药品调配百分率、药品标示完整率及患者了解正确用药方法百分率各项指标均为100．0％。结论：干预措施有效、可行。宣传教育是合理用药非常重要的一项干预措施。全方位合理用药集中干预后效应可以持续4年左右。在人力、物力、财力不能保证时常进行干预时，每4年左右集中全方位干预一次是可行的，也是必须的。     

20家基层医疗机构合理用药指标及处方行为研究

目的：评价新医改实施第二阶段基层医疗机构合理用药指标及处方行为改善情况,为医改实施效果评估提供参考。方法：在四川省内选取13家乡镇卫生院、7家社区卫生服务中心基层医疗卫生机构,抽取2013-2015年1、4月门诊处方共3397张,采用世界卫生组织（WHO）合理用药调研方法与指标进行分析评价。结果：20家基层医疗卫生机构在2013、2014、2015年的处方平均费用（元）分别为27.81、31.20、34.93,呈逐年增加趋势,低于参考标准;平均处方药品数分别为2.998、3.102、3.035,高于参考标准;通用名使用率分别为99.46%、98.18%、99.53%,低于参考标准;处方基本药物比例分别为90.63%、94.49%、94.84%,低于参考标准;抗菌药物处方率分别为49.76%、48.18%、46.80%,呈逐年下降趋势,但仍高于参考标准;注射剂处方率分别为17.31%、25.00%、17.34%,基本符合参考标准,但社区卫生服务中心高于乡镇卫生院;激素处方率分别为9.555%、9.635%、10.10%,基本符合参考标准,但乡镇卫生院高于社区卫生服务中心。结论：新医改实施后基层医疗机构合理用药水平有所提高,但仍然存在不合理和不规范行为,需采取措施加强监管。     

儿童药物利用指数评价伏立康唑在儿童用药合理性

目的 建立儿童药物利用评价方法,应用儿童药物利用指数(cDUI)评价伏立康唑在儿童中用药剂量的合理性.方法 对2015年1月-2019年6月使用伏立康唑的出院儿童患者病历进行回顾性分析,按照体质量分组,计算cDUI.结果 按负荷剂量给药方案计算,伏立康唑口服剂型与注射剂型各体质量组cDUI基本接近1(伏立康唑口服剂型体...     

某妇产医院新生儿重症医学科用药特征分析

[摘要]目的：探讨新生儿重症监护病房（NICU）的用药特点、用药问题及影响新生儿药物暴露的因素,从而促进NICU的合理用药和药学监护。方法：随机抽取400例NICU患儿,分析患儿围产期临床特征、人口学特征和药物治疗情况。对患儿用药数量与围产期临床和人口学特征进行单因素分析及相关分析。结果：400例患儿胎龄38.50（4.00）周,用药数量5.00（3.00）种。患儿使用的药物数量与胎龄、出生体质量、Apgar评分呈负相关,与住院时间和机械通气时间呈正相关。常用药物主要为维生素类、营养类药物、酶制剂、调节水、电解质和酸碱平衡的药物、抗感染药物、消化系统药物、血液及造血系统药物、中枢神经系统药物、泌尿和生殖系统药物和中药清热剂。使用的79种药品中65种包含儿童用药信息,27种包含新生儿用药信息,12种仅有成人用药信息。结论：NICU中胎龄低、出生体质量低、住院时间长、机械通气时间长、Apgar评分低、并发症多的患儿,用药数量多,应重点进行药学监护;新生儿常用药品说明书信息短缺,可通过减少辅助用药的使用促进新生儿合理用药。     

实施国家基本药物制度对安徽省基层医疗卫生机构合理用药影响的调查分析

目的:比较安徽省基层医疗卫生机构实施国家基本药物制度前、后合理用药情况,为完善国家基本药物制度相关政策提供参考。方法:随机抽取安徽省5家基层医疗卫生机构2009年6月、2010年6月及2011年6月的处方各100张,对其进行合理用药的分析,包括平均处方用药数、抗菌药物处方使用比例、抗菌药物处方使用种类、抗菌药物处方注射剂使用比例、注射剂处方使用比例等指标。结果:国家基本药物制度实施后,5家基层医疗卫生机构上述5项指标均有所下降,但仍存在使用药品商品名、激素使用比例没有变化、第3代头孢菌素类抗菌药物及联合使用抗菌药物的比例上升等问题。结论:国家基本药物制度的实施在一定程度上促进了合理用药,但对存在的问题需进一步加强监管。     

Substance Use,Sexual Identity,and Health Care Provider Use in Men Who Have Sex With Men

This article describes the association between substance use, sexual identity, and seeing a health care provider on a regular basis for 257 men who have sex with men (MSM). Data from in-person interviews were gathered from MSM who resided in Massachusetts between 2003 and 2007. A logistic regression analysis that controlled for demographic characteristics, health insurance status, HIV/AIDS status, drug use, and social support revealed that MSM who identified as heterosexual, compared with those who identified as gay or bisexual, were 60% less likely to access a health care provider on a regular basis. Further, the likelihood of seeing a provider regularly was 54% lower for MSM who had used illegal drugs in the past 30 days and 32% higher for MSM who had more social support. Study limitations and implications are discussed.     

儿童重症患者超说明书用药情况分析

[摘要]目的：调查儿童重症患者超说明书用药现状,分析可能的超说明书用药危险因素,为促进儿科重症监护病区合理用药提供参考。方法：分层随机抽取西北妇女儿童医院2019年儿科重症监护病区的医嘱,根据药品说明书,判断是否超说明书用药。分析不同年龄段、不同科室、不同级别医师、不同种类药品的超说明书用药发生率。分析超说明书用药与患儿基本信息（年龄、性别）、医师级别和药品信息（基本药物、高警示药物）的相关性。结果：共纳入患儿864例,医嘱13 926条,药品200种,超说明书用药发生率分别为87.27%、53.02%和56.00%。新生儿、女性患儿、高职称医师、基本药物、高警示药物存在较高的超说明书用药风险（P<0.05）。结论：儿童重症患者超说明书用药情况普遍存在,新生儿、女性患儿、高职称医师、基本药物、高警示药物为超说明用药的危险因素。药师需发挥用药指导作用,协助医师规避用药风险,促进重症患儿安全合理用药。     

非典型抗精神病药致意识障碍1例

患者,男,85岁,住院号为57830。主诉2008年9月出现幻觉,认为经常有人躲在家中,曾在他院就诊,诊断不详,予以奥氮平1．25mg·d^-1。治疗,当时效果尚佳,近10d开始睡眠时间偏多,双下肢乏力明显。2008年11月11日夜间8点被家属发现无明显诱因嗜睡,伴意识障碍,呼之不应,无呼吸抑制,无大小便失禁,收住我院,予以吸氧和补液等处理后于12日凌晨1点开始苏醒。     

The Role of Physician and Nurse Attitudes in the Health Care of Injecting Drug Users

In 2005, 60 health care workers were recruited through services that attract injecting drug users (IDUs) and asked to complete attitude measures regarding IDU clients. Mediation analyses indicated that conservative health care workers displayed more negative attitudes toward their IDU clients because they believe that injecting drug use is within the control of the IDU. Negative attitudes toward IDU clients, in turn, were associated with worry about IDU clients’ behavior in the clinic and with beliefs that IDU clients should disclose their hepatitis C status to their health care worker. Perceptions of controllability of drug use were also associated with the belief that IDU clients’ ailments were caused by their IDU status. The study's limitations are noted.     

2010-2013年我院新生儿重症监护病房用药分析

目的：了解新生儿科重症监护病房（ICU）用药情况,为促进我院新生儿科ICU合理使用药物提供依据。方法：将新生儿科用药按照药理作用机制进行分类统计,根据用药数量进行排序并计算百分比,统计分析2010年至2013年用药频度数量排名前10位的药品。查阅各药品说明书,核对各药品的实际使用情况,统计新生儿科ICU超说明书使用情况。结果：从2010年到2013年,新生儿科ICU用药数量呈上升趋势,维生素及水电解质平衡营养药物、作用于消化系统药物、作用于血液造血系统药物居前3位,最大的DDDs排名前3位的三种药物分别为维生素AD滴剂、枯草杆菌二联活菌颗粒和复方碳酸钙泡腾颗粒。2012-2013年,抗感染药物、作用于自主神经系统药物、用于消化系统药物增幅分别为55.53%、43.62%和28.68%。说明书中未提及到新生儿用药的48种,占31.6%,主要包括维生素、水电解质平衡营养类药物、血液造血系统和消化系统药物。结论：我院新生儿科ICU用药特点比较明确,超说明书用药所占比例较大,应加强不合理用药的干预,进一步提高我院新生儿用药的安全性、有效性和经济性。     

处方不合理用药点评及药学服务需求的调查分析

目的对我院处方用药及药学服务现状进行调查分析,进一步促进处方的规范化,引导合理用药,创造良好的药学服务环境。方法从2007年12月和2008年12月的处方中,各随机抽取1/4的处方数,统计欠规范和不合理用药处方,计算所占比率。结果不合格处方占抽查处方总数的6.20%。结论医生和药师应加强业务知识的学习、培训,树立良好的医德医风,不断提高处方规范化与合理用药水平。     

The Link Between Substance Use and Reproductive Health Service Utilization Among Young US Women

ABSTRACT. Background: The authors sought to investigate associations between young women's use of alcohol and other substances and their sexual and reproductive health (SRH) service utilization. Methods: The authors used data from 4421 young women aged 15–24 years in the nationally representative study, National Survey of Family Growth, 2002–2008. The authors examined associations between frequency of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and illicit drug use and SRH service use in the past year using logistic regression. Results: Over half (59%) of the young women used SRH services, including contraception (48%), gynecological examination (47%), and sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing/treatment (17%) services. Proportions of SRH service use increased with higher frequencies of substance use (all P values <.001); service use was particularly common among daily substance users (range: 72% of daily marijuana users to 83% of daily binge drinkers). In multivariable analyses, associations between substance and SRH service use varied by substance and service type: weekly marijuana (odds ratio [OR] = 2.5, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.4, 4.3, P = .002) and alcohol (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.1, 2.4, P = .01) use were positively associated with gynecological service use. All substances were positively associated with STI service use. However, daily smoking was negatively associated with contraceptive service use (OR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.4, 0.8, P = .001). Conclusion: SRH service use was common among women reporting frequent substance use. SRH settings provide an opportunity to deliver substance use screening and preventive care to young women.