不同促渗剂对硫酸沙丁胺醇颊粘膜吸收的影响

目的：筛选硫酸沙丁胺醇经颊粘膜吸收促渗剂。方法；采用单室扩散池研究硫酸沙丁胺醇通过金黄地鼠颊粘膜的药物渗透，考察不同促渗剂对药物经颊粘膜吸收的影响。结果；在１０ｈ内，２０ｍｇ／ｍｌ的药物生理盐水溶液渗透速率为３９．１５μｇ（ｃｍ＾２．ｈ）。当分别以相同药物浓度的饱和β－环糊精生理盐水，３％Ｔｗｅｅｎ８０与５％Ａｏｎｅ生理盐水，５％聚氧乙烯壬苯工醚生理盐水为溶媒，其渗透速率分别为７５．４６，１５２．     

经皮吸收促进剂的研究与应用进展

透皮给药系统作为最成功的非口服控释给药系统之一，可有效避免肝脏首过效应和胃肠道药物降解、调控释药速率及血药浓度、降低服药频率和不良反应、提高患者顺应性。经皮吸收促进剂在透皮给药系统研究中起着重要作用。现就其应用与联用、选择与评价、促透机制研究及其对水溶性和大分子药物的促透作用等方面，对近年来的研究进展进行综述。     

Insights into the percutaneous penetration of antidiabetic agents

It has been suggested that destruction of β cells through apoptosis leads to type 1 diabetes (T1DM) while type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is caused mainly by increased insulin resistance. Several therapeutic agents are available for the management of diabetes. While researchers continue to investigate disease-modifying compounds, it is also important to develop alternative drug delivery systems for existing medications with the goal of modulating bioavailability and/or pharmacokinetic half-life. Transdermal drug delivery offers a number of advantages including improved compliance, lack of gastric irritation and the possibility of altering bioavailability and and/or half-life. In this review, the percutaneous penetration of antidiabetic agents is discussed. This is particularly significant given the fact that several compounds with hypoglycemic properties are being developed by academic research laboratories and the biotechnological industry. Microneedles, sonophoresis, chemical penetration enhancers and iontophoresis are some of the approaches used for the transdermal delivery of antidiabetic agents. It is anticipated that with more research, some of these transdermal drug delivery systems will be incorporated into clinical practice.     

新型经皮渗透促进剂及作用机制的研究进展

角质层(stratumcorneum,SC)是皮肤给药的主要屏障,无论是局部经皮的皮内给药还是经皮吸收进入体循环发挥全身作用都必须克服SC的屏障作用。但绝大部分药物都难以有效地透过SC,在众多克服SC的方法中,化学渗透促进剂(chemical penetration enhancers,CPE)的应用最广泛。除传统的醇类、亚砜类、脂肪酸类、酯类、氮酮、多元醇类等,又发现或合成了许多新型高效的促进剂。文中对近年来国内外关于新型渗透促进剂的文献进行综述,以期为合成和发现更加安全、高效的渗透促进剂提供线索。     

透皮促渗方法联合应用的研究进展

透皮给药系统具有传统给药方式不可比拟的优势。但由于药物的低渗透量，使其应用受到一定限制。各种物理的、化学的促渗方法，包括透皮吸收促进剂、超声导入法、离子导入法、电穿孔法等可改善皮肤透过性，增加药物的透皮速率。而且几种方法联合应用的促渗效果更加显著。本文总结了近年来各种促渗方法联合应用的研究进展。     

Chemical penetration enhancers: a patent review

Background: Ever since transdermal drug delivery came into existence, it has offered great promises, although most of them are yet to be fulfilled owing to some intrinsic restrictions of the transdermal route. On the positive side, transdermal drug delivery systems present advantages including non-invasiveness, prolonged therapeutic effect, reduced side effects, improved bioavailability, better patient compliance and easy termination of drug therapy. The greatest hindrance in the percutaneous delivery is the obstruction property of the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin, in addition to usual problems such as skin binding, skin metabolism, cutaneous toxicity and prolonged lag times. Objective: This paper reviews investigations on the feasibility and application of penetration enhancers as described in recent patents, which help in the selection of a suitable sorption promoter(s) for enhanced delivery of medicaments through the skin. Method: The patents granted under various categories of penetration enhancers have been discussed including fatty acids, terpenes, fatty alcohol, pyrrolidone, sulfoxides, laurocapram, surface active agents, amides, amines, lecithin, polyols, quaternary ammonium compounds, silicones, alkanoates and so on. Conclusion: Scores of promising chemicals have been harnessed for their skin permeation promoting capacity as mentioned earlier. In future, many more chemicals and putative enhancers are likely be documented and patented.     

透皮吸收促进剂在经皮给药系统中的质控和评价方法

透皮吸收制剂是国际上第三代药物制剂的研究重点领域。透皮吸收促进剂在处方中的合理应用和质量控制及其评价方法日益重要。通过对透皮促进机理、协同作用等的探讨,介绍透皮吸收促进剂的选用原则,并对透皮给药制剂和局部用药局部起效的皮肤外用制剂处方中使用的要求加以讨论,介绍了现有的评价方法和基本的技术要求。     

A combined approach of chemical enhancers and sonophoresis for the transdermal delivery of tizanidine hydrochloride

The effects of chemical enhancers and sonophoresis on the transdermal permeation of tizanidine hydrochloride (TIZ) across mouse skin were investigated. Parameters including drug solubility, apparent partition coefficient (APC), drug permeation, and degradation in skin were determined. Low frequency ultrasound was also applied in the presence and absence of chemical enhancers to assess whether drug permeation improved. APC values indicated that TIZ preferentially partitions into intercellular spaces and does not form a reservoir, with the drug also exhibiting good enzymatic stability in skin. Most of the enhancers studied significantly increased the permeation rate of TIZ through full thickness mouse skin in comparison with TIZ formulated in phosphate buffer. Maximum enhancement was observed for TIZ formulated as a suspension in 50% v/v aqueous ethanol containing 5% v/v citral. Sonophoresis significantly (p < 0.05) increased the cumulative amount of TIZ permeating through the skin at 15 and 30 min in comparison to passive diffusion. A synergistic effect was noted when sonophoresis was applied in the presence of chemical enhancers. The results suggest that the formulation of TIZ with an appropriate penetration enhancer may be useful in the development of a therapeutic system to deliver TIZ across the skin for a prolonged period, i.e. 24 hr. The application of ultrasound in association with chemical enhancers, such as the combination of 5% v/v citral in 50% v/v aqueous ethanol, could further serve as a non-oral and non-invasive drug delivery modality for the immediate therapeutic effect of muscle relaxants such as TIZ.     

非洛地平-美托洛尔复方贴剂的透皮吸收促进剂优化

目的：优化复合透皮吸收促进剂，制备非洛地平-美托洛尔复方贴剂，并对其外观、物理特性、体外药物释放和经皮渗透性能进行综合评价。方法：以药物体外释放速率和稳态透皮速率为指标，通过正交设计试验考察桉叶油醇、月桂氮[艹卓]酮和丙二醇体系对贴剂质量的影响，优选最佳复合透皮吸收促进剂构成。结果：优选的透皮吸收促进剂最佳含量分别为桉叶油醇5％、月桂氮[艹卓]酮3％和丙二醇12%，以该促透体系制备的贴剂药物体外释放速率和稳态透皮速率高，外观和理化特性较佳，物理黏性适宜，各指标均达到预期设计要求。结论：桉叶油醇-月桂氮[艹卓]酮-丙二醇（5：3：12）复合体系对非洛地平和关托洛尔的协同促透作用显著，且稳定可靠，是非洛地平关托洛尔复方贴剂的优良透皮吸收促进剂。     

透皮促进剂对白花前胡甲素体外经皮渗透的影响

目的:考察透皮促进剂对白花前胡甲素(dl-praeruptorin A,Pd-Ia)体外经皮渗透的影响。方法:采用改进的Franz扩散池,以大鼠离体皮肤为渗透屏障,用高效液相色谱法对Pd-Ia进行含量测定,考察月桂氮酮(Azone)及1%Azone与不同浓度丙二醇(PG)混合物对Pd-Ia透皮吸收的影响。结果:使用Azone对Pd-Ia有促透作用,1%Azone效果较好,平均渗透速率达到4.064μg.cm-2.h-1;1%Azone与15%PG合用促透效果最好,平均渗透速率达到4.889μg.cm-2.h-1,且与单用1%Azone有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:1%Azone与15%PG合用时,含0.5%Pd-Ia溶液体外渗透具有最大促透效果,体现出协同作用。     

促渗剂对氟比洛芬体外经皮渗透的影响

目的研究不同的促渗剂对氟比洛芬体外经皮渗透的促渗作用。方法采用TK-6A型透皮扩散仪,用人皮进行体外经皮渗透实验,考察不同的促渗剂[二甲基亚砜、月桂醇、丙二醇、月桂氮酮(氮酮)、尿素、油酸]及其组合对氟比洛芬体外透皮吸收的促渗作用,以HPLC法测定各时间点接受室中药物浓度,求算透皮吸收的有关参数,比较各促渗剂的促渗作用。结果15%二甲基亚砜、3%氮酮、1%尿素可使氟比洛芬经皮渗透速率分别提高1.8,1.5,1.1倍,促渗剂联用取得的促渗效果更佳,5%油酸 20%丙二醇 1%尿素可使该药物的经皮渗透速率提高6倍。结论单用促渗剂对氟比洛芬经皮渗透促渗效果有限,促渗剂联合使用可以显著提高氟比洛芬经皮渗透速率。     

促进剂对酮洛芬巴布剂体外透皮性的影响探讨

目的:通过几种常用促进剂对酮洛芬巴布剂体外促渗作用研究,筛选出适合用于酮洛芬巴布剂的透皮促进剂。方法:分别制备单独含2%或4%的桉叶油、油酸、薄荷脑、聚乙二醇400、月桂氮芯卓酮、聚山梨醇酯-80的酮洛芬巴布剂贴片,以及4%的桉叶油分别与2%的油酸、薄荷脑、聚乙二醇400合用的酮洛芬巴布剂贴片,采用改良Franz透皮扩散池,以离体小鼠背部皮肤为透皮屏障,贴敷12h,以渗透速率及12h累积渗透量为指标,探讨促进剂对酮洛芬体外透皮性的影响。结果:与空白组对照,2%聚山梨醇酯-80、2%月桂氮卓芯酮单独使用不能明显提高酮洛芬的渗透速率(P>0.05),4%聚山梨醇酯-80、4%月桂氮卓芯酮和其他的促进剂都能明显的提高酮洛芬的经皮渗透(P<0.01),对酮洛芬透皮速率提高大小顺序为油酸≥桉叶油>薄荷脑>聚乙二醇400>月桂氮卓芯酮>聚山梨醇酯-80。结论:油酸、桉叶油、薄荷脑、聚乙二醇400均可作为酮洛芬巴布剂透皮促进剂。     

罂粟碱凝胶的研制及不同透皮促进剂对其透皮作用的影响

目的：探讨透皮吸收促进剂对罂粟碱凝胶透皮吸收的影响。方法：采用简单扩散小室，用紫外分光光度测定了5种处方罂粟碱凝胶离体鼠皮透皮吸收药量。结果：罂粟碱透皮累积释药量与时间呈线性关系，与不含吸收促进剂的凝胶比较，吸收促进剂对罂粟碱透皮吸收的影响为油酸＞油酸＋月桂氨卓酮＞二甲亚砜＞月桂氮卓酮。结论：油酸能明显促进罂粟碱的透皮吸收，而水溶性的透皮吸收促进剂对罂粟碱的透皮吸收作用不明显。     

Enhancement of transdermal delivery of progesterone using medium-chain mono and diglycerides as skin penetration enhancers

We evaluated whether medium-chain mono and diglycerides (MCG) can be utilized to optimize the transdermal delivery of progesterone (PGT). MCG was studied at 10–70% (w/w) in propylene glycol (a polar solvent) or Myvacet oil (nonpolar solvent); PGT was used at 1% (w/w). The topical (to the skin) and transdermal (across the skin) delivery of PGT were evaluated in vitro using porcine ear skin. When incorporated in propylene glycol, MCG at 10% enhanced the topical and transdermal delivery of PGT by 2.5- and 7-fold, respectively. At 20–50%, topical delivery was further enhanced while transdermal delivery gradually returned towards baseline. At 70%, MCG enhanced neither the delivery to viable skin nor the transdermal delivery of PGT. Similar concentration-dependent effects were observed when MCG was incorporated in Myvacet oil, but their magnitudes were 2- to 3-fold smaller. The relative safety of MCG was assessed in cultured fibroblasts and compared to propylene glycol (regarded as safe) and sodium lauryl sulfate (moderate-to-severe irritant). Both MCG and propylene glycol were substantially less cytotoxic than sodium lauryl sulfate. We conclude that formulations containing 10% MCG in propylene glycol may be a simple and safe method to improve the transdermal delivery of progesterone and promote its use in hormone replacement therapy.     

乙醇对丁卡因凝胶透皮和局麻作用的影响

目的 :考察透皮吸收促进剂乙醇对丁卡因凝胶透皮和局麻作用的影响。方法 :以卡波姆 940为基质配制含 2 0 %和 70 %乙醇的丁卡因 (4 % ,w w)凝胶。采用Franz扩散小池和紫外分光光度法进行小鼠离体皮肤渗透试验 ;用VonFrey镇痛试验考察丁卡因凝胶的局麻作用。结果 :离体皮肤渗透试验表明 2 0 %和 70 %乙醇对丁卡因凝胶均有较强的促渗作用 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,其渗透速率K分别提高了 1 .5 3倍和 2 .1 2倍 ,其中 70 %乙醇的促渗作用明显强于2 0 %乙醇 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,但是 70 %乙醇在一定程度上延长了丁卡因凝胶的滞后时间 ;VonFrey镇痛试验显示含 70 %乙醇的丁卡因凝胶局麻镇痛作用于用药后 1h达高峰 ,痛觉抑制百分率为 1 1 3 % ,镇痛作用持续 5h。结论 :含 70 %乙醇的丁卡因凝胶剂具有较强的透皮作用和局麻效果     

盐酸丁卡因凝胶剂经皮渗透作用

目的：制备盐酸丁卡因凝胶剂，并考察不同透皮促进剂对其透皮吸收的影响。方法：配制含不同透皮促进剂的盐酸丁卡因凝胶剂，采用简单扩散小室和紫外分光光度法测定药物透皮吸收量。结果：加1%月桂氮Zhuo酮，加1%，3%，5%薄荷脑或加两者混合透皮促进剂，将药物碱化均可显著增加盐酸丁卡因凝胶剂的透皮吸收量，其累积释药量与时间呈线性关系。结论：单独使用1%月桂氮Zhuo酮对盐酸丁卡因凝胶透皮吸收作用不明显，3%，5%薄荷脑或加1%月桂氮Zhuo酮两者混合透皮保进剂对盐酸丁卡因凝胶透皮吸收作用明显，1%月桂氮Zhuo酮 3%薄荷脑对盐酸丁卡因凝胶透皮吸收作用最明显。     

美洛昔康凝胶剂的研制

目的：寻找合适的透皮促进剂,使美洛昔康凝胶剂起效时间缩短。方法：配制不同处方的凝胶剂,采用Franz扩散小池,HPLC检测药物浓度进行离体皮肤渗透实验,然后用志愿者进行在体药效测定。结果：月桂氮酮使美洛昔康透皮速率提高,但滞后时间延长,在体消炎镇痛效果不佳;单用乙醇不延长滞后时间,在体起效时间缩短。结论：含乙醇的凝胶剂消炎镇痛效果最好。     

渗透促进剂对荜茇提取物中胡椒碱体外经皮吸收的影响

目的研究荜茇提取物中的主要成分胡椒碱的透皮吸收特性,确定最佳促进剂及质量浓度。方法采用卧式双室扩散池,以离体大鼠皮肤作为渗透屏障,用HPLC法测定样品中胡椒碱的质量浓度。以稳态流量(Js)、增渗比(ER)及滞后时间(tlag)为指标考察渗透促进剂对荜茇提取物中胡椒碱体外经皮吸收的影响。结果当用质量分数为10%的N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮时,胡椒碱的稳态渗透速率最高。结论N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮为荜茇提取物中胡椒碱经皮给药有效的渗透促进剂。     

联苯乙酸透皮贴剂的体外透皮性能研究

目的:研究促进渗透剂对联苯乙酸贴剂(BPAA-TTS)体外透皮性能的影响.方法:用高体豚鼠皮肤为透皮屏障,采用改进的Franz扩散池,通过体外渗透性实验对含有不同处方的BPAA-TTS进行了透皮性能的研究.结果:体外渗透曲线符合平方根方程(Q=k×t1/2),含10%乙醇和8%的1,2-丙二醇的复合促进渗透剂的BPAATTS具有良好的透皮性能.结论:将加入复合促进渗透剂的贴剂中的BPAA的透皮速率与不加促进渗透剂贴剂的透皮速率进行比较,贴剂中药物的透皮性能有明显提高.     

不同渗透促进剂对复方盐酸多塞平乳膏体外经皮的促渗作用研究

目的研究不同浓度油酸和氮酮及其复合物对复方盐酸多塞平乳膏透皮吸收的影响,提高乳膏中两种主要有效成分盐酸多塞平和醋酸曲安奈德的渗透效果.方法选用1%氮酮(aonze,AZ)、2%AZ、1%油酸(oleic acid,OA)、2%OA、1%OA-AZ 5种渗透吸收促进剂,采用离体小鼠皮为皮肤模型,在Franz扩散池上进行促渗实验.结果 5种渗透吸收促进剂对复方盐酸多塞平乳膏中盐酸多塞平促渗能力为2%AZ＞1%OA-AZ＞2%OA＞1%AZ＞1%OA;对醋酸曲安奈德促渗能力为2%AZ＞1%OA-AZ＞1%AZ＞2%OA＞1%OA.结论在所选的5种渗透促进剂中,选用2%AZ渗透促进剂对复方盐酸多塞平乳膏体外经皮促渗作用最显著,油酸、氮酮联合应用有协同作用,比单用氮酮或油酸促渗能力强.