脂多糖和金黄色葡萄球菌对IL-23、IL-12表达的调控

目的：检测脂多糖（LPS）和金黄色葡萄球菌（SAC）对人外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）IL-23和IL-12各亚基表达的调节作用并探索其作用机制。方法：用LPS和SAC直接刺激人PBMC，或用CD14抗体或p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）抑制剂Mastoparan预处理PBMC后再予LPS和SAC刺激，半定量RT-PCR方法检测IL-23p19、IL-12p35和IL-12p40亚基的基因表达变化。结果：人PBMC组成性表达p19和p35，不表达p40。LPS和SAC可上调各亚基的表达。LPS诱导的IL-23和IL-12各亚基表达均需通过CDl4；CDl4仅部分参与SAC诱导的IL-12p40和p35表达上调，而与p19上调无关。LPS和SAC诱导的IL-23和IL-12各亚基表达均需要p38MAPK通路。结论：LPS和SAC刺激下IL-23和IL-12亚基表达及信号传导通路既有相似之处又有不同点，为单独或同时调控这两种因子的表达提供线索。     

Neutrophils releasing IL-17A into NETs are essential to plasma cell differentiation in inflamed tissue dependent on IL-1R

Interleukin (IL) 17A in chronic inflammation is also produced by innate immune cells as neutrophils. Mice with chronic humoral response induced by venom of Thalassophryne nattereri (VTn) proved to be a good tool for evaluating the impact of IL-17A on the development of long-lived plasma cells in the inflamed peritoneal cavity. Here, we report that VTn induces IL-17A production by neutrophils accumulating in the peritoneal cavity and triggers the extrusion of IL-17A along with neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Neutrophil depletion reduced the number of IL17A-producing cells in VTn-immunized mice and blocked the differentiation of long-lived plasma cells. Specific antibody production and survival of long-lived plasma cells was ablated in VTn-immunized mice deficient in CD4, while CD28 signaling had the opposite effect on differentiation of long-lived plasma cells. Further, maturation of long-lived plasma cells in inflamed peritoneal cavity was IL-1R1 and COX-2 dependent. Finally, when both the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway and the IL-17A or IL-1R1 activities were blocked, neutrophils were unable to promote the differentiation of memory B cells into long-lived plasma cells, confirming the essential role of neutrophils and IL-17A along with NETs in an IL-1/IL-1R-dependent manner as the novel helping partner for plasma cell differentiation in chronically inflamed tissues.     

缺血性鼠脑中的IL-6基因表达

IL-6是一多效应的细胞因子,在宿主的防卫和急性炎症反应中起重要的作用[1]。它的表达异常和失调与多种疾病发病有关,如肿瘤、Alzheimer’s病、不同类型的脑损害。为探讨IL-6与缺血性脑损害的关系,我们用PT-PCR方法对缺血性鼠脑不同部位IL-6mRNA表达进行了研究,报道如下:1材料和方法1.1动物模型研制ICR小鼠18只,每组6只,雌雄各半,重45～50g。用线栓法研制成右侧大脑中动脉栓塞模型[2],即25%戊拉坦1000mg/kg,IP麻醉。手术显微镜下,颈部正中切开,分离右颈总动脉,用5～0号进口尼龙线约10～12mm长,头端涂用cilicon,插入颈内动脉抵大脑中…     

IL-17A-producing neutrophil-regulatory Tn lymphocytes

The proinflammatory cytokine IL-17A, mainly produced by specialized T cells, plays an important homeostatic role in regulating neutrophil production and blood neutrophil counts. This review will assemble and discuss the evidence for this function of IL-17A-producing cells, which are collectively called neutrophil-regulatory T cells or Tn cells. IL-17A-producing lymphocytes are most abundant in the mesenteric lymph node, where they account for 0.15% of all lymphocytes. About 60% of the Tn cells are γδ T cells, about 25% NKT-like cells, and less than 15% are CD4 T cells. These latter cells are also known as T-17 or Th_IL-17 cells, a subset of Tn cells that also plays an important role in autoimmune diseases. IL-17A produced by Tn cells regulates the production of G-CSF, which in turn promotes the proliferation of promyelocytes and maturation of neutrophils. This homeostatic mechanism plays an important role in normal physiology and in host defense against bacterial infections. This review is aimed at highlighting the important role of IL-17A-producing T cells at the interface between the adaptive and innate immune system.     

Lactobacillus sakei K17, an inducer of IL-10 expression in antigen-presenting cells,attenuates TNBS-induced colitis in mice

To understand the anti-colitic effects of probiotics that up-regulate interleukin (IL)-10 expression in dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, we isolated Lactobacillus sakei K17, which potently induced IL-10 expression in DCs and peritoneal macrophages in vitro, among the lactic acid bacteria strains collected from kimchi and investigated its anti-inflammatory effect in mice with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. Oral administration of K17 (2?×?10⁹ CFU·mouse^?1·day^?1) in mice with TNBS-induced colitis suppressed colon shortening and myeloperoxidase activity, as well as infiltration of CD86^+?cells into the colon. Treatment with K17 also increased TNBS-suppressed expression of tight junction proteins and IL-10, but inhibited activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases and expression of tumor necrosis factor α and IL-17. Its effect was comparable with that of sulfasalazine (50?mg/kg), a positive commercial ant-colitic drug. Furthermore, treatment with K17 (1?×?10⁵ CFU/mL) potently inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated NF-κB activation in DCs and peritoneal macrophages and restored tight junction protein expression in LPS-stimulated Caco-2 cells. These findings suggest that Lactobacillus sakei K17 may ameliorate colitis by up-regulating the expression of IL-10 and tight junction proteins and inhibiting NF-κB activation.     

IL-23/IL-17轴在银屑病免疫发病机制中的作用

银屑病是一种以T淋巴细胞异常活化和浸润为主要特征的慢性炎性反应皮肤病。Th17细胞及IL-23/IL-17轴在银屑病的发病机制中可能处于关键地位,并成为新的治疗靶标。IL-23诱导Th17细胞分化增殖,分化成熟的Th17可以分泌IL-17、IL-21、IL-22等多种细胞因子,Th17类细胞因子在银屑病等多种自身免疫疾病和炎性疾病中起重要作用。     

From genes polymorphisms to mucosal expression of cytokines: evaluating IL-23/IL-17 axis in adult patients with gastritis

Background and ObjectiveChronic inflammation is the typical sign of gastritis that may shift into gastric cancer. IL-17A and IL-17F as a novel inflammatory cytokines subset of CD4+Th play the main role in inflammation. A key cytokine receptor in the inflammatory IL-17/IL-23 axis, the interleukin 23 receptor (IL23R), may be related to gastritis. We evaluated the correspondence between IL-17A G197A, IL-17F A7488G and IL23R+2199 A/C polymorphisms with TGF-β1, IL-6, IL-17, IL-21 and IL-23 mucosal mRNAs expression in uninfected H. Pylori (HP) chronic gastritis patients.Materials and MethodsTotal RNA and genomic DNA were separated from gastric biopsies of 44 patients with gastritis. Subsequently, mucosal mRNAs expression of TGF-β1, IL-6, IL-17, IL-21 and IL-23 were assessed by real-time PCR. To polymorphisms determination of IL-17A G197A, IL-17F A7488G and IL-23R +2199A/C the PCR-RFLP was used in gastric biopsies.ResultsResults point that IL-17A G197A, IL-17F A7488G and IL23R +2199A/C polymorphisms did not influence the mucosal expression of TGF-β1, IL-6, IL-17 and IL-21 (p> 0.05). In an opposite result, we don''t find a correspondence between IL-17A G197A, IL-17F A7488G polymorphisms and mucosal expression of IL-23 (p> 0.05). In a contrary, we found a correlation between IL23R +2199A/C polymorphism and mucosal expression of IL-23 in patients with chronic gastritis (p< 0.05).ConclusionThese findings propose that IL23R +2199A/C polymorphism may change the mucosal expression of IL-23 pattern in patients with gastritis disease in the absence of HP, but to support the conclusion, more research may be required.     

溃疡性结肠炎患者血清IL-23和IL-17的水平变化及意义

目的:探讨溃疡性结肠炎(UC)血清IL-23和IL-17的水平变化及其临床意义。方法:收集经临床明确诊断的UC患者54例,并选择同期健康体检者30例作为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测两组血清IL-23和IL-17的水平。结果:UC组患者血清IL-23和IL-17水平明显高于对照组,差异有显著统计学意义(t=18.76,21.48,P<0.01)。在轻度、中度、重度UC患者血清中,IL-23和IL-17的浓度水平均呈逐渐升高趋势,重度患者高于中度患者,中度患者高于轻度患者,三组间比较存在显著差异(P<0.05或0.01)。IL-23和IL-17在溃疡性结肠炎患者血清中的表达呈正相关(r=0.548,P<0.01)。结论:IL-23与IL-17的高表达可能参与了UC的慢性炎症形成过程;两者表达水平有密切相关性,IL-23可能通过诱导IL-17的产生而使后者在UC的发病中发挥作用。     

Sphingosine-1-phosphate differently regulates the cytokine production of IL-12, IL-23 and IL-27 in activated murine bone marrow derived dendritic cells

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) modulates many cell functions such as lymphocyte trafficking and signaling as well as keratinocyte proliferation. However, less is known about the specific effects of S1P on cytokine production, particularly on the interaction between dendritic cells (DCs) and keratinocytes, cell types which are crucial for the initiation and maintenance of chronic inflammatory skin diseases like atopic dermatitis or psoriasis. Especially the cytokines of the IL-12 family play a dominant role in many inflammatory diseases as they have a significant impact on T-helper cell function. In the present study we show that S1P decreased the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12 and IL-23 in LPS-stimulated DCs via the common subunit p40 as well as in the crosstalk with activated keratinocytes. By using specific S1P receptor agonists (SEW2871, FTY720-P) and antagonist (JTE013) we identified an important role for S1P receptor 1 in the modulation of the cytokine profile. While diminishing IL-12 and IL-23 secretion, S1P enhanced IL-27 production in DCs. To elucidate the mechanism of the different impact on the IL-12 family cytokine production, we investigated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways in DCs. By using specific MAPK-Inhibitors (U0126, SB202190, SP600125) we demonstrated that ERK, p38 and JNK differently regulate each pathway of each cytokine. While p38 and JNK did not seem to play a role in the modulation properties of S1P on cytokine production, ERK is at least partially involved in the S1P mediated modulation of IL-12 and IL-27. The PI3K-Inhibitor abrogated the S1P-induced decrease of IL-12 and IL-23 secretion, while it had no influence on the S1P-induced increase of IL-27 production. These data implicate, that S1P has an anti-inflammatory impact on the production of IL-12 family cytokines, indicating therapeutic potential for S1P treatment of several inflammatory diseases like psoriasis.     

Hyperproduction of IL-23 and IL-17 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: implications for Th17-mediated inflammation in auto-immunity

IL-23-dependent IL-17-producing T helper (Th) lymphocytes are associated with autoimmunity. We investigated the immunopathological mechanisms for activation of Th17 cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Concentration of cytokines/chemokine in plasma and culture supernatant from SLE patients and healthy controls were measured by ELISA or flow cytometry. Plasma IL-12, IL-17, IL-23 and CXCL10 concentrations and the number of Th17 cells were significantly elevated in SLE patients than control subjects (both p < 0.05). Elevated IL-12, IL-17 and CXCL10 concentrations correlated positively and significantly with SLEDAI (all p < 0.05). Plasma IL-12 and IL-17 showed significant and positive correlation with plasma Th1 chemokine CXCL10 concentration in SLE patients (all p < 0.05). Ex vivo inductions of IL-17 by IL-23 or IL-18 from co-stimulated lymphocytes were significantly higher in SLE patients than controls (all p < 0.05). The activated IL-23/IL-17 axis is important for the inflammatory immunity in SLE.     

外源性IL-23对病毒性心肌炎小鼠Th17细胞增殖的影响

目的:观察小鼠重组IL-23(rIL-23)对病毒性心肌炎(VMC)小鼠Th17细胞增殖的影响。方法:BALB/c小鼠腹腔注射柯萨奇病毒B3(CVB3)建立VMC小鼠模型,1周后磁珠分离脾CD4+T淋巴细胞后进行体外培养,分别加入植物血凝素(PHA)与重组小鼠IL-23(rIL-23)或PHA单独刺激进行体外培养5天。流式细胞术测定培养后Th17细胞占CD4细胞的百分比、RT-PCR测定培养细胞IL-17 mRNA的表达、ELISA法测定培养物上清液中IL-17的水平。结果:与单纯PHA刺激比较,rIL-23刺激后Th17细胞明显增加(1.82%±0.17%比4.70%±1.29%),且培养细胞IL-17 mRNA及上清液中IL-17浓度也增加,两组比较有统计学差异(P均<0.05)。结论:外源性rIL-23可以增加并维持Th17细胞的增殖。     

IL-1 beta induces dendritic cells to produce IL-12

The cytokine IL-12, a product of dendritic cells (DC), plays a major role in cellular immunity, notably by inducing lymphocytes to produce IFN-gamma. Microbial products, T cell signals and cytokines induce the production of IL-12. Here, IL-1 beta is identified as a new IL-12-inducing agent, acting conjointly with CD40 ligand (CD40L) on human monocyte-derived DC in vitro. The effects of IL-1 beta were dose dependent, specifically blocked by neutralizing antibodies, and were observed both in immature and mature DC. Immature DC secreted more IL-12 than mature DC, but the effects of IL-1 beta were not due to a block of DC maturation as determined by analysis of DC surface markers. The mechanisms of action of IL-1 beta could be contrasted to that of other inducers of IL-12 such as IFN-gamma and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Either IL-1 beta or IFN-gamma co-induced IL-12 with CD40L but conjointly, IL-1 beta, CD40L and IFN-gamma synergized, inducing very high levels of IL-12. The effects of IL-1 beta differed from those of LPS in that IL-1 beta, unlike LPS, could not induce IL-12 solely after IFN-gamma priming; and when combined with CD40L, IL-1 beta, unlike LPS, induced little IL-10. The mechanism of action of IL-1 beta involves IL-12 alpha mRNA up-regulation, and we show that the combination of CD40L and IL-1 beta induces high levels of IL-12 alpha and IL-12 beta mRNA in DC. Altogether, these results delineate a new mechanism linking adaptive and innate immune responses for the regulation of IL-12 production in DC and for the role of IL-1 beta in the development of cellular immunity.     

The power of combinatorial immunology: IL-12 and IL-12-related dimeric cytokines in infectious diseases

Appropriate induction of a Th1 immune response is required for effective antimicrobial immunity. However, dysregulated Th1 immune responses after infection may also lead to immunopathology. Thus, cell-mediated immune responses have to be tightly regulated. Upon infection, the production of interleukin (IL)-12, a heterodimeric cytokine composed of a p35 and a p40 subunit, is the dominant factor in Th1 cell development. The recent discovery of novel dimeric cytokines closely related to IL-12 add now to our understanding of cellular immunity and the fine tuning of T cell responses. At the onset of infection, IL-27, a heterodimer composed of the IL-12p40-related protein EBI-3 (Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3) and the IL-12p35-related protein p28 induces the expression of a functional IL-12 receptor in naive CD4⁺ T cells, making these cells sensitive to IL-12-mediated Th cell development. Later during infection, IL-23, a heterodimer composed of the IL-12p40 subunit and the IL-12p35-related molecule p19, preferentially acts on Th1 effector/memory CD4⁺ T cells. The IL-12p40 subunit can also form a homodimer, IL-12p80, which act as an IL-12 and IL-23 antagonist by competing at their receptors. This review focuses on these IL-12-related cytokines contributing to fine tuning of T cell responses after infection with intracellular pathogens.     

Retinoic acid inhibits CD40 plus IL-4 mediated IgE production through alterations of sCD23, sCD54 and IL-6 production

Background: All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) inhibits IgE synthesis from anti-CD40 plus IL-4 stimulated human B lymphocytes.Objective: To study the underlying mechanisms, we examined here molecules which are known to have an impact on IgE production, namely CD23, CD54 and IL-6.Methods: Human anti-CD40 plus IL-4 stimulated B cells were cultured in the absence and presence of ATRA (10^–6–10^–10 M). ELISAs were performed to determine soluble (s) CD23 and sCD54, IL-6 and IgE-levels. CD23 and CD54 surface expression were determined by flow cytometric analysis. Semiquantitative-RT-PCR was employed to analyse IL-6, CD23 and CD54 mRNA expression.Results: ATRA induced a dose-dependent increase of percent CD23 (3.4 fold) or CD54 (1.6 fold) positive B cells. At the mRNA level, this was reflected by a modest increase of CD54 mRNA (46.5 ± 15.8%) only. By contrast, levels of sCD54 were decreased dose-dependently in the presence of ATRA (56.6 ± 7.6%). Cytokine analysis showed that IL-6 secretion was significantly inhibited by ATRA (53.6 ± 0.6%) and also IL-6 mRNA synthesis was reduced (66.3 ± 11.6%). The observed inhibition of IgE production mediated by ATRA was significantly reversed to 90.5 ± 12% by the addition of 100 pg/mL recombinant IL-6.Conclusions: ATRA interferes through several pathways with the anti-CD40 plus IL-4 mediated B cell activation, namely IL-6, CD23 and CD54.Received 8 June 2004; returned for revision 19 July 2004; accepted by M. J. Parnham 5 November 2004     

Induction of IL-10 producing CD4+ T cells with regulatory activities by stimulation with IL-10 gene-modified bone marrow derived dendritic cells

Dendritic cells (DCs) can induce both tolergenic as well as effective immune responses in the lung. Pulmonary DCs producing interleukin (IL)-10 mediated tolerance induced by respiratory exposure to antigen. IL-10 is an important immunosuppressive cytokine, which inhibits maturation and function of DC. To assess whether IL-10 producing DCs can exert the tolergenic effect through the differentiation of regulatory T cells, bone marrow derived DCs were genetically modified by IL-10 expressing adenovirus. IL-10 gene modified DCs (Ad-IL-10-DC) displayed a characteristic phenotype of immature DCs. Here we showed that in vitro repetitive stimulation of naïve DO11·10 CD4⁺ T cells with Ad-IL-10-DCs resulted in a development of IL-10 producing T-cell regulatory cells. These T cells could not proliferate well but also lost their ability to produce interferon-γ upon restimulation with irradiated splenocytes and ovalbumin peptide. Furthermore, in co-culture experiments these T cells inhibited the antigen-driven proliferation of naïve CD4+ T cells in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings demonstrated that IL-10 producing DCs had the potential to induce the differentiation of Tr1-like cells and suggested their therapeutic use.     

Unexpected connections of the IL-23/IL-17 and IL-4/IL-13 cytokine axes in inflammatory arthritis and enthesitis

The IL-23/IL-17 cytokine axis is related to spondyloarthropathy (SpA) pattern diseases that target the skin, eye, gut and joints. These share overlapping target tissues with Th2 type or allergic diseases, including the skin, eye and gut but SpA diseases exhibit distinct microanatomical topography, molecular characteristics, and clinical features including uveitis, psoriasis, apical pulmonary involvement, lower gastrointestinal involvement with colitis, and related arthritides including psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Inflammatory arthritis is conspicuously absent from the Th2 diseases which are characterised IL-4/IL-13 dependent pathway activation including allergic rhino-conjunctivitis, atopic eczema, allergic asthma and food allergies. This traditional understanding of non-overlap of musculoskeletal territory between that atopic diseases and the IL-17 -mediated SpA diseases is undergoing a critical reappraisal with the recent demonstration of IL-4/IL-13 blockade, may be associated with the development of SpA pattern arthritis, psoriasiform skin disease and occasional anterior uveitis. Given the known plasticity within Th paradigm pathways, these findings suggest dynamic Th2 cytokine and Th17 cytokine counter regulation in vivo in humans. Unexpected, this is the case in peripheral enthesis and when the IL-4/13 immunological brake on IL-23/17 cytokines is removed, a SpA phenotype may emerge. We discuss hitherto unexpected observations in SpA, showing counter regulation between the Th17 and Th2 pathways at sites including the entheses that collectively indicate that the emergent reverse translational therapeutic data is more than coincidental and offers new insights into the “Th paradigms” in atopy and SpA.     

逆转录病毒介导的小鼠IL-23基因在鼠高转移性乳腺癌细胞系MA-891中的表达

目的：建立表达小鼠IL-23基因的鼠乳腺癌细胞系IL-23／MA-891，探讨外源性IL-23基因对MA-891细胞生长及其生物学性状的影响。方法：将插入IL-23基因的质粒，应用逆转录病毒载体LXSN经感染皿（ecotropic）和PA317（amphotropic）两种包装细胞包装，经G418筛选获得表达IL-23分子的PA317阳性细胞克隆，用IL-23／PA317培养上清转染MA-891细胞，获得表达IL-23的IL-23／MA-891细胞。分别用RT-PCR法、ELISA法和免疫组化染色法分析IL-23／MA-891细胞表达IL-23的mRNA和蛋白的水平，筛选出高表达IL-23的IL-23／MA-891细胞克隆用于下层研究中；用流式细胞仪检测MA-891细胞中MI-ICⅠ、MI-ICⅡ、CD80、CD86以及FAS蛋白的表达、细胞周期变化及细胞凋亡情况；用ELISA法检测IL-23／MA-891细胞培养上清诱导脾细胞分泌IFN-γ的能力，用MTT比色法检测细胞增殖反应。结果：外源性IL-23基因转染的小鼠乳腺癌细胞系IL-23／MA-891，在mRNA水平和蛋白水平均可获得稳定表达；IL-23／MA-891细胞与LXSN／MA-891和MA-891比较，细胞周期及细胞凋亡率无显著性差异（P〉0．05），H-2Kb（MHCⅠ类分子）、Ⅰ—Ab（MHCⅡ／类分子）、CD80、CD86以及FAS蛋白的表达水平无显著性差异（P〉0．05）；IL-23／MA-891细胞的增殖反应与LXSN／MA-891和MA-891细胞相比虽有所降低，但无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。然而，IL-23／MA-891细胞的培养上清可明显促进小鼠脾细胞分泌IFN-γ（P〈0．01）。结论：建立的稳定表达IL-23的IL-23／MA-891细胞，具有较强的免疫学调节活性，其生物学形状与MA-891和LXSN／MA-891细胞相比较没有明显差异，但可进一步用于肿瘤相关免疫基因治疗的研究。     

DHT对卵巢癌细胞IL-6、IL-8及其受体表达的调节作用

目的 初步探讨雄激素对卵巢癌细胞IL-6、IL-8及其受体表达的调节作用及作用机制.方法 选择兼有雄激素受体(AR)、IL-6和IL-8及其受体表达的卵巢癌细胞系SKOV-3和OVCAR-3作为研究模型,观察5a-二氢睾酮(DHT)对IL-6、IL-8及其受体表达以及NF-κB加转录的调节作用.结果 DHT可促进卵巢癌细胞IL-6、IL-8分泌及相应mRNA表达,并增强IL-6基因启动子的转录活性,DHT的上述作用可被AR阻断剂氟他胺完全阻断.DHT显著提高卵巢癌细胞NF-κB加亚单位p50、p65(RelA)mRNA的表达水平,其中对后者的作用与对IL-6、IL-8 mRNA的作用相平行.此外,DHT尚能调节IL-6、IL-8受体的表达.结论 雄激素可能通过NF-κB信号传导途径促进卵巢癌细胞IL-6、IL-8的分泌,同时对二者受体的表达也有一定的凋节作用.