Perinatal outcomes in pregnancies with oligohydramnios after preterm premature rupture of membranes

Objective: Our purpose was to determine whether singleton pregnancies complicated by preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) and oligohydramnios are at an increased risk of having maternal and neonatal morbidity.

Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 389 women with PPROM between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation in a single tertiary center during 2008–2014. Patients were divided into two groups on the basis of amniotic fluid index (AFI)?n?=?188) or AFI?≥?5?cm (n?=?201). Perinatal outcomes were compared according to amniotic fluid volume. The Student's t-test and Mann–Whitney U test were used to compare variables with normal and abnormal distribution, respectively. Categorical variables were examined by the chi-square test.

Results: Patients with an AFI?p?p?=?0.029) and emergency cesarean delivery (p?=?0.043) and a lower neonatal Apgar score at first minute (p?=?0.004).

Conclusion: Initial oligohydramnios after PPROM is associated with shorter latency to delivery, higher rate of clinical chorioamnionitis, higher rate of emergency cesarean delivery, and lower 1-min Apgar score.     

Umbilical cord prolapse after preterm premature rupture of membranes

ObjectiveTo investigate the incidence of umbilical cord prolapse (UCP) and its influence on infant prognosis in pregnant women with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM).Materials and methodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study in a single tertiary perinatal center between 2009 and 2017. Singleton pregnancies with PPROM that occurred between 22 and 33 weeks of gestation were included. Infantile composite adverse outcome consisted of death, severe intraventricular hemorrhage, cystic periventricular leukomalacia, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sepsis before discharge. Infantile outcomes were compared between pregnancies that were complicated by UCP and those that were not.ResultsOut of 208 singleton pregnancies included in the analysis, UCP occurred in 12 (5.8%) cases. The gestational age of pregnancies with UCP was significantly lesser than that of those without UCP. The incidence of infantile composite adverse outcome in patients with UCP was 16.7%, and this was not significantly higher than the incidence in patients without UCP (6.6%, P = 0.21). UCP was not shown to be associated with infantile composite adverse outcome in a multivariate regression model. Gestational age <25 weeks at delivery was significantly associated with infantile composite adverse outcome.ConclusionsThe incidence of UCP was 5.8% among singleton pregnancies, with PPROM being managed expectantly between 22 and 33 weeks’ gestation. Preterm UCP may not be associated with infantile adverse outcomes provided emergency cesarean delivery is available at all time.     

Antibiotics after preterm premature rupture of the membranes

Preterm premature rupture of the membranes remains a common cause of preterm deliveries and neonatal morbidities. The goal of this study is to review the evidence with regard to the antibiotic treatment after preterm premature rupture of the membranes, long-term outcomes related to antibiotic treatment, and possible complications with treatment. Future research goals are also discussed.     

Maternal and neonatal outcomes based on the gestational age of midtrimester preterm premature rupture of membranes

Objectives.?Determine neonatal and maternal outcomes based on the gestational age (GA) that midtrimester preterm premature rupture of membranes (mtPPROM) occurs.

Study design.?A retrospective chart review was conducted on pregnancies with mtPPROM between 180/7 and 236/7 weeks gestation from January 2000 to December 2007. Antenatal complications, maternal morbidity, and neonatal survival and morbidity were analysed by the specific GA of mtPPROM. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square, Fisher's Exact, and Kruskal–Wallis tests.

Results.?A total of 105 patients met inclusion criteria. There was a trend for longer latency with earlier GA of mtPPROM (p?=?0.05). Neonatal survival to discharge was 26.6%, with an overall morbidity of 86%. Survival was significantly higher with mtPPROM at 22 0/7–23 6/7 weeks compared to 18 0/7–19 6/7 (p?=?0.01) and 20 0/7–21 6/7 weeks (p?=?0.01). There was no difference in neonatal morbidity based on the GA of mtPPROM.

Conclusions.?While neonatal survival improves at later GAs of mtPPROM, morbidity continues to be high.     

未足月胎膜早破孕妇剩余羊水量与母儿结局

目的 探讨未足月胎膜早破(PPROM)发生后剩余羊水量与母儿结局的关系.方法 选择2002年1月-2009年2月重庆医科大学附属第一医院产科住院分娩的PPROM孕妇78例,2005年1月-2009年2月重庆市妇幼保健院产科住院分娩的PPROM孕妇67例,共计145例.根据胎膜破裂后羊水指数(AFI)结果将孕妇分为3组:羊水量正常组(80 mm≤AFI＜180 mm)78例;羊水量偏少组(50 mm≤AFI＜80 mm)31例;羊水量过少组(AFI＜50 mm)36例.观察各组AFI、孕妇发热情况、白细胞计数、发生PPROM的孕周、潜伏期时限、分娩方式、围产期感染、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息情况及出生体重、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)、新牛儿呼吸衰竭、新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病(HIE)、缺血缺氧性心肌损害等,并对各组的母儿围产期发病情况进行分析.结果 (1)3组孕妇破膜时间、新生儿出生体重、胎盘早剥、白细胞计数、发热等指标分别比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).羊水量过少组孕妇潜伏期时间明显短于羊水量偏少组及羊水量正常组,分别比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).羊水量过少组孕妇剖官产率(69%)明显高于羊水量正常组(39%),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).(2)羊水量过少组羊膜腔感染13例(36%,13/36),羊水量偏少组8例(26%,8/31),羊水量正常组7例(9%,7/78),3组分别比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).(3)羊水量过少组新生儿败血症10例(28%,10/36),羊水量偏少组8例(26%,8/31),羊水量正常组7例(9%,7/78),3组分别比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(4)羊水量过少组的胎儿窘迫(19%)、新生儿窜息(28%)、缺血缺氧性心肌损伤发生率(56%)明显高于羊水量正常组(分别为3%、8%、13%),差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01);3组的NRDS、呼吸衰竭、新生儿HIE、新生儿黄疸、新生儿低血糖、新生儿脑室出血发生率分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(5)以羊膜腔感染为应变量,logistic回归分析显示,PPROM剩余羊水量过少为羊膜腔感染的惟一有效自变量(r=0.863±0.374,P＜0.05);以新生儿病率为应变量,logistic回归分析显示,PPROM剩余羊水量过少是新生儿败血症的惟一有效白变量(γ=0.874±0.462,P＜0.05).结论 PPROM后的剩余羊水量过少与潜伏期缩短,剖官产率升高、羊膜腔感染、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息、新生儿败血症、新生儿缺氧缺血性心肌损害的增加有关;PPROM后剩余羊水量的多少可作为期待治疗时有效预测母儿结局的指标.     

Uterine activity after preterm premature rupture of the membranes

Preterm premature rupture of the membranes complicates few pregnancies but is a major contributor to overall perinatal morbidity and mortality. Although a reduced incidence of preterm premature rupture of fetal membranes has been reported in women who had antepartum uterine activity monitoring, there are few data regarding uterine activity after preterm premature rupture of fetal membranes. Therefore daily uterine activity monitoring was performed in 101 consecutive women with preterm premature rupture of fetal membranes between 26 and 34 weeks' gestation. The mean gestational ages at rupture and delivery were 31.4 +/- 2.3 and 33.7 +/- 4.5 weeks, respectively. A significant increase in contraction frequency was identified within 24 hours of onset of preterm labor (p less than 0.005). A contraction frequency of four or more per hour predicted the onset of labor within 24 hours with a sensitivity of 72%, a specificity of 90%, a positive predictive value of 54%, and a negative predictive value of 95%. These results indicate that most women with preterm premature rupture of fetal membranes exhibit a baseline contraction frequency that is similar to that of women with intact membranes and premature labor. An abrupt increase in contraction frequency is a warning of impending labor.     

Chorioamnionitis risk and neonatal outcome in preterm premature rupture of membranes

Objective The objective of this study was to compare the neonatal outcome in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes with and without clinical chorioamnionitis.Study design This is a retrospective study that included 254 pregnant women with preterm rupture of membranes. The study group was divided according to the presence or absence of clinical chorioamnionitis defined as the presence of two or more of the following criteria: maternal temperature >38°C on two or more occasions 1 h apart, maternal tachycardia (120 beats/min), uterine tenderness, foul smelling amniotic fluid, maternal leukocytosis 20,000 mm^–3 with bands and positive C reactive protein. Also the study population was divided according to the use of tocolysis. Exclusion criteria included multiple pregnancy, fetal congenital anomalies, diabetes mellitus and severe preeclampsia. Amniotic fluid was collected from the cervix or from the transabdominal amniocentesis. Antibiotics and tocolysis were used according to the hospital protocols. Parametric and nonparametric statistics were used for comparisons.Results There were no significant differences in birth weight, Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min, rates of respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage and necrotizing enterocolitis between patients with and without clinical chorioamnionitis or between women who received tocolysis and the ones that did not receive tocolysis. In cases of clinical chorioamnionitis and when tocolysis was used the neonates stayed longer in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).Conclusion Patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes and clinical chorioamnionitis have similar neonatal outcomes than the ones without clinical chorioamnionitis.     

Factors influencing survival in pre-viable preterm premature rupture of membranes

Objective: An observational study of a consecutive case series of pre-viable PPROM (16–24 gestational weeks) was performed between 2001 and 2007 in a single tertiary centre to identify factors that predict neonatal survival. Methods: Detailed obstetric, ultrasound and neonatal data were abstracted from clinical records. Univariate, multivariate and receiver operator curve (ROC) analyses were performed to identify predictors of neonatal survival to discharge. Results: A total of 143 cases of PPROM were identified. Survival to discharge was less with PPROM at 16–20 weeks than 20–24 weeks (17% versus 39%; p?=?0.042). GA at PPROM, latency, mode of delivery and electronic foetal monitoring (EFM) were all significant, independent, predictors of survival (p?<?0.05). Ultrasound assessed amniotic fluid index (AFI) was a poor predictor of survival (area under ROC?=?0.649, 95% CI?=?0.532–0.766). A multivariable predictive model, including GA at PPROM, latency, mode of delivery and EFM had an area under the ROC of 0.954 (95% CI?=?0.916–0.993, sensitivity 97%, specificity 89% and accuracy 92%). Conclusion: Pre-viable PPROM has a poor prognosis, though modern neonatal management techniques may improve survival in late pre-viable PPROM. The predictive model generated from this consecutive case series of this rare condition provides valuable data for counselling patients with this condition.     

Cost-effectiveness of induction after preterm premature rupture of the membranes

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to design a decision analytic model to evaluate the optimal length of time for expectant management after preterm premature rupture of the membranes between 32 and 36 weeks' gestation. STUDY DESIGN: Five models were created for 32 to 36 weeks' gestation. Probabilities for outcomes were obtained from medical center databases. Cost data were collected from the Health Care Microsystem database and were based on 1996 dollars. RESULTS: The optimal time of delivery to minimize major morbidity was 34 to 36 weeks' gestation, depending on the time of rupture. When only major morbidity was considered, the most cost-effective approach between 32 to 34 weeks was to deliver 1 week after rupture. At 35 to 36 weeks, the most cost-effective approach was to deliver at presentation. CONCLUSION: The current method of treating all patients with ruptured membranes similarly and delivery at 34 weeks' gestation is not risk minimizing or cost-effective. By delivery 1 week after rupture at 32 to 34 weeks and immediately at 35 to 36 weeks, significant morbidity can be avoided.     

Serum homocysteine levels after preterm premature rupture of the membranes

OBJECTIVE: Preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PPROM) is believed to be caused, in part, by abnormalities of collagen and increased levels of oxidative stress. Elevated homocysteine levels have been shown to induce these same pathophysiologic changes. We tested the hypothesis that serum homocysteine levels would be higher in women with PPROM when compared with matched control women. STUDY DESIGN: A secondary analysis derived from 2 previously completed studies performed in the National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network. We identified 99 study cases with PPROM (24 to 32 weeks' gestation) and matched them with 99 asymptomatic control women from an observational study of preterm birth prediction. Cases and control women were matched for race, gestational age at sampling, and MFMU Network center. Serum homocysteine levels were determined by immunoassay in batch fashion by personnel masked to study arm and clinical outcomes. Serum homocysteine levels were compared between groups, as were the baseline characteristics of maternal age, cigarette smoking, nulliparity, infections during pregnancy, and body mass index (BMI) <19.8 kg/m 2. Serum homocysteine levels were dichotomized as >75th, 90th, and 95th %ile of control women, and the likelihood of elevated homocysteine levels was determined in women who smoked, had a BMI <19.8 kg/m 2, or who had PPROM. Statistical analyses included the Wilcoxon rank sum, chi-square, and Pearson correlation coefficient, where appropriate. Baseline characteristics were controlled with a logistic regression model. RESULTS: Serum homocysteine levels measured in patients with PPROM were not significantly different from matched control women: median and (25th to 75th %ile): 4.9 (3.5-6.2) vs 4.8 (3.9-6.2 micromol/L), P =.73. In our population, neither the number of cigarettes smoked ( r = -0.08, P =.57), nor BMI ( r = -0.08, P =.24) correlated with serum homocysteine levels. The strongest association was seen in women with PPROM having serum homocysteine levels >95th %ile of control women (odds ratio [OR] 2.7, P =.10). After adjusting for baseline characteristics, no correlation between serum homocysteine level and the presence of PPROM was seen, OR 1.0 (.9-1.1); P =.99. CONCLUSION: Women presenting with PPROM did not have significantly increased serum homocysteine levels when compared with control women.     

胎膜早破致早产266例临床分析

目的探讨早产性胎膜早破的临床处理及母儿结局。方法回顾分析。1993年1月～2002年12月因胎膜早破而早产的266例孕妇，对部分孕妇的宫颈分泌物进行培养并对感染性病因分组比较，采用SAS软件进行计算机统计分析。结果感染为导致胎膜早破的主要原因之一，且与胎膜早破及宫内感染密切相关(P＜0．05)。联合应用抗生素及宫缩抑制剂等适当保胎治疗可延长孕周，保胎组与无保胎组间宫内感染及剖宫产率的差异有显著性(P＜0．05)，＜35孕周的孕妇促胎肺成熟的差异有显著性(P＜0．05)，围生儿死亡的差异有显著性(P＜0．05)。结论早产性胎膜早破的主要病因是感染，应用抗生素及糖皮质激素可改善母儿预后。     

Diminished growth in fetuses born preterm after spontaneous labor or rupture of membranes

We examined biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference, and birth weight in 148 preterm infants to assess fetal growth. A statistically significant proportion of preterm fetuses had biparietal diameter and abdominal circumference values below the fiftieth and tenth percentile levels as compared with that expected in normal fetuses. Similarly, birth weight of infants in the study fell significantly below the fiftieth and tenth percentiles relative to Brenner's curve. We conclude that diminished fetal growth is associated with early delivery secondary to preterm labor or preterm premature rupture of membranes or both. Additionally, since biparietal diameters in preterm fetuses are smaller than those of normal fetuses the prediction of gestational age by cephalometry should be advanced by 7 to 10 days.     

未足月胎膜早破449例临床分析

目的探讨未足月胎膜早破（preterm premature rupture of membranes,pPROM）的发病规律,分析pPROM患者不同孕周对分娩方式及围产儿结局的影响。方法对2003年1月至2007年12月间郑州大学第三附属医院的449例pPROM患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果胎膜早破的发生率为14．3％,而pPROM发生率为3．3％;pPROM相关因素的构成比中,流产、引产史最高41．0％,其次为不明原因23．8％o、多胎10．4％及感染史9．8％;在分娩的437例pPROM患者中,孕32-34^＋6周组的剖宫产率高于孕28-31^＋6周组和孕35-36^＋6周组（P=0．001）;而孕28-31^＋6周组与孕35-36^＋6周组比较,无统计学意义（P=0．78）;490例围生儿中,孕32-34^＋6周组不同分娩方式对围生儿结局比较,无统计学意义（P〉0．0166）,孕28～31^＋6周组、孕32-34^＋6周组的转PICU率、新生儿窒息率及低体重儿率均高于孕35-36^＋6周组,差异有统计学意义（P=0．001）。结论流产、引产史、感染及不明原因是pPROM发生的主要影响因素;剖宫产并不是降低围生儿不良结局的最佳分娩方式;围生儿结局与孕周密切相关。     

The dry period in preterm birth and premature rupture of the fetal membranes

It is widely believed that premature rupture of membranes accelerates fetal pulmonary maturity. The purpose of our study was to determine the duration of the latent phase, in the cases of premature rupture of membranes, required to achieve this effect. Retrospective analysis of our database yielded a group of 42 patients, who were delivered between 26 and 34 weeks gestation. The results of this study suggest that pulmonary maturation continues but is not accelerated after premature rupture of membranes. Delaying delivery for more than 72 hours after rupture of membranes is more likely to result in chorioamnionitis than accelerated pulmonary maturation.     

Amniotic fluid index values after preterm premature rupture of the membranes and subsequent perinatal infection

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine whether an amniotic fluid index (AFI) <5 cm after preterm premature rupture of the membranes is associated with an increased risk of perinatal infection. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a nonconcurrent prospective analysis of 225 singleton pregnancies complicated by preterm premature rupture of the membranes, with delivery between 24 and 32 weeks' gestation. All included patients received 2 doses of betamethasone antenatally, in the first 24 hours after admission, and broad-spectrum antibiotic prophylaxis. Patients were categorized into 2 groups on the basis of a 4-quadrant AFI <5 cm (n = 131) or > or =5 cm (n = 94). Perinatal outcomes analyzed included latency until delivery, mode of delivery, and frequencies of clinical chorioamnionitis, postpartum endometritis, and culture-proved early neonatal sepsis. Continuous data were evaluated for normal distribution and tested for significance with the Student t test. Categoric data were tested with the chi(2) and Fisher exact tests. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed with chorioamnionitis, endometritis, and early-onset neonatal sepsis each as the dependent variable in separate analyses. All 2-sided P values <.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: Both groups were similar with respect to selected demographics, gestational age at rupture of the membranes, birth weight, and maternal group B streptococcal colonization. Patients with an AFI <5 cm demonstrated a shorter mean latency until delivery (5.5 +/- 4.0 vs 14.1 +/- 5.2) (mean +/- SD) days (P =.02), greater frequency of amnioinfusion therapy (23.6% vs 5.3%) (P <.001), and cesarean delivery for nonreassuring fetal testing (18.3% vs 4. 3%) (P =.01). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that an AFI <5 cm was the only significant risk factor independently associated with early-onset neonatal sepsis (P =.004) and chorioamnionitis (P =.024). CONCLUSIONS: An AFI <5 cm after preterm premature rupture of the membranes between 24 and 32 weeks' gestation is associated with an increased risk of perinatal infection and a shorter latency preceding delivery.