D-methionine pre-loading reduces both noise-induced permanent threshold shift and outer hair cell loss in the chinchilla

Abstract

Objective: This study tested multiple dosing epochs of pre-loaded D-methionine (D-met) for otoprotection from noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Design: Auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds were measured at baseline, 1 day, and 21 days following a 6-hour 105 dB sound pressure level (SPL) octave band noise (OBN) exposure. Outer hair cell (OHC) counts were measured after day 21 sacrifice. Study sample: Three groups of five Chinchillas laniger each were given a 2-day regimen comprising five doses of D-met (200 mg/kg/dose) intraperitoneally (IP) starting 2, 2.5, or 3 days prior to noise exposure. A control group (n = 5) received five doses of equivalent volume saline IP starting 2.5 days prior to noise exposure. Results: ABR threshold shifts from baseline to day-21 post-noise exposure were reduced in all D-met groups versus controls, reaching significance (p < 0.05) in the 3-day group. D-met groups showed reduced OHC loss relative to controls at day-21 post-noise exposure, reaching significance (p < 0.05) at all frequency regions in the 3-day group and at the 2, 4, and 8 kHz frequency regions in the 2.5-day group. Conclusions: D-met administration in advance of noise-exposure, without further administration, significantly protects from noise-induced ABR threshold shift and OHC loss.     

Unitary ototoxic gentamicin exposure may not disrupt the function of cochlear outer hair cells in mice

Background: Previous study showed that mild ototoxic exposure could induce a reversible hearing impairment, and the loss and secondary incomplete recovery of cochlear ribbon synapses could be responsible for the hearing loss. However, it remains unclear whether cochlear outer hair cells’ (OHCs) functions are affected.

Objective: To verify whether the function of OHCs are also affected significantly after the ototoxic exposure.

Methods: Mice were injected intraperitoneally with 100?mg/kg concentration of gentamicin daily for 14 days. Distortion Product of Oto-acoustic Emission (DPOAE) was detected at control (pre-treatment), Day 0, day 4, day 7, day 14 and day 28 after the ototoxic exposure, respectively. In addition, the morphology of OHCs was observed by electron microscopy, OHCs has been counted by light microscopy, and the hearing thresholds were detected by auditory brain response (ABR).

Results: No significant changes have been found in OHC and OHC stereocilia among the experimental groups (p?>?.05). Further, no significant changes or loss was found in the morphology of OHCs either. However, we found ABR threshold elevations occurred after ototoxic exposure.

Conclusions: Unitary ototoxic gentamicin exposure may not disrupt the function of cochlear OHCs in mice, regardless of hearing loss identified in this ototoxic exposure.     

Ototoxic interaction of kanamycin and 3-nitropropionic acid

Conclusion. Mitochondrial dysfunction in the cochlea potentiates the ototoxicity of aminoglycosides. Objective. This study examined whether mitochondrial dysfunction in the cochlea affects the ototoxicity of aminoglycosides. Materials and methods. Nineteen guinea pigs were treated with the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP), kanamycin, both agents, or normal saline as control. After 14 days, hair cell loss and auditory brainstem response (ABR) were assessed. Results. The administration of 400 mg/kg of kanamycin caused neither hair cell loss nor ABR threshold shift. Administration of 3-NP caused mild ABR threshold shift without significant hair cell loss. Administration of 3-NP and kanamycin caused ABR threshold shift and significant hair cell loss.     

D-methionine (D-met) significantly rescues noise-induced hearing loss: timing studies

We have previously reported rescue from noise-induced auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold shifts with d-methionine (d-met) administration 1?h after noise exposure. The present study investigated further d-met rescue intervals at 3, 5 and 7?h post-noise exposure. Chinchillas laniger were exposed to a 6?h 105?dB sound pressure level (dB SPL) octave band noise (OBN) and then administered d-met i.p. starting 3, 5, or 7?h after noise exposure; controls received saline i.p. immediately after noise exposure. ABR assessments were performed at baseline and on post-exposure days 1 and 21. Outer hair cell (OHC) loss was measured in cochleae obtained at sacrifice 21 days post-exposure. Administration of d-met starting at any of the delay times of 3-7?h post-noise exposure significantly reduced day 21 ABR threshold shift at 2 and 4?kHz and OHC loss at all hair cell regions measured (2, 4, 6 and 8?kHz). ABR threshold shifts in the control group at 6 and 8?kHz were only 8 and 11?dB respectively allowing little opportunity to observe protection at those 2 frequencies.     

Efficacy of the cat deafening method: Co-administration of ethacrynic acid and kanamycin

Objective: This study was designed to determine if hearing status monitoring during intravenous infusion of EA reduces individual variability and to evaluate the correlation between EA dose and Bwt.

Materials and methods: Twenty-five cats with the mean age of 24?±?3.7 weeks (range?=?20.6–28.3) and a mean weight of 3.21?±?0.84?kg (range?=?1.9–5.1) were administered a subcutaneous injection of KM (300?mg/kg) followed by an intravenous infusion of EA (1?mg/min). Click-evoked auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were recorded to monitor hearing during the infusion. When ABR thresholds exceeded a 90 dB sound pressure level, the infusion of EA was terminated. Histopathology forapex, middle, and base sections of the cochlea were examined after 6 months.

Results: The dose of EA was optimized for deafening through simultaneous ABR measurements. Bwt was positively correlated with EA dose (mg) (p?R²?=?0.548), which was different from a study previously reported. Cochlear histopathology assessments revealed an absence of organ of Corti in the majority of cochleae.

Conclusion: Co-administration of kanamycin (KM) and ethacrynic acid (EA) was an easy and effective method for deafening procedures in adult animals. Body weight (Bwt) was positively correlated with EA dose (mg) and an optimal EA dose can be calculated.     

Aminoglycoside ototoxicity in adult CBA, C57BL and BALB mice and the Sprague-Dawley rat

The availability of genetic information, transgenic and knock-out animals make the mouse a primary model in biomedical research. Aminoglycoside ototoxicity, however, has rarely been studied in mature mice because they are considered highly resistant to the drugs. This study presents models for kanamycin ototoxicity in adult CBA/J, C57BL/6 and BALB/c mouse strains and a comparison to Sprague-Dawley rats. Five-week-old mice were injected subcutaneously twice daily with 400-900 mg kanamycin base/kg body weight for 15 days. Kanamycin induced dose-dependent auditory threshold shifts of up to 70 dB at 24 kHz as measured by auditory brain stem-evoked responses. Vestibular function was also affected in all strains. The functional deficits were accompanied by hair cell loss in both cochlear and vestibular neurosensory epithelia. Concomitant administration of the antioxidant 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate significantly attenuated the kanamycin-induced threshold shifts. In adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, doses of 1 x 500 mg or 2 x 300 mg kanamycin base/kg body weight/day x 14 days induced threshold shifts of approximately 50 dB at 20 kHz. These were accompanied by loss of outer hair cells. The order of susceptibility, BALB>CBA>C57, was not due to differences in the pharmacokinetics of kanamycin. It also did not correlate with the presence of Ahl/Ahl2 genes which predispose C57 and BALB strains, respectively, to accelerated age-related hearing loss. Pigmentation, however, paralleled this rank order suggesting an influence of melanin on cochlear antioxidant status.     

Atrial natriuretic peptide modulates auditory brainstem response of rat

Conclusion: These findings suggest that Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) exhibits an inhibitory effect on auditory brainstem response (ABR) and is involved in the neuromodulation of the auditory nervous system. Objectives: ANP may alter electrophysiological properties of the cochlea and play a role in auditory action. Methods: This study was undertaken to examine and clarify the role of ANP in the rat auditory system using ABR audiometry. The mean ABR thresholds and the latencies for wave II at the ABR threshold altered at given frequencies throughout the study. Results: Intra-arterial infusion of ANP (0.1 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg, and 8 mg/kg; bolus injection) resulted in a significant increase in ABR thresholds. A significant shift in the ABR wave II latency was observed at lower frequency (1 kHz and 2 kHz). There was a little change in latency at 20 kHz. Increased amount of ANP significantly altered the ABR in rats.     

Dose and time dependent ototoxicity of aspartame in rats

Abstract

Conclusion: Low-dose administration of Aspartame (Ap) did not produce a significant ototoxic effect at the end of the 6th month. However, duration of the ototoxic effect is shortened and severity of the effect is increased as dose and duration of Ap administration is increased.

Objectives: While Ap toxicity has been studied in short- and long-term studies, its effects on hearing have not been investigated. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of long-term consumption of Ap administered in various doses on hearing status of rats.

Methods: The study included 54 female Wistar Albino rats. Ap was given for 6 months to the rats. The groups were assigned according to levels of Ap dosage. DPOAE and ABR tests were utilized for serial hearing evaluations. Serial hearing measurement times were designed as baseline, 1st week, 2nd week, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 6th months.

Results: While audiological parameters deteriorated with 100?mg/kg/day dose after the 3rd month, ABR thresholds were elevated and DPOAE values were significantly decreased in 500?mg/kg/day and 1000?mg/kg/day applications after the 2nd month. In 2000?mg/kg/day and 4000?mg/kg/day applications, deteriorations in audiological parameters were detected as early as the first and second months; respectively.     

Systemic dexamethasone for the prevention of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity

Ototoxicity is a common side effect of cisplatin chemotherapy. This study was undertaken to determine the potential protective effects of a systemic administration of dexamethasone against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. A prospective controlled trial conducted in an animal model. The setting was Animal care research facilities of the Montreal Children’s Hospital Research Institute. An experimental guinea pig model was used. The animals were divided as follows: group 1 (n = 10): 12 mg/kg intraperitoneal (IP) cisplatin, group 2 (n = 14): 15 mg/kg/day dexamethasone IP for 2 days followed by cisplatin 12 mg/kg IP, group 3 (n = 14): 10 mg/kg/day dexamethasone IP for 2 days, on day 3, they received cisplatin 12 mg/kg IP followed by 20 mg/kg/day dexamethasone for 2 days and group 4 (n = 5): 10 ml of saline IP twice a day for 3 days. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold shifts were measured at four frequencies (8, 16, 20 and 25 kHz) for groups 1, 2 and 3. Histological changes in the organ of Corti, the stria vascularis, the spiral ligament and the spiral ganglion neurons as well as scanning electron microscopy for outer hair cells were completed. Immunohistochemistry for tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was performed. ABR threshold shifts were similar in all groups. Histological and scanning electron findings demonstrate that dexamethasone has greater protective effect on the stria vascularis. Systemic dexamethasone administration in a guinea pig model did not provide significant protection against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. Dexamethasone may be useful in future applications as a complementary treatment.     

Protection against Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Young CBA/J Mice by Low-Dose Kanamycin

Animal studies indicate that a combination of kanamycin (KM) and noise produces a synergistic effect, whereby the threshold shift from the combination is greater than the sum of the shifts caused by either agent alone. Most such studies have focused on adult animals, and it has remained unclear whether younger, presumably more susceptible, animals show an even greater synergistic effect. The present study tested the hypothesis that young CBA/J mice receiving a low dose of KM (300 mg/kg, 2×/day, s.c.) from 20 to 30 days post-gestational age followed by brief noise exposure (110 dB SPL; 4–45 kHz, 30 s) would show greater noise-induced permanent threshold shifts (NIPTS) than mice receiving either treatment alone. Noise exposure produced 30–40 dB of NIPTS and moderate hair cell loss in young saline-treated mice. KM alone at this dose had no effect on thresholds. Surprisingly, mice receiving KM plus noise were protected from NIPTS, showing ABR thresholds not significantly different from unexposed controls. Mice receiving KM prior to noise exposure also showed significantly less outer hair cell loss than saline-treated mice. Additional experiments indicated protection by KM when the noise was applied either 24 or 48 h after the last KM injection. Our results demonstrate a powerful protective effect of sub-chronic low-dose kanamycin against NIPTS in young CBA/J mice. Repeated kanamycin exposure may establish a preconditioned protective state, the molecular bases of which remain to be determined.     

Apoptotic Pattern of Cochlear Outer Hair Cells and Frequency-specific Hearing Threshold Shift in Noise-exposed BALB/c Mice

Objectives

Apoptosis of outer hair cell (OHC) can be identified through nuclear staining by specific nuclear changes. The change of filamentous actin (F-actin) is also involved in early cell death process. The study was designed to investigate OHC death along the whole length of the organ of Corti.

Methods

BALB/c hybrid mice were used in this study. The noise group was exposed to white noise of 120 dB SPL for 3 hr per day for 3 consecutive days. The tone burst auditory brainstem response (ABR) test was conducted and cochleas from each group were obtained for the immunostaining of FITC phalloidin for F-actin and propidium iodide (PI) for nuclei.

Results

ABR threshold of the noise group significantly increased after noise exposure (P<0.001). No threshold shift was found in the control group. Threshold shift of the noise group constantly increased from 4 to 16 kHz, but threshold shifts at 16 kHz and 32 kHz were similar. Patterns of OHC staining were subclassified as FITC+PI- cells, FITC+ PI+ cells, FITC-PI+ cells and missing cells. Proportion of normal live OHCs (FITC+PI-) rapidly decreased from the apex to the base. In the basal turn, FITC-PI+ cells and vacancy OHC (missing cells) were observed easily. Apoptotic and missing cells were most abundant at 60% of the whole length of the Corti organ.

Conclusion

We could subclassify morphologic changes in OHC death after noise exposure. Quantitative changes in OHCs along the whole Corti organ showed a plateau pattern similar to that of a frequency-specific threshold shift.     

Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor reduces noise-induced cochlear damage in guinea pigs

Conclusion. The results obtained in this study indicate that N^G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) protects cochlear damage from acoustic trauma through reducing the production of nitric oxide (NO). Objectives. This study aimed to explore whether NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME could reduce cochlear damage in acoustic trauma. Materials and methods. Seventy guinea pigs (300–350g) were divided randomly into four groups (n=20 in groups I, III, and IV; n=10 in group II). Two days consecutively and 30min before noise exposure (4kHz octave band, 115dB SPL 5h), subjects received an injection of 5ml saline/kg (groups I and III) or 10mg/kg L-NAME (groups II and IV). Sham-exposed guinea pigs were listed as groups I and II. Protection was assessed physiologically by the change in auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold and histologically by survival of outer hair cells (OHCs). NO level of cochlear tissue was assayed 3days after noise exposure. Results. Group III showed significantly greater OHC loss, threshold shifts and NO level compared with group I and group IV. Compared with group III, noise-induced elevation in NO level in the cochlea was significantly attenuated by L-NAME (p<0.001).     

Noise induced reversible changes of cochlear ribbon synapses contribute to temporary hearing loss in mice

Conclusion: Noise exposure can cause a decline in cochlear ribbon synapses and result in consequent hearing loss. The reduction of synaptic puncta appears reversible and may contribute to hearing restoration in mice after noise exposure. Objective: To detect whether noise induced reversible changes of cochlear ribbon synapses contribute to temporary hearing loss in C57BL/6J mice. Methods: The mice were assigned randomly to five groups and exposed to white noise at 110 dB SPL for 2 h except the control group. ABR thresholds were acquired before noise exposure (control), immediately following exposure (Day 0), or on Days 4, 7, or 14 after noise exposure. Light microscopy, scanning emission microscopy, and whole mounts examination was utilized to study whether there is morphology change of outer hair cells (OHC), inner hair cells (IHC), or spiral ganglion cells (SGN) due to the 110 dB white noise. Moreover, experimental approaches, including immunostaining and confocal microcopy, were used to detect whether ribbon synapses were the primary targets of noise-induced temporary hearing loss. Result: Exposure to 110 dB white noise for 2 h induced TTS in mice, with the maximal ABR threshold elevations seen on the 4^th day after noise exposure. There were no significant morphological changes in the cochlea. Paralleled changes of pre-synaptic ribbons in both the number and post-synaptic density (PSDs) during this noise exposure were detected. The number of pre-synaptic ribbon, post-synaptic density (PSDs), and co-localized puncta correlated with the shifts of ABR thresholds. Moreover, a complete recovery of ABR thresholds and synaptic puncta was seen on the 14^th day after the noise stimulations.     

Cisplatin-induced metabolome changes in serum: an experimental approach to identify markers for ototoxicity

Background: Ototoxicity from treatment with the anticancer drug cisplatin remains a clinical problem. A wide range of intracellular targets of cisplatin has been found in vivo.

Aim: To investigate cisplatin-induced change of the serum metabolite profile and its association with ototoxicity.

Material and methods: Guinea pigs (n?=?14) were treated with cisplatin (8?mg/kg b.w., i.v.) 30?min after administration of the otoprotector candidate sodium thiosulfate (group STS; n?=?7) or sodium chloride (group NaCl; n?=?7). Ototoxicity was evaluated by ABR (3–30?kHz) before and 4 d after drug treatment, and by assessment of hair cell loss. A blood sample was drawn before and 4 d after drug treatment and the polar metabolome in serum was analyzed using LC-MS.

Results: Cisplatin-treatment caused significant threshold elevations and outer hair cell (OHC) loss in both groups. The ototoxicity was generally lower in group STS, but a significant difference was reached only at 30?kHz (p?=?.007). Cisplatin treatment altered the metabolite profile significantly and similarly in both groups. A significant inverse correlation was found between L-acetylcarnitine, N-acetylneuraminic acid, ceramide, and cysteinylserine and high frequency hearing loss in group NaCl. The implication of these correlations should be explored in targeted studies.     

卡那霉素耳毒性和肾毒性关系的研究

目的探讨氨基甙类抗生素（ＡｍＡｎ）耳每性和肾毒性之间的关系。方法以豚鼠为实验动物,按４００ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１．日＾－１肌注卡那霉素１０天后,通过听性脑干反应（ＡＢＲ）测定,耳蜗铺片和透射电镜观察及肾脏功能和形态学改变,观察了豚鼠肌注卡那霉素（ＫＭ）后耳毒性和肾毒性的变化,并进行统计学分析。结果及结论ＫＭ中毒后豚鼠听力下降和肾脏功能的改变二者之间无线性关系,即ＫＭ所产生的耳毒性和肾毒性无相关性。进一步     

卡那霉素对三种小鼠耳毒性比较及对血管纹Na-K-2Cl联合转运子1表达的影响

目的建立小鼠氨基糖甙类抗生素（aminoglycoside antibiotics，AmAn）耳毒性模型，探讨在不同种小鼠中的AmAn耳毒易感性及其对耳蜗血管纹Na—K-2Cl联合转运子-1（Na-K-2Cl cotransporter-1，NKCC1）表达的影响。方法将72只C57BE／6J、CBA／CaJ、NKCC1＋／-小鼠各自随机分为A、B、C、D4组。A组：卡那霉素组；B组：卡那霉素＋2，3-二羟基苯甲酸组；C组：2，3-二羟基苯甲酸组；D组：生理盐水组。各组连续用药14d。各组动物在用药前、用药后第14天及用药后第35天行脑干诱发电位（auditory brainstem response，ABR）检测听功能；耳蜗琥珀酸脱氢酶组织化学染色观察耳蜗形态学变化；免疫组化法观察血管纹NKCC1表达的变化。结果①A组小鼠ABR闽值明显提高（P〈0．01）并伴随外毛细胞的减少；②B组小鼠ABR阈值变化明显小于A组（P〈0．01），外毛细胞的损害也明显减轻；③A组小鼠耳蜗血管纹NKCCl表达减弱，与D组比较有明显差异（P〈0．01），而B组小鼠血管纹NKCC1表达较A组增强（P〈0．01）；④3种小鼠中CBA／CaJ小鼠对AmAn最敏感，C57BE／6J和NKCC1＋／-小鼠对AmAn的易感性无明显差异。结论应用卡那霉素可建立小鼠AmAn耳毒性模型；卡那霉素可抑制血管纹NKCC1的表达；2，3-二羟基苯甲酸拮抗AmAn耳毒性的途径之-可能是通过减轻AmAn对血管纹NKCC1的抑制作用；具有年龄相关性听力损失特性的小鼠对AmAn耳毒作用并不易感。     

一氧化氮合酶抑制剂和神经营养因子3对噪声暴露下豚鼠耳蜗的保护作用

目的观察一氧化氮合酶抑制剂——N-硝基左旋精氨酸甲酯（N^G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester，L-NAME）和神经营养因子3（neurotrophin 3，NT3）对噪声性听力损失的保护作用。方法80只雄性杂色豚鼠按区组随机分为非噪声组（n=20）和噪声暴露组（n=60），噪声暴露组又分为生理盐水组（n=20）、L-NAME组（n=20）、L-NAME＋NT3组（n=20）。L-NAME组和L-NAME＋NT3组动物在噪声暴露（4kHz倍频程、声压级115dB，5h）之前2d和噪声暴露前30min给予L-NAME 10mg／kg（腹腔注射），生理盐水组动物给予等体积的生理盐水。NT3（10μg／ml）在噪声暴露前4d经微量渗透泵（200μl，0．5μl／h）输入到L-NAME＋NT3组动物的右侧耳蜗鼓阶，持续到噪声暴露后10d。噪声暴露前和暴露后10d测试听性脑干反应（auditory brainstem response，ABR），暴露后3d测试耳蜗组织一氧化氮（nitric oxide，NO）水平，最后一次ABR测试后计数耳蜗毛细胞的存活率。结果无噪声暴露组动物无明显的听力改变和毛细胞缺失；生理盐水组动物的ABR阈移、毛细胞缺失率及耳蜗组织NO水平均高于L-NAME组和L-NAME＋NT3组，差异有统计学意义（P值均〈0．01）；与L-NAME组相比，L-NAME＋NT3组豚鼠的ABR阈移减小，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），而耳蜗组织NO水平和毛细胞缺失率差异则没有统计学意义（P=0．197及P=0．095）。结论与单独给予L-NAME相比，联合使用NT3可以更大程度减轻噪声对豚鼠耳蜗的损伤。     

Electrophysiological findings in the Sprague-Dawley rat induced by moderate-dose carboplatin

Carboplatin is a second generation platinum-containing anti-tumor drug which selectively alters the micromechanical function of the inner hair cells (IHCs) of the organ of Corti in the chinchilla. Data from a recent study [Wake et al., Acta Otolaryngol. 116 (1996) 374-381], using the chinchilla model, have suggested that a moderate dose of carboplatin alters the efferent feedback loop gain of the OHCs. The present study was designed to evaluate the possible 'efferent feedback alteration mechanism' in the Sprague-Dawley rat using distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs). A moderate dose of carboplatin (50 mg/kg body weight) was administered by a 30 min i.p. infusion. Pre- and 72-h post-treatment DPOAE and auditory brainstem response (ABR) recordings were acquired from a group of 12 rats. The animals were anesthetized with a ketamine-atropin anesthesia administered in two consecutive phases. The DPOAE responses (cubic distortion products) were recorded with four asymmetrical protocols: P1=60-50, P2=50-40, P3=40-30 and P4=30-20 dB SPL (sound pressure level), in the frequency range from 4.0 to 16 kHz. ABR responses were obtained for bipolar clicks and tone pips at the frequencies 8.0, 10.0, 20.0 and 30 kHz using stimuli in the range from 100 to 30 dB SPL. Significant ABR threshold shifts of 15 dB were observed at 30 kHz, and shifts of 10 dB at 20, 16 and 10 kHz. The comparison of pre- and post-treatment DPOAE responses did not reveal any significant changes for protocols P1, P2 and P4. Data from the P3 protocol indicated a decrease of the DPOAE amplitude. The findings from the rat model suggest that (a) moderate doses of carboplatin do not affect the efferent feedback loop OHC function and (b) the cochlear susceptibility to carboplatin across species is different, even at moderate-dose regimes.     

大鼠内耳拟老化模型对卡那霉素耳毒性的易感性

目的 研究大鼠内耳拟老化模型对卡那霉素的易感性.方法 Wistar大鼠50只,随机分为4组,A组(半乳糖组,14只)5%D-半乳糖颈部皮下注射(150 mg·kg-1·d-1),共8周,继以生理盐水腹腔注射10 d;B组(半乳糖加卡那霉素组,14只)皮下注射半乳糖同A组,8周后,腹腔注射硫酸卡那霉素(500 mg·kg-1·d-1)10 d;C组(卡那霉素组,12只)前8周用生理盐水代替半乳糖,后10 d注射卡那霉素同B组;D组(空白对照组,10只)仅给予生理盐水注射.听性脑干反应(auditory brainstem respones,ABR)检测各组大鼠反应阈,比色法检测各组大鼠膜迷路谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-PX)活性.利用巢式聚合酶链式反应技术检测内耳组织线粒体DNA4834 bp缺失突变的发生情况.结果 用药后A组大鼠线粒体DNA 4834 bp缺失突变发生率为100%(28耳/28耳),B组为92.86%(26 耳/28耳),C组和D组均无线粒体DNA 4834 bp缺失突变检出.A组GSH-PX活性为(59.07±8.70)U(-x±s,下同),B组(63.29±12.40)U,C组(136.67±9.53)U,D组(142.10±7.02)U;A组和D组之间差异具有统计学意义(P=0.000),A组和B组、C组和D组之间差异无统计学意义(P值分别为0.307和0.151).ABR阈值(峰值等效声压级)A组平均提高(5.36±3.08)dB,B组为(61.79±11.20)dB,C组为(34.17±4.69)dB,D组为(6.50±3.37)dB;A组和D组之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.398),B组和D组、B组和C组、C组和D组之间差异具有统计学意义(P值均为0.000).结论 D-半乳糖可以诱导大鼠内耳拟老化模型,内耳组织中线粒体DNA 4834 bp缺失突变率极高,该模型对卡那霉素耳毒性的易感性增强.     

Ebselen attenuates cochlear damage caused by acoustic trauma

Ebselen (2-phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one), a seleno-organic compound, mimics glutathione peroxidase and reacts with peroxynitrite. It is reported to protect against gentamicin- and cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. We investigated whether it protects the cochlea from acoustic trauma. Male pigmented guinea pigs (250-300 g) with normal auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds were exposed for 5 h to 125 dB sound pressure level octave band noise centered at 4 kHz. One hour before and 18 h after exposure, they received orally 0.25 ml chloroform solution containing 0, 10, or 30 mg/kg ebselen (n=6, 5 and 5, respectively). The protective effect of ebselen was evaluated by ABR measurement and quantitative hair cell assessment. Treatment significantly (P<0.01) reduced the extent of permanent threshold shifts and outer hair cell loss. Interestingly, the protective effect of a 30 mg/kg dose was less than that of a 10 mg/kg dose. There were no adverse systemic or auditory function effects in three unexposed control subjects given 30 mg/kg ebselen. These findings indicate that ebselen attenuates noise-induced cochlear damage. The concentration that provides optimal protection against such damage has now to be determined.