功能电刺激治疗脑卒中足下垂合并内翻的疗效观察

目的:观察动作反馈的功能性电刺激(FES)对脑卒中足下垂合并足内翻患者下肢运动功能和步行能力的影响。方法:脑卒中足下垂合并足内翻患者34例,随机分为观察组和对照组各17例,2组均进行基础康复治疗,观察组另行功能电刺激下20min步行训练,对照组行相同时间的常规步行训练。在康复治疗前和治疗4周后采用Fug1-Meyer量表下肢部分(FMA-LE)、起立-行走计时测试(TUGT)、徒手肌力测试(MMT)和改良Ashworth量表(MAS)对两组患者进行功能评估;观察组另记录步态不对称指数(GAI)和非偏瘫侧摆动时间变异(STV)。结果:治疗4周后,观察组患者FMA-LE、TUGT、MMT、MAS、GAI和STV评分均较治疗前显著提高(P0.05),对照组TUGT及MMT评分较治疗前明显提高(P0.05),其余各评分治疗前后比较均差异无统计学意义;治疗后组间比较,观察组FMA-LE、TUGT和MAS评分均显著高于对照组(P0.05),但MMT评分组间比较差异无统计学意义。结论:动作反馈功能性电刺激能显著改善脑卒中足下垂合并足内翻患者的运动功能和步行能力,并能提高踝背屈肌力、缓解踝关节相关肌群痉挛。     

The effect of fixed ankle foot orthoses in children with cerebral palsy

Purpose.?To identify the characteristics of children with cerebral palsy who benefited from tuning of their fixed ankle foot orthoses (AFOs) to create a screening tool.

Method.?A retrospective review was conducted using video records of 21 independently walking children with cerebral palsy who were referred to a Gait Laboratory for AFO tuning. All showed a ground reaction vector (GRV) in front of the knee (extending) when barefoot. The stance phase was digitised to obtain kinematic and kinetic parameters. Effectiveness of AFO tuning was judged by optimisation of the GRV at the knee and statistical and scatter plot analysis sought to discriminate between those who tuned and those who did not.

Results.?Analysis showed clear distinction between the two groups based on knee kinematics. Those who tuned showed flexion of no more than 20° in the first third of stance combined with movement towards extension in the second third of stance to a minimum of 10° flexion or less.

Conclusions.?This study has created a screening tool to identify children likely to benefit from AFO tuning based on kinematic data and which could be used in the community.     

Immediate effect of different ankle-foot orthosis functions with the same dorsiflexed setting of initial ankle joint angle on walking ability in individuals with chronic stroke: a randomized crossover trial

[Purpose] To investigate how different ankle-foot orthosis functions with the same dorsiflexed setting of initial ankle joint angle affect the walking ability in individuals with chronic stroke. [Participants and Methods] In this randomized crossover study, participants underwent a 10-m walking test and walked on a WalkWay MW-1000 three times under these conditions: (1) without ankle-foot orthosis; (2) with ankle-foot orthosis with an adjustable posterior strut at 5° of fixed dorsiflexion; and (3) with ankle-foot orthosis with an adjustable posterior strut at 5–20° of restricted dorsiflexion. The primary outcome was walking speed on the 10-m walking test. The secondary outcomes were walking speed and spatiotemporal factors measured by the WalkWay MW-1000. [Results] Fifteen individuals (mean [standard deviation] age, 60.9 [8.6] years; male, 12) were enrolled. Walking speeds of the ankle-foot orthosis with fixed and restricted dorsiflexion groups were significantly higher than those without the orthosis; however, no outcomes differed significantly between ankle-foot orthosis with fixed versus restricted dorsiflexion groups. [Conclusion] In individuals with chronic stroke, ankle-foot orthosis function may be less important than the dorsiflexed setting of initial ankle joint angle in the ankle-foot orthosis.     

Stepping with an ankle foot orthosis re-examined: A mechanical perspective for clinical decision making

Background

Ankle foot orthoses are used to stabilize the ankle joint and aid toe clearance during stepping in persons after incomplete spinal cord injury. However, little is known about kinematics and kinetics of stepping with an orthosis during the transition from stance-to-swing and swing-to-stance. We intended to examine if an ankle foot orthosis impeded or facilitated optimal ankle, knee and hip joint kinematics, kinetics and spatiotemporal parameters during the transition phases of normal walking.

Methods

Fourteen healthy participants walked on a split-belt instrumented treadmill with and without a posterior leaf spring ankle foot orthosis at 1.2 m/s. Three dimensional motion data and ground reaction forces were captured during 30 second trials of steady state walking.

Findings

During stance-to-swing, the orthosis significantly decreased hip extension [8.6 (5.5) to 6.7 (5.5) degrees, P = 0.001], ankle plantarflexion [19.4 (5.7) to 12.0 (5.2) degrees, P < 0.001] and plantarflexor power [0.18 (0.03) to 0.15 (0.03) watts/body weight, P < 0.001]. During swing-to-stance, the orthosis significantly increased hip flexion [32.7 (4.7) to 35.6 (5.1) degrees, P = 0.028] and ankle plantarflexion [8.4 (3.5) to 10.9 (4.7) degrees, P < 0.001] and decreased loading rate [0.06 (0.01) to 0.05 (0.01) N/kg, P = 0.018] and braking force [0.16 (0.02) to 0.15 (0.02) N/kg, P = 0.013]. Double limb support time increased significantly with the orthosis [0.19 (0.02) to 0.22 (0.03) seconds, P < 0.000].

Interpretation

An ankle foot orthosis affected joint kinematics and kinetics during the transition from stance-to-swing and vice-versa. The use of orthosis to improve transition phase kinematics and kinetics in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury warrants assessment.     

踝足矫形器对足下垂患者下肢功能影响的分析

目的观察和分析足下垂患者穿戴踝足支具(AFO)前后对下肢稳定性、负重能力、步行中膝、踝关节活动的影响.方法20例足下垂患者(男14例,女6例),其中右侧足下垂者9例,左侧足下垂者13例.患者中有6例需在辅助下行走,14例已具备独立行走的条件.对所有患者分别在穿戴和不穿戴踝支具状态下进行步行能力、下肢活动能力、身体平衡功能测定.其中5例患者在穿戴支具1个月左右进行步态分析.结果穿戴AFO后即刻患者的步行速度和步幅影响与穿戴支具前比较无显著差异(P＞0.05);踏车时间和上楼的速度比不戴支具有明显提高(P＜0.05),而起蹲、下楼时间、足抬高距离无显著差异(P＞0.05);穿戴AFO对患肢负重无明显改善(P＞0.05),但可使患者身体左右的稳定性及患腿前后的稳定性有明显改善(P＜0.05);步态分析结果发现,5例患者穿戴支具前后患侧下肢垂直峰力矩、步速无明显影响(P＞0.05);穿戴AFO后患侧膝关节在步行周期中最大伸膝度数较不穿支具明显减少(P＜0.05);患侧踝关节在步态周期中最大趾屈度数较不穿支具明显减少(P＜0.01).结论AFO对下肢功能的影响主要表现在改善足下垂和膝过伸程度;增强身体稳定性及患侧下肢稳定性;穿戴AFO对患者下肢日常功能活动无明显影响;对患者即刻和1个月以后的步速、步幅、患腿负重能力的改善不明显.     

Role of the newly designed Ankle Foot Orthosis on balance related parametersin drop foot post stroke patients

BackgroundPassive and hybrid passive ankle foot orthoses (AFOs) are often prescribed in post stroke drop foot; however, the effects of these AFOs on balance related parameters in these patients seem unclear. Accordingly, the aim of current study was to evaluate the role of the newly designed hybrid passive and Posterior Leaf Spring (PLS) AFOs on balance related parameters including: self-reported balance confidence (ABC), Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) in post stroke drop foot patients.MethodsFifteen post stroke drop foot patients were recruited in current study. Then, ABC, TUG and BBS were assessed with newly designed AFO and PLS AFO.ResultsThe results of this study were shown a significant improvement in ABC, TUG and BBS scores with the newly designed AFO than PLS AFO (p < 0.05).ConclusionThis study suggested that the newly designed AFO was improved the balance related parameters than PLS AFO.     

早期AFO干预对脑卒中患者日常生活活动能力及生存质量的影响

目的探讨早期使用踝足矫形器（AFO）对脑卒中偏瘫患者13常生活活动（ADL）能力和生存质量（QOL）的功能结局影响。方法将21例早期脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为治疗组（11例）和对照组（10例）。治疗组采用AFO与常规康复干预治疗，对照组则予以常规康复干预。每组患者入选时及治疗3个月后分别使用改良巴氏指数（MBI）评定13常生活活动能力和简化SF-36生存质量量表（中文版）评定生存质量。结果2组患者治疗前的一般情况及病情比较，差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；治疗3个月后，2组患者13常生活活动能力和生存质量间差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论早期使用AFO可以显著促进急性脑卒中偏瘫患者日常生活活动能力和生存质量改善。     

Posturographic evaluation of the proprioceptive effect of ankle orthoses in healthy volunteers

This study analyses the proprioceptive effect of wearing a unilateral and then bilateral ankle orthosis on 34 healthy volunteer subjects by posturography. An elastic orthosis with a ligamentous support band was used, and evaluation was performed by a posturographic statokinesimetric platform. Three tests, one without an orthosis, one with one orthosis, and one with two orthoses, were recorded for each volunteer. The results and statistical analyses demonstrated a significant difference in the antero-posterior measurement between the test without ankle orthosis and the tests with one and with two orthoses. This study provides information about the prophylactic effect of wearing a flexible support; it appears that there are important inter-individual variations in postural equilibrium, and the wearing of prophylactic ankle orthoses should be reserved for subjects after a posturographic examination.     

Effects of ankle-foot orthoses on ankle and foot kinematics in patient with ankle osteoarthritis

OBJECTIVE: To determine if different foot orthoses have a similar effect on foot kinematics in subjects with ankle osteoarthritis (OA) when walking on various ground conditions. DESIGN: Within-subject comparisons study. SETTING: Biomechanics research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Thirteen subjects with unilateral ankle OA. INTERVENTIONS: Custom-made ankle-foot orthosis (AFO), rigid hindfoot orthosis (HFO-R), and articulated hindfoot orthosis (HFO-A) were used by subjects when walking on level, ascending and descending ramp, and side-slope conditions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The range of motion of the hindfoot (calcaneus relative to tibia) and forefoot (metatarsal relative to calcaneus) was measured using an 8-camera motion analysis system. RESULTS: The AFO and HFO-R provided the best sagittal plane hindfoot motion restriction over all ground conditions (P<.001). The HFO-R allowed the greatest sagittal plane forefoot motion when walking over level (P=.01) and side-slope (P<.02) conditions, the greatest frontal plane forefoot motion walking down the ramp (P=.003), and the greatest transverse plane forefoot motion when walking over level (P=.011) and ramp-ascending conditions (P=.005). The HFO-A restricted motion of the unaffected joint and did not effectively restrict hindfoot motion. CONCLUSIONS: The HFO-R not only provides selective restriction to the ankle-hindfoot motion, but also allows sufficient forefoot motion compared with the AFO. We consider the HFO-R to be the best option of all tested orthoses for treating patients with ankle OA pain arising from ankle motion.     

佩戴踝足矫形器对脑卒中患者重心转移功能的影响

目的:本研究拟探讨佩戴踝足矫形器对脑卒中合并足下垂及内翻患者重心转移能力的影响。方法:收集脑卒中后足下垂及内翻患者40例。40例患者分别在穿戴AFO前后进行功能伸展测试及3m计时起立行走测试。比较穿戴前后向后、前、瘫痪侧及非瘫痪侧运动幅度,以及是否能改善患者的功能性活动。结果:佩戴AFO后向前、后、瘫痪侧及非瘫痪侧运动的幅度均较佩戴前明显提高(均P0.05),3m计时起立行走测试值较佩戴前明显减少(P0.05)。结论:脑卒中合并有足下垂及内翻患者佩戴AFO后能够提高患者的重心转移能力。     

踝足矫形器对脑瘫患儿异常步态的影响

目的:研究踝足矫形器对改善痉挛型脑瘫患儿步态的影响。方法:对30例脑瘫患儿配戴踝足矫形器前、后进行步态分析。结果:脑瘫患儿配戴踝足矫形器后,跨步长、步速明显提高,其中跨步长由0.38±0.13m增加至0.45±0.17m,步速由0.36±0.19m/s增加至0.47±0.14m/s;首次着地时踝关节的跖屈角度明显减少,由-11.98±8.43°减至-3.94±4.31°;髋关节站立相最大伸展角度由-7.41±10.06°增加至-14.10±10.60°;迈步相踝关节最大背屈角度明显提高,平均由-8.19±9.63°增至-4.25±3.71°;矢状面踝关节角度活动范围明显降低,平均由14.44±9.99°减至9.40±5.77°。结论:配戴踝足矫形器可以明显减轻脑瘫患儿异常步态模式的程度。     

新型动力式踝足矫形器在脑性瘫痪患儿中的应用

目的研究动力式踝足矫形器对痉挛性脑性瘫痪患者步态和稳定性的影响。方法10例曾配戴标准式踝足矫形器患者使用动力式踝足矫形器,用目测法观察动力式踝足矫形器对患者行走时步态周期的影响。结果动力式踝足矫形器可在矢状面允许踝足有背屈和跖屈活动,患儿的步态更接近正常。结论使用动力式踝足矫形器能更好地改善步态,增加稳定性。     

功能性电刺激辅助步行设备对脑卒中足下垂患者步态时空参数的影响

目的:观察应用功能性电刺激辅助步行设备(FES-AWD)对脑卒中足下垂患者步态时空参数的影响,为临床治疗提供理论依据.方法:9例脑卒中足下垂患者在常规康复治疗基础上,增加步态训练矫正仪辅助下的步行训练,每天2次,每次20min,每周5d,共4周;分别于治疗开始前、治疗1周后和治疗4周后利用三维步态分析系统分析患者佩戴步态训练矫正仪前后的步态时-空参数.结果:①与自由步行相比,佩戴步态训练矫正仪(关闭开关)对患者的步态时空参数无显著影响;②3次访视中,与自由步行相比,佩戴步态训练矫正仪(开启开关)均能显著提升足下垂患者的步态时空参数.结论:FES-AWD可以即刻改善脑卒中足下垂患者的步态,且可以排除心理影响,以及佩戴设备所产生的各种不利生理影响.     

Effects of ankle-foot orthoses on ankle and foot kinematics in patients with subtalar osteoarthritis

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether different foot orthoses have a similar effect on foot kinematics in subjects with subtalar osteoarthritis (OA) when walking on various ground conditions. DESIGN: Within-subject comparison study. SETTING: Biomechanics research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Ten subjects with unilateral subtalar OA. INTERVENTIONS: Custom-made ankle foot orthosis (AFO), rigid hindfoot orthosis (HFO-R), and articulated hindfoot orthosis (HFO-A) were used by subjects walking on level, ascending, and descending ramp, and side slope conditions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The triplanar range of motion of the calcaneus relative to tibia (hindfoot) and metatarsal relative to calcaneus (forefoot) was measured using an 8-camera motion analysis system when subjects with subtalar OA wore different foot orthoses. RESULTS: Braces tended to perform similarly in reducing motion of the forefoot and hindfoot for all ground conditions when compared with unbraced but wearing shoes. The AFO significantly restricted frontal plane hindfoot motion during ramp descent (P<.01) and on a side slope when the arthritic subtalar joint was higher than the unaffected side (P=.02). The HFO-A provided significant frontal plane hindfoot motion restriction during ramp descent (P<.01) and on a side slope when the arthritic subtalar joint was lower than the unaffected side (P=.03). The HFO-R significantly restricted frontal plane hindfoot motion in all ground conditions except ramp ascent (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: The HFO-R provides significant subtalar joint motion restriction while walking. The HFO-R may be considered an optimal orthosis for patients with subtalar OA pain arising from subtalar motion.     

功能性电刺激联合康复训练治疗脑卒中偏瘫

目的:探讨功能性电刺激联合康复训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者的功能活动影响.方法:脑卒中偏瘫患者30例,随机分为电刺激组和对照组各15例,2组均给予常规康复训练,电刺激组另外佩戴步态训练矫正仪进行功能电刺激下步行功能训练.分别在治疗前后测量患者患侧踝背屈肌肌力、10m步行速度,并行“站起-走”计时测试(TUG)及Barthel指数评分.结果:治疗4周后,2组患侧踝背屈肌肌力、10m步行速度、Barthel指数均较治疗前明显增加,且电刺激组更高于对照组(P＜0.01,0.05);2组TUG时间均较治疗前显著减少,且电刺激组更少于对照组(P＜0.01,0.05).结论:功能性电刺激联合常规康复训练能显著地提高脑卒中偏瘫患者踝背屈肌的力量,改善患者的运动功能及日常生活活动能力.     

Preservation of the first rocker is related to increases in gait speed in individuals with hemiplegia and AFO

Background

Changes in impulse during the first rocker (braking force) and third rocker (propulsion force) may affect changes in gait speed after orthotic intervention. The purpose of this investigation was to objectively measure changes in impulse during double support and correlate those findings to changes in gait speed with and without ankle foot orthosis in individuals with hemiplegia.

Methods

Fifteen adults with stroke-related hemiplegia walked with and without ankle foot orthosis while foot pressure data was collected bilaterally. Outcome measures included: gait cycle time (s), mean force (N), and impulse (Ns) in the wholefoot, hindfoot, forefoot, and toe box during initial double support and terminal double support.

Findings

Time significantly decreased during the entire gait cycle, initial double support, and terminal double support, with the ankle foot orthosis. During initial double support, affected limb impulse significantly decreased with the ankle foot orthosis in the wholefoot (P = 0.016), and hindfoot (P = 0.006), and hindfoot impulse % change and gait speed % change were significantly correlated (P = 0.007). During terminal double support, affected limb impulse was not significantly different in the wholefoot or forefoot and these changes were not significantly correlated to gait speed.

Interpretation

Previous research found that orthotics increase gait speed in individuals with hemiplegia. This research suggests that the increase in speed is not due to increased propulsive forces at the end of terminal double support, but due to decreased braking forces during initial double support. Therefore, the orthosis preserved the first ankle rocker and provided a more efficient weight acceptance which positively affected gait speed.     

摆幅可调型足部康复机器人对踝关节骨折术后功能锻炼依从性及运动功能恢复的影响

目的：分析摆幅可调型足部康复机器人对踝关节骨折术后功能锻炼依从性及运动功能恢复的影响。方法：选定本院2021年2月～2023年2月就诊的120例踝关节骨折患者进行研究,根据术后康复治疗方法的不同将其分为对照组和观察组2组,各60例,对照组给予常规康复治疗,观察组在对照组基础上给予摆幅可调型足部康复机器人治疗;2组均在治疗4周后进行效果评价,比较2组在功能锻炼依从性、踝关节功能优良率、美国矫形外科足踝协会（AOFAS）踝-后足评分、Olerud-Molander踝关节骨折评分系统、步行相关参数、下肢肌电标准化积分肌电、并发症总发生率的差异。结果：治疗后,观察组功能锻炼依从性、踝关节功能优良率均高于对照组（P＜0.05）。2组治疗后AOFAS评分、Olerud-Molander评分、标准化单支撑期时长、步速、步宽、步长、比目鱼肌、腓肠肌内侧、腓肠肌外侧、腓骨长肌、胫骨前肌标准化积分肌电均较治疗前明显提高（P＜0.05）。观察组治疗后AOFAS评分、Olerud-Molander评分均高于对照组（P＜0.05）。观察组治疗后标准化单支撑期时长、步速、步长均高于对照组（P＜0.05）,观察组治疗后步宽低于对照组（P＜0.05）。观察组治疗后比目鱼肌、腓肠肌内侧、腓肠肌外侧、腓骨长肌、胫骨前肌标准化积分肌电均高于对照组（P＜0.05）。观察组并发症总发生率低于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论：踝关节骨折患者应用摆幅可调型足部康复机器人展开康复治疗,可有效提高康复功能锻炼依从性及踝关节功能优良率,改善肌肉活动,维持步速、运动等动态平衡,降低并发症发生率。     

不同类型的踝足矫形器对痉挛型脑瘫患儿行走功能的影响

目的 :研究三种不同设计方式的踝足矫形器 (anklefootorthosis,AFO)对痉挛型脑瘫患儿行走功能的影响。方法 :根据 31例患儿的不同情况 ,选择设计使用标准固定式AFO、标准带绞链AFO和地面反射型AFO ,观察三种踝足矫形器对踝足跖屈和背屈、内翻和外翻的控制情况、对痉挛的抑制程度 ,观察行走的速度、步幅及AFO设计对膝的影响。结果 :三种不同设计类型的AFO可控制矢状面和冠状面的踝足运动 ,减轻痉挛 ,提高行走的速度及步幅。结论 :痉挛型脑瘫患儿使用AFO可以提高其行走功能     

脑卒中踝足矫形器的3D打印研究

目的:探讨3D打印踝足矫形器(AFO)临床应用的可行性,并希望能够降低打印成本,促进临床应用。方法:采用Artec三维扫描仪扫描患肢,利用软件Meshlab进行STL文件的表面处理。通过软件Instep将STL文件转换成STP文件。利用Abaqus软件,建立有限元模型,对AFO进行有限元分析。利用软件Evolve对AFO模型结构优化,去除多余的结构。最后通过3D打印机打印制作所需的AFO。结果:详细展示3D打印AFO的具体流程,有限元分析结果表明,AFO后部中间和两侧区域的应力明显高于其他区域,结构优化后AFO减少了17%的重量,两种材料打印的AFO轻便,打印成本也有降低。结论:本次研究成功地展示了3D打印AFO的临床应用流程,降低打印成本可以促进3D打印技术的临床应用。