烧伤后早期应用不同液体复苏血钠和红细胞变化的临床研究

目的　观察烧伤后早期应用不同液体复苏患者血钠和红细胞的变化。方法　将 15 0例烧伤患者分为 3组 ,A组为中、小面积烧伤患者 5 0例 ,给予平衡盐溶液 (钠离子 130mmol/L)复苏 ;B组为大面积烧伤患者 5 0例 ,液体复苏方法同A组 ;C组为大面积烧伤患者 5 0例 ,给予高渗乳酸钠溶液 (钠离子 174mmol/L)复苏。观察伤后 1～ 3d患者的补液总量、血钠、红细胞数量及红细胞平均体积 (MCV)的变化。对A、B组患者的烧伤指数 (BI)与其伤后 1d的血钠值作相关性分析。　 结果　伤后 3d内A组患者补液总量、补钠量均低于其他两组 (P <0.0 1);C组补液总量低于B组 ,而补钠量多于B组 (P <0.0 1)。伤后 3d内B组血钠值接近正常值下限 ,C组血钠值接近正常值上限 ,前者明显低于后者 (P <0.0 5或 0 .0 1)。伤后 3d内B、C组的红细胞数量相近 (P >0.0 5 )。伤后 1dB、C组患者的MCV分别为 (95 .5± 5 .5 )、(92 .1± 4 .5 )fl,伤后 2d各为 (93.2± 6 .4 )、(90 .9± 5 .4 )fl,组间比较差异无显著性意义 (P >0.0 5 )。A、B组患者伤后 1d的血钠值与自身BI呈负相关 (r=- 0 84,P<0.0 1)。　 结论　大面积烧伤患者伤后早期采用高渗盐溶液复苏 ,血钠值平稳且红细胞的肿胀程度较轻     

休克早期微创性磨擦治疗大面积深Ⅱ度烧伤创面

目的　探讨治疗大面积深Ⅱ度烧伤创面的新手术方法。　方法　将 5 5例大面积深Ⅱ度烧伤患者随机分成两组 ,A组为微创性磨擦组 (30例 ) ,B组为削痂组 (2 5例 )。A组首次手术时间为伤后 (12 .3± 10 .7)h ,B组为 (4 7.2± 11.5 )h。以患者的尿量、心率和动脉血氧饱和度 (SaO2 )作为主要监测指标。结果　A组患者一次性磨擦面积为 (6 5 .5± 19.4 ) %TBSA ,B组一次性削痂面积为(6 4 .8± 18.7) %TBSA。术中、术后各项监测指标均较平稳 ,与条件相似的B组比较 ,A组创面愈合时间平均为 2 0d ,较B组缩短 10d左右 ;内脏并发症及菌血症发生率低 (A组 2 6 .7% ,B组 72 0 % ) ;平均住院费用下降 ,愈合后创面瘢痕明显减轻。　结论　休克早期 ,采用微创性磨擦的方法治疗大面积深Ⅱ度烧伤创面 ,具有操作简便、损伤轻、感染率低、并发症少、创面愈合快等特点 ,是一种较好的早期处理创面的方法。     

深Ⅱ度烧伤创面伤后24小时内削痂的临床观察

目的　探讨深Ⅱ度烧伤患者伤后 2 4h内创面行削痂术的安全性和临床疗效。　方法12例有削痂手术指征并在伤后 2 4h内行削痂术的深Ⅱ度烧伤患者为A组 ;14例削痂条件相似并按常规在伤后 4～ 6d行削痂术的深Ⅱ度烧伤患者为B组。比较两组休克期补液量、休克征象发生率、回吸收期的生命体征、尿量及愈合时间。　结果　两组患者在休克期补液量、休克征象发生率方面差异均无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;A组休克期尿量明显增多 ,回吸收期的体温、心率与B组明显不同(P <0 .0 5～ 0 .0 1) ;A组创面平均愈合时间较B组短 (P <0 .0 1)。　结论　深Ⅱ度烧伤创面于伤后2 4h内削痂是安全的 ,并能缩短创面愈合时间。     

犬烧伤休克延迟复苏的实验研究

目的探讨应用林格液进行烧伤休克延迟复苏的效果.方法12只犬随机分为对照组(S组,6只)和治疗组(LR组,6只).LR组采用35%TBSAⅢ度烧伤模型,伤后6h以乳酸林格液进行复苏,并以尿量为1.0ml@kg-1@h-1及心输出量为伤前值的70%～80%来调整输液速度及输入量,观察其在伤后第一个24h复苏中的容量负荷、平均动脉压(MAP)、左心室收缩压(LVSP)、左室内压最大上升/下降速率(±dp/dtmax)、心脏排血指数(CI)、氧供给(DO2)及氧消耗(VO2)等的变化.结果乳酸林格液在烧伤休克延迟复苏后第一个24h的复苏中,每1%烧伤面积的输液量为(887±1.02)ml/kg,比采用Parkland公式复苏多1.2倍,其中在复苏后4h内的输液量为(3.63±0.99)ml/kg,为总入量的41%;MAP、LVSP、±dp/dtmax、CI、DO2及VO2等指标在复苏后2h即达到或接近对照组水平.结论乳酸林格液在烧伤休克延迟复苏中,比早期复苏需要更多的液体量才能满足需求,而血流动力学、心肌功能及氧动力学等在复苏后2h即有明显改善.     

高氧平衡盐溶液对烫伤大鼠肝脏损害的保护作用

目的　探讨烧伤大鼠肝功能的动态变化及高氧平衡盐溶液复苏对其的影响。　方法　Wistar大鼠 190只 ,体重 2 5 0～ 30 0g ,雌雄不拘 ,分为正常对照组 (A组 ,10只 )、早期平衡盐溶液复苏组 (B组 ,4 0只 )、延迟平衡盐溶液复苏组 (C组 ,30只 )、早期高氧平衡盐溶液复苏组 (D组 ,4 0只 )、延迟高氧平衡盐溶液复苏组 (E组 ,30只 )、以及烧伤对照组 (F组 ,4 0只 )。致伤动物分别于伤后 6、12、2 4、4 8h麻醉状态下取血 ,行血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶 (ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶 (AST)、丙二醛 (MDA)检测及肝组织标本的组织学观察。结果　伤后 6h ,各组血浆ALT水平均较正常对照组显著升高 (P<0 .0 5 )。B组与C组 ,D组与E组比较 ,ALT水平差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,D组与其他治疗组比较 ,ALT水平差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。各组AST变化趋势与ALT基本一致。伤后MDA水平明显升高 ,其中F组MDA水平高于其他各组 ,迟延复苏组高于早期复苏组 ,D组MDA水平显著低于其他各组 (P <0 0 5 )。组织学观察显示 ,烧伤早期有不同程度的进行性肝细胞变性、坏死 ,D组损伤较轻。　结论　严重烧伤早期 ,高氧平衡盐溶液复苏治疗能抑制自由基产生 ,减轻脂质过氧化反应的损伤 ,增加机体对缺氧的耐受力 ,有益于防止肝细胞结构受损     

严重烧伤患者漂浮导管的监测

用血流动力学指标监测休克复苏在创伤外科已得到广泛应用 ,循环参数和氧转运值已成为复苏终点监测指标[1,2 ] 。我科自 1994年底起 ,将该技术用于严重烧伤患者的有创监测 ,取得较好的临床效果。资　料　与　方　法1.一般资料 :Ａ组 :1990年 1月～ 1994年 10月 ,烧伤总面积≥ 5 0 % ,Ⅲ度≥ 30 %ＴＢＳＡ的严重烧伤患者 2 6例。Ｂ组 :1994年 10月～ 2 0 0 0年 5月 ,放置漂浮导管监测补液抗休克者 2 4例 (表 1)。两组患者抗感染等一般治疗大致相同 ,Ｂ组患者在静脉补液的同时放置漂浮导管。以颈静脉为首选 ,其次为股静脉。置管时间 3～ 7ｄ ,…     

严重烫伤并发胃十二指肠穿孔一例

患者男 ,38岁 ,双手、双下肢、臀部被热液烫伤 ,5h后入院。查体 :体温 36 .5℃ ,呼吸 2 5次 /min,脉搏 96次 /min。血钾4 .4 0mmol/L,血钠 14 2mmol/L,白细胞 14× 10 9/L,血红蛋白16 .3g/L。患者口渴、尿少 ,无消化道溃疡既往史。诊断 :(1)烫伤总面积 4 5 % ,其中Ⅲ度 15 %TBSA。(2)休克。入院后立即清创包扎 ,并行补液抗休克、抗感染治疗 ,同时预防性应用甲氰咪胍静脉滴注 ,每次 0 .8g,2次 /d。休克期度过相对平稳 ,尿量平均 91.6ml/h。患者伤后禁食 72h,早期未行肠内外营养支持治疗。入院后第 5天 ,患者恶心、腹胀 ,呕吐出胃内容物及…     

重组人脑利钠肽对体外循环下心脏手术术后肾功能的影响

目的 探讨体外循环(CPB)下心脏手术围术期应用重组人脑利钠肽(rhBNP)对患者肾功能的影响.方法 33例行CPB下冠状动脉旁路移植术和瓣膜置换术患者随机分为观察组(A组,15例)与对照组(B组,18例).A组为常规治疗基础上麻醉诱导后给予rhBNP治疗;B组为常规治疗.记录术前、术后0、8、24 h血清肌酐(SCr)、肾小球滤过率(GFR);记录术前、术后N端脑钠肽原(NT-ProBNP)及尿量.结果 术后24 h B组Scr明显高于术前和A组,GFR明显低于术前和A组(P<0.05);术后B组NT-ProBNP明显高于术前和A组(P<0.05或P<0.01);术后24 h尿量A组[(2 2754±145)ml]显著多于B组[(1 927±267)ml](P<0.01).结论 rhBNP能够改善CPB心脏手术患者术后早期肾功能.     

腹腔复苏对失血性休克家兔血乳酸和酸碱平衡的影响

目的 观察腹腔复苏对失血性休克家兔血乳酸(BL)浓度、酸碱平衡状态,探讨其在失血性休克救治中的作用.方法 21只雄性家兔随机分为三组,腹腔复苏组(A组)、常规静脉复苏组(B组)、正常对照组(C组).A、B组于10 min内使MAP降至40 mm Hg,维持60 min后,在20 min内静脉回输放出的血液和两倍于放血量的复方乳酸钠进行液体复苏,并于血液和液体复苏的同时,A组腹腔内注射120 ml临床用透析液,而B、C组腹腔注入等量生理盐水对照.观察休克前后与复苏后的MAP,测定动脉血pH、HCO-3、BE、BL.复苏后180 min,取门静脉血测定BL浓度,然后静脉注射空气处死家兔.结果 复苏后30、60、90 min,A组MAP高于B组(P＜0.01).复苏后60、180min时A组静脉血和复苏后180 min门静脉血BL值明显低于B组(P＜ 0.05),pH、HCO3、BE分别高于B组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).且A组在复苏后180 min与C组相应值相近,同时也接近休克前水平.结论 腹腔复苏对失血性休克的早期救治具有一定的实用价值.     

烧伤合并腹腔间隙综合征的中西医结合治疗

目的:探讨以大承气颗粒剂为主要方剂的中西医结合疗法对严重烧伤合并腹腔间隙综合征的治疗效果。方法:将17例并发腹腔间隙综合征的烧伤患者随机分为中西医结合治疗组(A组)和常规治疗对照组(B组),A组10例采用以大承气颗粒剂为主要方剂的中西医结合综合治疗,B组7例常规治疗。结果:膀胱内压、平均动脉压、尿量、便量和氧合情况等指标A组优于B组。结论:以大承气颗粒剂为主要方剂的中西医结合治疗,可有效预防和治疗烧伤后腹腔间隙综合征,降低多器官功能障碍综合征的发生率。     

Effects of early enteral arginine supplementation on resuscitation of severe burn patients

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of l-arginine (l-Arg) on shock in severely burned patients. METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized, single blind, controlled study. Forty-seven severely burned patients due to various causes with a total burn surface area (TBSA) more than 50% each admitted in early postburn phase (within 10h postburn) were included in this study. All patients were treated by the traditional resuscitation program of our institute. After the nasogastric feeding tube was placed, they were randomly divided into three groups-(1) group A400 (n = 16): giving gastrointestinal feeding with 500 ml 5% GNS, containing l-Arg (400 mg/ kgday) at equal pace with fluid resuscitation; (2) group A200 (n = 16): giving gastrointestinal feeding with 500 ml 5% GNS containing l-Arg (200 mg/ kgday); (3) group C (n = 15): giving gastrointestinal feeding with 500 ml 5% GNS without any supplementation. The feeding started within 12h after burn and lasted for 72 h, the feeding rate was controlled by an enteral feeding pump. The following parameters were observed on days (PBD) 1-4: serum nitric oxide content (NO), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), oxygenation index (PO2/FiO2), and arterial blood content of lactic acid (LA). Gastric mucosal blood flow was measured by laser Doppler flow-metry on PBD1 and PBD2. RESULTS: (1) Enteral feeding of l-Arg did not change MAP of severely burned patients, with no difference in MAP between the l-Arg supplemented and control groups. (2) There were significant changes of the l-Arg supplemented groups (A400 and A200), with an increased gastric mucosa blood flow, oxygenation index, and a decreased LA content in arterial blood, compared with the control group. (3) The serous NO content was significantly decreased in the A400 group on PBD2-4 (P < 0.01), and in the A200 group on PBD4 (P < 0.05) compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Enteral feeding with l-arginine supplementation on early stage of burn decreases NO production to a relatively normal level and exerts beneficial effects on the resuscitation of burned shock.     

延迟快速复苏对烧伤休克循环影响的临床研究

目的探讨在烧伤延迟复苏情况下,如何迅速纠正休克.方法通过对20例烧伤面积大于40%TBSA、因延迟复苏导致休克的患者,进行延迟快速复苏.观察休克期液体出入量、动咏压(BP)、肺动脉压(PAP)、肺动脉楔状压(PAWP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、心输出量(CO)、肺血管阻力(PVR)、外周血管阻力(SVR)、氧供应(DO2)、氧消耗(VO2)、氧摄取率(O2ext)、乳酸(LA)及碱缺失(BD)等血流动力学和氧代谢指标的变化.结果快速补液后2h内输入液体占“第一个24h公式计算量”的(38.8±6.1)%,如果加上院外补液量则占“第一个24h公式计算量”的(48.3±5.0)%.第一个24h实际补入量占“第一个24h公式计算量”的(131.4±14.3)%;第二个24h实际补入量占“第二个24h公式计算量”的(103.2±7.2)%.快速补液后,尿量大幅增加,CO显著升高,DO2增强,SVR、LA、BD大幅下降,PVR虽大幅升高,但PAWP、PAP和CVP并未超过正常.结论在严密血流动力学监护下,烧伤后延迟复苏初期加快补液速度是可行且有益的,烧伤休克的延迟复苏需要显著增加补液量.指导休克延迟快速复苏应以监护心输出量及PAP、PAWP、CVP等血流动力学指标为主,辅以血中LA、BD水平及尿量变化等临床指标的监测.     

Critical Evaluation of Hypertonic and Hypotonic Solutions to Resuscitate Severely Burned Children: A Prospective Study

Children with thermal burns covering 30% or more of the body surface area were alternately resuscitated with either hypertonic lactated saline (HLS) or lactated Ringer's solution (LRS). Parameters sequentially measured and calculated included: 1) serum and urine electrolyte concentrations, 2) serum and urine osmolalities, 3) arterial blood gases, 4) total and fractional serum proteins, 5) blood urea nitrogen, complete blood count and blood sugar concentration, 6) changes in body weight, 7) sodium, potassium and water balance. The water load received by the HLS group was significantly less through 48 hours postburn (49% at 8 hours, 44% at 24 hours and 38% at 48 hours postburn). Although the HLS group received significantly more sodium than the LRS group, there was no difference in sodium balance at 48 hours postburn. This is explained by the fact that the HLS group, at 48 hours postburn, retained significantly less of the administered sodium load (69% vs. 83%). Positive water balance was significantly greater in the LR group for the first 48 hours postburn. This study suggests that current hypotonic fluid regimens for burn resuscitation contain water in excess of that required for proper resuscitation. Severely burned children may be safely and efficiently resuscitated with conventional salt loads and one-third less than usual water loads.     

52例严重烧伤休克期血流动力学变化监测

OBJECTIVE: To determine the benefit of hemodynamic monitoring for resuscitation of burn shock. METHODS: A group of 52 burned patients with mean burn area of (69.9 +/- 20.1)% TBSA burn injury (range 31%-100%), and mean III burn area of (60.4 +/- 13.6)% TBSA were included in this study. Swan-Ganz catheters were inserted to monitor hemodynamics including RAP, PAP, PAWP, HR, CO, CI, and SI, etc. after admission at 8, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hours postburn. RESULTS: It was reasonably safe to perform invasive monitoring during early resuscitation. With the guide of hemodynamic monitoring, evidence of global hypovolemia disappeared at 24 hours after burn injury with appropriate resuscitation therapy. CONCLUSION: Invasive hemodynamic monitoring may be necessary to optimize resuscitation of serious burn patients with reasonable safety.     

Use of power Doppler ultrasound to monitor renal perfusion during burn shock

BACKGROUND: Renal cortical blood flow can be quantified by means of power Doppler ultrasound (PDUS) image analysis. We hypothesized that renal cortical perfusion, estimated by PDUS image intensity (PDUSII), would decrease during burn shock and improve during resuscitation in a porcine model. METHODS: Eight anesthetized swine sustained a 75% scald injury. Resuscitation began 6h postburn. Renal cortical blood flow was measured directly using fluorescent microspheres (CORFLO), and was estimated noninvasively by PDUSII. PDUSII, CORFLO, and cardiopulmonary data were recorded every 2h. RESULTS: PDUSII decreased significantly from preburn to postburn hour 6, and increased with resuscitation by hour 8. CORFLO correlated well with PDUS image intensity (n=48, r(2)=0.696) but poorly with urine output (n=48, r(2)=0.252). CONCLUSION: PDUS in this study was superior to the urine output in assessing renal cortical microvascular blood flow during shock and resuscitation, and may be useful in the care of injured patients.     

Effect of inhalation injury on fluid resuscitation requirements after thermal injury

The presence of inhalation injury has been reported to increase fluid requirements for resuscitation from burn shock after thermal injury. To evaluate the effect of inhalation injury on the magnitude of burn-induced shock, the characteristics of resuscitation of 171 patients with burns covering at least 25 percent of the total body surface area were reviewed. When inhalation injury was suspected, confirmation by xenon-133 scanning, bronchoscopy, or both was obtained. Initial fluid resuscitation was calculated according to the Parkland formula, and titration was initiated to maintain a urine output of 30 to 50 ml/hour. Fifty-one patients had inhalation injuries. Patients with inhalation injuries had a mean fluid requirement of 5.76 ml/kg per percentage of total body surface area burned and a mean sodium requirement of 0.94 mEq/kg per percentage of total body surface area burned to achieve successful resuscitation, compared with a fluid requirement of 3.98 ml/kg per percentage of total body surface area burned and a sodium requirement of 0.68 mEq/kg per percentage of total body surface area burned for the group without inhalation injury (p less than 0.05). These data confirm and quantitate that inhalation injury accompanying thermal trauma increases the magnitude of total body injury and requires increased volumes of fluid and sodium to achieve resuscitation from early burn shock.     

Inhibition of CD18-dependent neutrophil adherence reduces organ injury after hemorrhagic shock in primates

Neutrophil adherence or aggregation may be important in the development of organ injury after hemorrhagic shock. Monoclonal antibody (MAb) 60.3 prevents both adherence and aggregation. Therefore we investigated MAb 60.3 treatment in prevention of organ injury after hemorrhagic shock in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). We performed esophagogastroscopy and placed catheters to measure cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, arterial blood gases, and urine output. Blood was removed to decrease CO to 30% of baseline for 90 minutes. Just before resuscitation, MAb 60.3 (2 mg/kg) or saline solution (control) was administered intravenously. Monitoring and fluid resuscitation continued for 24 hours, with lactated Ringer's solution given as a maintenance infusion (4 ml/kg/hr) plus additional lactated Ringer's solution to maintain CO at preshock levels. Esophagogastroscopy was repeated 24 hours after shock. There were two deaths in the control group at about 72 hours and none in the MAb 60.3 group. MAb 60.3-treated animals required less fluid (9.6 +/- 8.8 ml/kg vs 263.8 +/- 225.7 ml/kg), gained less weight (0.08 +/- 0.11 kg vs 0.70 +/- 0.37 kg), and maintained a higher hematocrit level (35.0% +/- 1.0% vs 26.9% +/- 4.9%). All five control animals had gastritis; MAb 60.3-treated animals had none (p less than 0.05; Fisher's exact test). Inhibition of neutrophil adherence or aggregation with MAb 60.3 at the time of resuscitation reduces fluid requirements and gastric injury in monkeys after hemorrhagic shock.     

^13碳核磁共振波谱学检测烧伤大鼠肝脏细胞合成功能的变化

目的 建立安全、特异的^13碳核磁共振(^13C NMR)波谱学方法,观察严重烧伤大鼠肝脏细胞糖原异生和回补反应等合成代谢功能的变化。方法 成年SD大鼠在吸入麻醉下行左颈动脉和右颈外静脉插管后,随机分成40％TBSAⅢ度烫伤组(B组)和假烫伤对照组(C组)。B组伤后20min开始液体复苏,伤后72h静脉持续滴注示踪剂[1、2、3-^13C]-丙酸钠(SP),并于滴注45和60min时分别检测血浆和肝脏^13C NMR波谱、动脉血压、心率、血糖和血钠水平,运用输入-输出三羧酸循环的数学模型计算代谢参数。结果烧伤后72hB组动脉血压仍低于C组,血糖与C组比较无明显差异;SP对平均动脉压、心率和血钠均无影响;血糖^13C同位素标记形式与肝糖一致;持续滴注SP45min时SP即可达到代谢稳定状态;B组肝脏细胞糖原异生、回补反应和丙酮酸循环的碳流量均较C组明显增强,而三羧酸循环碳流量相对减少;肝脏丙氨酸、谷氨酸和谷氨酰胺池也明显扩大。结论 静脉注射SP不改变平均动脉压、心率和血钠,静脉滴注示踪剂45min即能达到代谢稳态,血糖^13C标记形式可代表肝糖的^13C标记形式;大面积烧伤后72h,肝脏回补反应、糖原异生和丙酮酸循环均增强,但外周组织血糖的利用率也相应提高。     

胃肠道左旋精氨酸营养干预对严重烧伤患者休克期复苏的影响

目的观察严重烧伤患者休克期经胃肠道给予左旋(L)精氨酸对休克复苏的影响,探讨其机制。方法选取烧伤面积≥30%TBSA的患者20例,并随机分为:L-精氨酸组,伤后24h内开始从鼻肠管给予L-精氨酸;对照组,伤后24h内开始从鼻肠管给予50g/L葡萄糖盐水500ml/d,连续4d,每组10例。在伤后1、2、3、4d分别抽取两组患者静脉血,检测其血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)和一氧化氮(NO)含量,并抽取患者动脉血检测其乳酸含量。结果L-精氨酸组患者SOD活性在伤后呈上升趋势,于伤后4d达峰值(68±23)U/ml,与对照组(31±9)U/ml比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0·01)。两组患者伤后MDA、NO含量均呈下降趋势,伤后2dL-精氨酸组NO[(50±14)μmol/L]下降最明显,与对照组(78±22)μmol/L比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。伤后4d两组患者MDA下降最明显[(3.4±0.8)、(3.5±1.3)μmol/L],L-精氨酸组血乳酸含量在伤后2、3d显著低于对照组(P<0.05或0.01)。结论严重烧伤患者休克期经胃肠道给予L-精氨酸可抑制其体内NO含量过度升高,使血乳酸含量降低,血清SOD活性增加,改善组织脏器血流灌注及氧合状态,减轻缺血再灌注损伤,有利于预防隐性休克的发生或减轻其损害。