福辛普利对糖尿病肾病大鼠肾小管间质的影响

目的观察福辛普利对糖尿病肾病大鼠Cubilin、结缔组织生长因子（CTGF）和α平滑肌抗体（α-SMA）的影响。方法将SD大鼠随机分为糖尿病肾病（DN）组（n=9）、福辛普利治疗（DN—F）组（n=8）和正常对照（NC）组（n=6）；检测各组大鼠第6周Cubilin、CTGF和α—SMA的水平。结果与DN组相比，DN-F组的Cubilin显著升高，CTGF和α—SMA明显降低（P〈0．05）。结论福辛普利能显著提高DN大鼠Cubilin的表达，降低CTGF和α—SMA的表达，延缓肾脏纤维化。     

福辛普利对糖尿病大鼠肾脏损伤的保护作用

目的探讨福辛普利对糖尿病大鼠肾脏损伤的保护机制。方法制备大鼠糖尿病模型并分别给予不同剂量福辛普利灌胃。12周后检测血糖、血清肌酐、肾重指数,观察肾小球体积、肾小球基底膜变化,测定肾小球平均截面积（MGA）和肾小球平均体积（MGV）。结果DM组及不同剂量福辛普利组间血糖、血清肌酐均无统计学差异;与DM组相比,5mg·kg^-1·d^-1组肾重指数降低（P〈0．05）,10mg·kg^-1·d^-1组肾重指数明显降低（P〈0．01）,各福辛普利组MGA和MGV均缩小（P均〈0．01）。结论早期应用福辛普利在一定程度上可减轻糖尿病大鼠肾脏的损伤。     

凋亡基因在心肌梗死的表达及血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂的干预作用

目的探讨凋亡基因对大鼠心肌梗死的表达及血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(ACEI)的干预作用。方法将大鼠随机分为假手术组、梗死模型组、梗死模型 福辛普利小剂量组、梗死模型 福辛普利大剂量组,用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测大鼠心肌梗死24h和4周时心肌细胞内凋亡抑制基因Bcl-2与凋亡基因Bax、P53、Fas的mRNA表达量,并探讨它们之间的相互关系。结果急性心肌梗死24hBcl-2表达下降,福辛普利促进其高表达,Bax、P53、Fas增高,福辛普利抑制其表达;急性心肌梗死4周,Bcl-2表达下降,福辛普利促进其表达,Bax、P53表达变化不大,福辛普利对其表达无影响,Fas高表达,福辛普利抑制其表达。结论大鼠急性心肌梗死后心肌细胞存在凋亡现象,Bcl-2表达下降,Bax、P53、Fas表达上调介导心肌梗死后心肌细胞凋亡的发生。ACEI可通过干预上述基因抑制急性心肌梗死后的心肌细胞凋亡。     

福辛普利联合吲哒帕胺治疗老年高血压疗效观察

目的 观察福辛普利并吲哒帕胺联合治疗老年高血压的疗效与不良反应.方法 入选老年原发性高血压病98例,随机分成治疗组49例和对照组49例.比较福辛普利和吲哒帕胺联合治疗与单用福辛普利治疗老年高血压的疗'效及不良反应.结果 福辛普利和吲哒帕胺联合治疗高血压有效率达94.5%,明显高于单用福辛普利组73%.结论 福辛普利与吲哒帕胺联合治疗高血压有协同作用,且能减少不良反应.     

左旋氨氯地平联合福辛普利治疗原发性高血压合并2型糖尿病的临床观察

目的观察左旋氨氯地平与福辛普利单用及联合对原发性高血压合并2型糖尿病患者的降压疗效及其他相关临床指标的影响。方法 190例原发性高血压合并2型糖尿病并且严格控制血糖的患者,随机分为3组,分别为左旋氨氯地平组、福辛普利组、左旋氨氯地平＋福辛普利组,连续用药12个月,观察治疗前后3组患者的血压控制情况、24小时尿微量蛋白尿及颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）等指标变化情况。结果治疗6个月时,三组患者血压均较治疗前下降,左旋氨氯地平＋福辛普利组较单药治疗组下降明显,3组患者24小时尿微量蛋白均下降;治疗12个月时,三组患者血压均较治疗前下降,联合治疗组较单药治疗组下降明显,3组患者24小时尿微量蛋白尿下降,在联合用药组下降更明显,在左旋氨氯地平组及左旋氨氯地平＋福辛普利组颈动脉内膜中层厚度较治疗前改善。结论氨氯地平联合福辛普利能够控制原发性高血压合并2型糖尿病患者血压的同时,对降低24小时尿微量蛋白尿保护肾功能及延缓动脉粥样硬化均有益处。     

福辛普利联合氢氯噻嗪治疗老年原发性高血压

目的 观察福辛普利联合氢氯噻嗪治疗老年原发性高血压的临床疗效.方法 60例老年原发性高血压病人进行随机分组,治疗组30例,给予福辛普利联合氢氯噻嗪治疗.对照组30例,单用福辛普利治疗,疗程8周,两组进行疗效比较.结果 治疗组总有效率90%,对照组总有效率83%(P<0.05).结论 福辛普利联合氢氯噻嗪治疗老年原发性高血压,疗效优于单用福辛普利.     

拉西地平和福辛普利对高血压肾脏保护作用的对比研究

目的观察拉西地平和福辛普利对高血压病人肾功能及肾动脉结构的影响，比较拉西地平和福辛普利对高血压病人肾脏的保护作用。方法选择106例高血压2—3级患者，随机分为拉西地平组和福辛普利组，治疗前后检测血压和尿蛋白排泄量（UAER）、内生肌酐清除率（Cr-C）、血清肌酐（SCr）、血清尿素氮（BUN）及血、尿β2微球蛋白（β2-MG），采用彩色多普勒超声检查测量肾动脉管壁厚度及内径。结果拉西地平组和福辛普利组病人血压均较治疗前明显下降，2组间收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）；拉西地平组和福辛普利组病人血Cr、BUN治疗前后均无显著性差异（P〉0．05），2组病人治疗后UAER、Cr-C、血尿β2-MG均较治疗前显著性下降（P〈0．05）；拉西地平与福辛普利均能改善肾血管结构（P〈0．05）。福辛普利改善血管重构作用优于拉西地平（P〈0．01）。结论拉西地平和福辛普利均能良好降压，对高血压病人肾脏均有保护作用并能改善肾动脉重构。     

核因子-κB在糖尿病大鼠肾脏的表达水平及贝那普利的调节作用

目的 探讨NF-κB在糖尿病大鼠肾脏中的表达水平及贝那普利的调节作用.方法 将34只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照(n)组、糖尿病肾病(DN)组、贝那普利治疗(DNB)组.腹腔注射STZ诱导糖尿病模型,处理12 w末检测血糖、血胆固醇、血肌酐、尿素氮、尿蛋白,应用免疫组织化学方法检测肾脏NF-κB的表达水平.结果 DNB组大鼠血胆固醇、肌酐及尿白蛋白排泄较DN组明显减少(P<0.01或P<0.05).免疫组化显示:DNB组大鼠肾脏NF-κB表达明显低于DN组(P<0.01).结论 贝那普利对糖尿病大鼠肾脏有保护作用,可能通过抑制糖尿病大鼠肾脏NF-κB的表达,减少细胞外基质沉积.     

黄独和福辛普利治疗糖尿病肾病的临床疗效

目的研究黄独和福辛普利治疗糖尿病肾病(DN)的疗效。方法选取2009年1月至2013年1月该院150例DN患者,随机分为黄独组、福辛普利组、对照组各50例,黄独组给予黄独治疗,福辛普利组给予福辛普利治疗,对照组给予标准治疗,比较各组治疗前后观察指标的变化。结果治疗前三组年龄、性别、厌食、呕吐、水肿、虚弱、血红素、血肌酐(Scr)水平、收缩压、舒张压、空腹血糖(FBG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)水平、白细胞介素(IL)-6、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、转化生长因子(TGF)-β1、24 h尿蛋白定量及肌酐清除率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后三组收缩压、舒张压、FBG、LDL水平、IL-6、CRP、及肌酐清除率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论黄独在控制DN患者高血压、高血糖、高胆固醇血症及炎症反应上优于福辛普利。     

福辛普利对自发性高血压大鼠脑超微结构及Klotho基因表达的影响

目的 观察药物干预后高血压脑损害的超微结构及其脑组织中Klotho基因和微炎症因子--血管细胞粘附分子1和细胞间粘附分子1的表达状况.方法 选取22周龄雄性自发性高血压模型鼠10只,随机分为高血压组与福辛普利干预组(5只/组),Wistar-kyoto大鼠(WKY)5只作为正常对照组.通过电镜观察各组大鼠脑的超微结构,通过RT-PCR检测、免疫组织化学技术和western印迹检测Klotho基因和微炎症因子血管细胞粘附分子1和细胞间粘附分子1的表达状况.结果 高血压损害脑神经元的结构、主要表现为细胞固缩、染色质边集、典型凋亡小体形成,但经过福辛普利干预后,其神经元损害有所减轻.RT-PCR结果显示福辛普利干预能够上调Klotho基因mRNA表达(P<0.05)、下调微炎症因子血管细胞粘附分子1和细胞间粘附分子1mRNA的表达(P<0.01);免疫组织化学技术和Western-blot检测证实福辛普利干预能够增加Klotho蛋白的表达,同时减血管细胞粘附分子1和细胞间粘附分子1蛋白的表达.结论 福辛普利能够上调Klotho的表达,改善高血压脑超微结构的改变.     

Biliary microlithiasis,sludge,crystals,microcrystallization,and usefulness of assessment of nucleation time

BACKGROUND:The process of microcrystallization,its sequel and the assessment of nucleation time is ignored.This systematic review aimed to highlight the importance of biliary microlithiasis,sludge,and crystals,and their association with gallstones,unexplained biliary pain,idiopathic pancreatitis, and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.DATA SOURCES:Three reviewers performed a literature search of the PubMed database.Key words used were"biliary microlithiasis","biliary sludge","bile crystals","cholesterol crystallisation","bile microscopy","microcrystal formation of bile","cholesterol monohydrate crystals","nucleation time of cholesterol","gallstone formation","sphincter of Oddi dysfunction"and"idiopathic pancreatitis".Additional articles were sourced from references within the studies from the PubMed search.RESULTS:We found that biliary microcrystals account for almost all patients with gallstone disease,7%to 79%with idiopathic pancreatitis,83%with unexplained biliary pain, and 25%to 60%with altered biliary and pancreatic sphincter function.Overall,the detection of biliary microcrystals in gallstone disease has a sensitivity ranging from 55%to 87%and a specificity of 100%.In idiopathic pancreatitis,the presence of microcrystals ranges from 47%to 90%.A nucleation time less than 10 days in hepatic bile or ultra-filtered gallbladder bile has a specificity of 100%for cholesterol gallstone disease.CONCLUSIONS:Biliary crystals are associated with gallstone disease,idiopathic pancreatitis,sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, unexplained biliary pain,and post-cholecystectomy biliary pain.Pathways of cholesterol super-saturation,crystallisation, and gallstone formation have been described with scientificsupport.Bile microscopy is a useful method to detect microcrystals and the assessment of nucleation time is a good method of predicting the risk of cholesterol crystallisation.     

Antibacterial activity of cefpodoxime in comparison with cefixime,cefdinir, cefetamet,ceftibuten, loracarbef,cefprozil, BAY 3522, cefuroxime,cefaclor and cefadroxil

Summary The new oral cephalosporins cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten demonstrate enhanced activity against Enterobacteriaceae susceptible to the established compounds as well (e.g. cefuroxime, cefaclor, cefadroxil). In addition, cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten include in their spectrum species hitherto resistant to oral cephalosporins (Proteus vulgaris, Providencia spp.,Yersinia enterocolitica). Besides, the majority of these compounds demonstrate relevant activity (MIC₅₀ equal to or below 2 mg/l) againstEnterobacter spp.,Citrobacter freundii, Serratia spp. andMorganella morganii. Ceftibuten is the most potent oral cephalosporin against most of the Enterobacteriaceae. Non-fermentative bacilli (Acinetobacter spp.,Pseudomonas spp.) remain completely resistant to oral cephalosporins (except someAcinetobacter species against cefdinir andPseudomonas cepacia against ceftibuten). Antistaphylococcal activity for oral cephalosporins is highest for cefdinir followed by BAY 3522, cefprozil, cefuroxime and cefpodoxime. Loracarbef, cefaclor and cefadroxil are about equally active, while the other compounds are only weakly active (cefixime) or inactive (cefetamet, ceftibuten). Enterococci are insensitive to new generation oral cephalosporins as they have been to established compounds. The most active oral cephalosporins against hemolytic streptococci are cefdinir and cefprozil.Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus milleri andStreptococcus mitior are most susceptible to cefpodoxime, cefdinir, cefuroxime and BAY 3522. Penicillin resistant pneumococci have to be regarded as resistant to all oral cephalosporins. Fastidious pathogens likeHaemophilus spp.,Moraxella catarrhalis andNeisseria gonorrhoeae are more susceptible to cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten than to the other oral cephalosporins. The activity of oral cephalosporins is only weak againstListeria spp.,Helicobacter pylori and anaerobic pathogens (except BAY 3522).Bordetella pertussis remains resistant to all absorbable cephalosporins. Progress in antibacterial activity of oral cephalosporins was mainly achieved by cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten against Enterobacteriaceae and the fastidious pathogens and against staphylococci and the nonenterococcal streptococci by cefdinir, BAY 3522, cefprozil and cefpodoxime.

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Antibakterielle Aktivität von Cefpodoxim im Vergleich mit anderen oralen Cephalosporinen

Zusammenfassung Die neuen oralen Cephalosporine Cefpodoxim, Cefixim, Cefdinir, Cefetamet und Ceftibuten zeigen eine verstärkte Aktivität auch gegen solche Enterobacteriaceae, die gegen etablierte Substanzen empfindlich sind (z.B. Cefuroxim, Cefaclor, Cefadroxil). Zusätzlich schließt das Spektrum von Cefpodoxim, Cefixim, Cefdinir, Cefetamet und Ceftibuten Spezies ein, die gegen die bisherigen oralen Cephalosporine resistent waren (Proteus vulgaris, Providencia spp.,Yersinia enterocolitica). Daneben zeigt die Mehrheit der neuen Substanzen erhöhte Aktivität (MHK₅₀<2 mg/l) gegenEnterobacter spp.,Citrobacter freundii, Serratia spp. undMorganella morganii. Gegen die meisten Enterobacteriaceae ist Ceftibuten das wirksamste orale Cephalosporin. Non-Fermenter (Acinetobacter spp.,Pseudomonas spp.) bleiben gegenüber oralen Cephalosporinen vollständig resistent (mit Ausnahme einigerAcinetobacter-Spezies gegen Cefdinir undPseudomonas cepacia gegen Ceftibuten). Die Antistaphylokokken-Aktivität oraler Cephalosporine ist am höchsten bei Cefdinir, gefolgt von BAY 3522, Cefprozil, Cefuroxim und Cefpodoxim. Loracarbef, Cefaclor und Cefadroxil sind etwa gleich aktiv, während die anderen Substanzen nur schwach aktiv (Cefixim) oder inaktiv sind (Cefetamet, Ceftibuten). Enterokokken sind gegenüber der neuen Generation oraler Cephalosporine ebenso unempfindlich wie gegenüber den etablierten Substanzen. Die aktivsten oralen Cephalosporine gegen hämolysierende Streptokokken sind Cefdinir und Cefprozil.Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus milleri undStreptococcus mitior sind am empfindlichsten gegen Cefpodoxim, Cefdinir, Cefuroxim und BAY 3522. Penicillin-resistente Pneumokokken müssen als resistent gegenüber allen oralen Cephalosporinen betrachtet werden. Anspruchsvolle Erreger wieHaemophilus spp.,Moraxella catarrhalis undNeisseria gonorrhoeae sind gegen Cefpodoxim, Cefixim, Cefdinir, Cefetamet und Ceftibuten empfindlicher als gegen die anderen oralen Cephalosporine. Die Aktivität oraler Cephalosporine gegenListeria spp.,Helicobacter pylori und Anaerobier (Ausnahme BAY 3522) ist nur schwach.Bordetella pertussis bleibt gegen alle resorbierbaren Cephalosporine resistent. Der Fortschritt in der antibakteriellen Aktivität oraler Cephalosporine wurde gegen Enterobacteriaceae und anspruchsvolle Erreger hauptsächlich durch Cefpodoxim, Cefixim, Cefdinir, Cefetamet und Ceftibuten erlangt, gegen Staphylokokken und Streptokokken (außer Enterokokken) durch Cefdinir, BAY 3522, Cefprozil und Cefpodoxim.

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Supported by Luitpold-Werk, a company of the Sankyo group.     

Electrochemical Recovery and Behaviors of Rare Earth (La,Ce, Pr,Nd, Sm,Eu, Gd,Tb, Dy,Ho, Er,Tm, and Yb) Ions on Ni Sheets

The electrochemical behaviors of rare earth (RE) ions have extensively been studied because of their high potential applications to the reprocessing of used nuclear fuels and RE-containing materials. In the present study, we fully investigated the electrochemical behaviors of RE(III) (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb) ions over a Ni sheet electrode in 0.1 M NaClO₄ electrolyte solution by cyclic voltammetry between +0.5 and −1.5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Amperometry electrodeposition experiments were performed between −1.2 and −0.9 V to recover RE elements over the Ni sheet. The successfully RE-recovered Ni sheets were fully characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The newly reported recovery data for RE(III) ions over a metal electrode provide valuable information on the development of the treatment methods of RE elements.     

Clinical trials update: highlights of the scientific sessions of The American College of Cardiology 2002: LIFE,DANAMI 2, MADIT-2, MIRACLE-ICD,OVERTURE, OCTAVE,ENABLE 1 & 2, CHRISTMAS,AFFIRM, RACE,WIZARD, AZACS,REMATCH, BNP trial and HARDBALL

This article continues a series of reports updating recent research developments of particular interest to personnel involved in the treatment and management of patients with heart failure. This is a summary of selected presentations made at the American College of Cardiology 51st Annual Scientific Session held in Atlanta on 17-20 March 2002. Reports of the following clinical studies are included: LIFE, DANAMI 2, MADIT-2, MIRACLE-ICD, OVERTURE, OCTAVE, ENABLE 1 & 2, CHRISTMAS, AFFIRM, RACE, WIZARD, AZACS, REMATCH, BNP trial and HARDBALL.