晚期非小细胞肺癌个体化化疗的预测因子

晚期EGFR野生型非小细胞肺癌患者的一线标准治疗方案为含铂两药化疗,其治疗的效果取决于个体间的差异性,因此我们需要一种可以从中获知患者是否可以从铂类为基础的治疗中获益或是耐药的小分子标志物来预测治疗作用,从而选择个体化的治疗方案.许多DNA修复反应因子已成为潜在的预测指标.其中,ERCC1蛋白水平或是mRNA水平高表达已被证实与NSCLC患者顺铂耐药相关.吉西他滨的靶点RRM1低表达的晚期NSCLC患者接受吉西他滨联合顺铂治疗较高表达者拥有更好的生存获益.临床前数据以及回顾性分析结果显示BRCA1高表达能够诱导顺铂耐药及增强肿瘤对抗微管蛋白药物的敏感性.此外,RAP80是BRCA1复合物进行同源染色体重组修复的必需结构单元,其mRNA表达水平可提高BRCA1低表达的NSCLC患者对化疗的疗效预测.基于对DNA修复通路的生物学研究以及近来对潜在分子标记物临床试验结果的争论,对DNA修复因子进行综合分析研究有助于改善预测信息,以及为新的个体化治疗方案的展开铺平道路.     

外源性IL-8诱导卵巢癌细胞对顺铂和紫杉醇产生耐药的机制及相关信号转导通路的初步探讨

目的探讨外源性IL-8诱导卵巢癌细胞对顺铂和紫杉醇产生耐药的机制及相关信号转导通路。方法在原工作基础上,以两种人卵巢癌细胞系A2780(不分泌IL-8,对顺铂、紫杉醇敏感)和SKOV-3(高分泌IL-8,对顺铂、紫杉醇耐药)为研究模型,观察外源性IL-8是否影响卵巢癌细胞对顺铂和紫杉醇的敏感性,并对其作用的机制和可能的信号转导通路进行研究。结果①体外经IL-8处理的A2780细胞对顺铂和紫杉醇的敏感性均明显降低即产生部分耐药(耐药倍数分别为6.07和7.23),其耐药程度均低于IL-8高表达的SKOV-3细胞(耐药倍数分别为8.22和9.03)。②IL-8可以剂量依赖的方式上调A2780和SKOV-3细胞的耐药相关基因MDR1和凋亡抑制基因Bcl-2、Bcl-xL及XIAP的表达。③MEK1/2抑制剂和PI3K抑制剂均能阻断IL-8诱导的卵巢癌细胞对顺铂和紫杉醇产生的耐药。结论IL-8-很可能通过上调耐药相关基因MDR1和凋亡抑制基因Bcl-2、Bcl-xL及XIAP的表达而致卵巢癌细胞对顺铂和紫杉醇产生耐药。IL-8的上述作用是由Ras/Raf/MEK/MAPK和PI3K/Akt信号通路介导的。     

内源性IL-8诱导卵巢癌细胞对顺铂与紫杉醇产生耐药的机制研究

目的探讨内源性IL-8诱导卵巢癌细胞对顺铂和紫杉醇产生耐药的机制及相关信号转导通路。方法在原有工作基础上,以2种人卵巢癌细胞系A2780(不分泌IL-8,对顺铂、紫杉醇敏感)和SKOV-3(高分泌IL-8,对顺铂、紫杉醇耐药)为研究模型,分别将正义(sense,ss)IL-8基因或反义(antisense,as)IL-8基因稳定转染至A2780细胞或SKOV3细胞,应用MTT法、Caspase-3活性测定、RT-PCR及Western blot技术等观察内源性IL-8是否影响卵巢癌细胞对顺铂和紫杉醇的敏感性,并对其作用的机制和可能的信号传导通路进行研究。结果 1)内源性过表达IL-8可诱导A2780细胞对顺铂和紫杉醇产生耐药,而抑制IL-8表达可恢复SKOV3细胞对顺铂和紫杉醇的敏感性,IL-8诱导的卵巢癌细胞化疗耐药是通过降低Caspase-3活性来实现的;2)内源性过表达IL-8可上调A2780细胞的耐药相关基因MDR1和凋亡抑制基因Bcl-2、Bcl-xL及XIAP的表达,而抑制IL-8表达可使上述基因的表达明显降低;3)Wortmannin(PI3K抑制剂)和PD98059(MEK1/2抑制剂)能分别阻断IL-8诱导下卵巢癌细胞的Akt和ERK活化及化疗耐药作用。结论 IL-8诱导的卵巢癌细胞化疗耐药可能与其上调耐药相关基因MDR1和凋亡抑制基因Bcl-2、Bcl-xL及XIAP的表达以及活化Raf/MEK/ERK和PI3K/Akt信号通路相关,提示调节IL-8表达或其相关信号通路可能是治疗耐药性卵巢癌的一种良好策略。     

CXC趋化因子配体10联合顺铂抑制LL/2肿瘤肺转移的实验研究

目的 研究CXC趋化因子配体10(CXCL10)联合顺铂对荷瘤小鼠LL/2肿瘤肺转移的治疗效果.方法小鼠Lewis肺癌LL/2肿瘤模型建立在C57BL/6小鼠上.实验小鼠随机分4组:CXCL10 顺铂组;CXCL10组;顺铂组;PBS对照组.CXCL10按25 μg/(kg·d)使用,皮下注射,连用30 d.顺铂采用腹腔内注射[5 mg/(kg·week)],于CXCL10治疗的第14、21天使用,连用2个周期.观察肿瘤体积与小鼠生存时间,观察各组小鼠肺表面的肿瘤转移结节数.结果 CXCL10治疗明显抑制了Lewis肺癌的肺转移,肺表面的肿瘤结节数少于对照组(P＜0.05).联合治疗组表现较强的抗肿瘤疗效,其肿瘤生长速度减慢,治疗效果(P＜0.01)优于顺铂或者CXCL10组(P＜0.05).结论 CXC趋化因子配体10联合顺铂更有效地抑制LL/2肿瘤肺转移和延长生存期.     

TCRP1通过PI3k-Akt途径介导口腔鳞癌顺铂化学治疗耐受

目的:研究新的耐药相关基因TCRP1在口腔鳞癌组织中的表达及其与顺铂临床疗效的关系,同时对TCRP1的作用机制进行初步探索。方法:采用免疫组织化学法检测TCRP1在舌癌组织中的表达及其与临床顺铂化学治疗疗效之间及体外药敏实验的相关性,Western印迹法及免疫共沉淀甄别TCRP1下游的作用分子。结果:在TCRP1低表达的患者中,缓解率达84.62%,而高表达患者组中缓解率为37.5%。体外药敏结果显示类似的结果。TCRP1表达改变影响Akt信号通路分子的表达,而且TCRP1与Akt存在物理上的相互结合。结论:TCRP1的表达影响口腔鳞癌的顺铂化学治疗疗效。TCRP1介导顺铂耐药的作用机制至少部分与TCRP1对Akt信号通路调节有关。     

着色性干皮病A基因表达对A549/DDP化疗敏感性的影响

目的:探讨沉默着色性干皮病A(XPA)基因表达在非小细胞肺癌耐药细胞株顺铂化疗敏感性的影响.方法:采用免疫组化法、实时定量PCR(qPCR)及Western blot方法检测非小细胞肺癌患者肿瘤组织中XPA的表达情况.应用qPCR及Western blot方法检测A549/DDP细胞经XPA-shRNA转染后XPA-mRNA及其蛋白表达.通过MTT法检测沉默XPA基因后A549/DDP细胞凋亡情况及其对顺铂的敏感性.结果:肺癌组织XPA表达水平明显高于癌旁组织;沉默XPA基因能够促进A549/DDP细胞凋亡,并能提高A549/DDP对顺铂的药物敏感性.结论:沉默XPA基因表达能够逆转肺癌A549/DDP细胞对顺铂的耐药性.     

简述卵巢癌铂类化疗药物耐药性研究的新进展

目前对卵巢癌的治疗原则是以手术为主,辅以化疗等综合治疗。随着联合化疗方案广泛和标准化应用,化疗效果显著提高。但随之而来的肿瘤细胞的原发性和/或继发性耐药现象成为临床治疗的障碍。卵巢癌化疗效果欠佳,关键原因是卵巢癌细胞对化疗药物铂类耐药。顺铂的耐药机制很复杂,各个环节的异常均有可能产生耐药,耐药的卵巢癌细胞最终表现为细胞调亡明显减少[1]。因此探索耐药机制是解决耐药问题,改善化疗效果的关键。随着生命科学的飞速发展,分子生物学技术的不断改进,从基因水平去研究耐药机制已成为热点。     

膀胱癌T24顺铂耐药细胞系的建立及生物学特性

目的 采用浓度梯度法诱导建立人膀胱癌顺铂耐药细胞系(T24/DDP),并观察其生物学特性.方法 利用人膀胱癌细胞株T24,采用顺铂(DDP)作为诱导剂在体外建立人膀胱癌顺铂耐药细胞模型T24/DDP(0.6μg/mL).通过倒置相差显微镜下观察T24、T24/DDP细胞形态,MTT法检测细胞多药耐药性,生长曲线检测细胞的增殖能力,流式细胞术测细胞的周期,qRT-PCR检测耐药基因MRP(muhidrug resistance-associated protein)的表达.结果 经过顺铂14个月的诱导,成功建立了T24/DDP.倒置相差显微镜下观察与T24细胞相比较,T24/DDP排列不规则,形态出现多形性,出现巨细胞;与T24相比较,T24/DDP对顺铂、阿霉素、长春新碱、甲氨蝶呤均产生不同程度的交叉耐药,比T24细胞倍增时间明显延长,细胞周期中G1期细胞增多,G2、S期细胞减少.qRT-PCR结果显示,耐药细胞MRP基因的表达明显高于亲本细胞.结论 人膀胱癌耐顺铂细胞株T24/DDP具有多药耐药性,可以作为研究膀胱癌细胞多药耐药的良好实验模型.     

非小细胞肺癌中BRCA1表达与铂类耐药及预后关系

肺癌是世界上发病率和死亡率最高的肿瘤,我国是肺癌的高发国家。铂是目前最常用的非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)肿瘤化疗药物。铂类药物的耐药是多种机制共同作用的结果。人乳腺癌易感基因1(BRCA1)是一种抑癌基因,有细胞损伤修复、细胞蛋白调控、细胞凋亡等多重作用。BRCA1是非小细胞肺癌患者铂类药物敏感性的最佳敏感指标之一。BRCA1与肿瘤分期联合检测可作为预测患者生存期。     

沉默miR-21对子宫内膜癌顺铂耐药细胞株Ishikawa/DDP的影响

目的:观察沉默miR-21对子宫内膜癌顺铂耐药细胞株Ishikawa/DDP的影响.方法:以Lipofectamine 2000介导miR-21抑制剂转染Ishikawa/DDP细胞株,同时设置阴性组和耐药组.采用反转录PCR检测miR-21、多药耐药基因MDR1、促凋亡基因Bax和抗凋亡基因Bcl-2的表达.采用蛋白印迹法检测多药耐药蛋白P-gp、促凋亡蛋白Bax和抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达.采用噻唑蓝比色法检测细胞对顺铂的敏感性.采用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况.结果:与耐药组和阴性组比较,抑制剂组miR-21,MDR1和Bcl-2 mRNA表达显著下调(P＜0.0l),而Bax mRAN表达显著上调(P＜0.00l);抑制剂组P-gp和Bcl-2蛋白表达显著低下调(p＜0.05),而Bax蛋白表达显著上调(P＜0.001).与耐药组和阴性组比较,顺铂对抑制剂组的IC50值显著(P＜0.001);顺铂对抑制剂组细胞的诱导凋亡率显著增加(P＜0.00l).结论:沉默miR-21可显著提高Ishikawa/DDP细胞株对顺铂的敏感性,并促进细胞凋亡,其具体机制可能与下调MDR1,P-gp和Bcl-2表达,以及上调Bax表达有关.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.