我如何用异基因造血干细胞移植治疗骨髓增生异常综合征

骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)是一组起源于造血干细胞的异质性克隆性疾病[1],其治疗方法包括支持治疗、免疫调节治疗、免疫抑制治疗、去甲基化药物(HMA)、化疗及异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)等[2]。迄今为止,allo-HSCT依然是可能根治MDS的唯一手段[3]。笔者结合2例MDS患者的治疗过程,阐述我们用allo-HSCT治疗MDS的理念和经验。     

减低剂量预处理异基因造血干细胞移植治疗骨髓增生异常综合征的研究进展

异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)为可能治愈国际预后积分系统(IPSS)中、高危骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)患者的方法.然而,MDS患者多为中、老年人,难以耐受清髓性异基因造血干细胞移植(MAC-HSCT).减低剂量预处理异基因造血干细胞移植(RIC-HSCT)具有低毒、高效等特点,被广泛应用于MDS的治疗.目前,常用的预处理方案为氟达拉滨联合烷化剂,但各种预处理方案的疗效差异较大.RIC-HSCT对IPSS中、高危老年MDS患者有其独特优势,但不同移植类型、allo-HSCT前肿瘤负荷、IPSS危险度分层及移植前合并症对RIC-HSCT疗效的影响尚无定论.笔者拟就近年来RIC-HSCT应用于MDS治疗的研究进展进行综述.     

骨髓增生异常综合征患者去甲基化药物治疗后感染危险因素的临床分析

目的 研究骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)患者接受去甲基化药物(HMA)治疗过程中感染事件的发生率及危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月—2021年12月在河北医科大学第二医院接受HMA治疗的114例MDS患者的535个HMA治疗周期，采用卡方检验分别对各因素进行单因素分析，选取P<0.1的因素构建广义估计方程(GEE)，探讨感染的危险因素。结果 接受HMA治疗的MDS患者的感染率为46.92%，感染主要发生在呼吸系统；病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主，占66.67%，其中最常见的病原菌为大肠埃希菌。在单因素分析中，合并症数量>2种、住院天数>30 d、不同WHO(2016)分型、每个HMA治疗前ANC<0.5×10⁹/L、Hb<80 g/L及PLT<50×10⁹/L、前4个HMA治疗周期、不同HMA治疗方案以及既往有化疗史均会增加患者感染的风险(P值均<0.05)。在GEE模型中，合并症数量>2种(OR=8.912)、住院天数>30 d(OR=6.067)、接受地西他滨联合其他药物治疗(OR=3....     

骨髓增生异常综合征患者低甲基化药物耐药的机制及其对策

目前低甲基化药物(HMA)广泛用于骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)的治疗,显著改善患者的临床治疗效果,但耐药现象几乎普遍存在。本文重点阐述HMA的免疫机制以及去甲基化治疗后免疫检查点受体表达上调是形成继发耐药的潜在机制。加深对ICP在HMA耐药机制中的认识,为在MDS中引入免疫检查点阻滞治疗(CBT)提供理论基础。免疫检查点通路(ICP)在HMA耐药中的作用有待进一步研究。CBT已是多种实体肿瘤的既定治疗方案,在部分血液肿瘤中也具有辅助治疗作用。CBT在MDS中的适宜性和有效性有待正在进行的临床试验结果予以证实。     

异基因造血干细胞移植术治疗骨髓增生异常综合征患者临床疗效的分析

目的:分析异基因造血干细胞移植术(allo-HSCT)治疗骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)患者的临床疗效,并探讨移植后复发的治疗新策略.方法:选取并回顾性分析2013年4月至2019年11月于北京大学第一医院行allo-HSCT 的MDS患者共72例,总结移植疗效,并对影响患者生存及复发的危险因素进行探讨.结果:72例患者...     

异基因造血干细胞移植治疗NPM1基因突变阳性骨髓增生异常综合征14例临床疗效北大核心CSCD

NPM1基因突变主要见于急性髓系白血病(AML),但也存在于骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)和骨髓增殖性肿瘤(MPN)[1]。在MDS患者中,NPM1基因突变率约为4%[2-3]。NPM1基因突变阳性MDS患者往往具有原始细胞比例高、病程侵袭和易向AML转化的特点,预后分层多隶属中/高危组,具有异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)适应证[1,4-5]。NPM1基因突变AML患者具有独立的预后特征[6]。本研究对近年来在本中心接受allo-HSCT治疗的14例NPM1基因突变阳性MDS患者进行回顾性分析。     

异基因造血干细胞移植治疗NPM1基因突变阳性骨髓增生异常综合征14例临床疗效

NPM1基因突变主要见于急性髓系白血病(AML), 但也存在于骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)和骨髓增殖性肿瘤(MPN)[1]。在MDS患者中, NPM1基因突变率约为4%[2-3]。NPM1基因突变阳性MDS患者往往具有原始细胞比例高、病程侵袭和易向AML转化的特点, 预后分层多隶属中/高危组, 具有异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)适应证[1,4-5]。NPM1基因突变AML患者具有独立的预后特征[6]。本研究对近年来在本中心接受allo-HSCT治疗的14例NPM1基因突变阳性MDS患者进行回顾性分析。     

异基因造血干细胞移植治疗骨髓增生异常综合征的研究进展

异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)是唯一能够治愈骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)的手段.近年来移植技术日益更新,包括无关供者、半相合及脐带血在内的替代供者移植亦取得喜人成果,但目前关于allo-HSCT的最佳时机尚无定论.去甲基化药物在移植过程中可以发挥重要作用.铁过载是影响移植疗效的重要因素之一,祛铁治疗有助于改善预后.减低强度预处理能明显降低移植相关死亡率,使老年患者亦有机会接受allo-HSCT.     

地西他滨治疗移植后复发MDS/AML及高危AML患者的临床疗效分析

目的:探讨异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)后复发的骨髓增生异常综合征/急性髓系白血病(MDS/AML)患者应用含地西他滨的化疗方案缓解后继续维持治疗的效果及高危AML在allo-HSCT后进行预防性输注地西他滨的疗效。方法:对2016年11月至2018年5月于本院行allo-HSCT术后的10例MDS/AML患者进行回顾性分析,包括AML 4例,MDS 2例,MDS转化的AML(t-AML)4例。10例患者中移植后复发8例,高危AML移植后应用地西他滨预防2例。复发组患者应用地西他滨+化疗达完全缓解(CR)后,继续应用地西他滨维持治疗;预防组患者在移植后30至45 d、无移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)前提下,给予预防性地西他滨输注。8例患者辅以G-CSF动员的供者淋巴细胞输注(DLI)。地西他滨维持治疗及预防性输注的剂量为5 mg/m2×(7-10)d,每4-6周为1个疗程,共3-7个疗程。结果:随访至2018年11月30日,10例患者中7例无病存活,平均生存期为15.5±1.9个月,1年总生存(OS)率为64.0%。10例患者中发生急性GVHD及慢性GVHD者分别为6例和4例。结论:应用地西他滨+DLI治疗allo-HSCT后复发MDS/AML及高危AML患者在allo-HSCT后预防应用地西他滨,可延长无病生存期,降低复发率,为患者获得长期生存提供可能。     

血清EPO、Hepcidin水平与骨髓增生异常综合征异基因造血干细胞移植预后的相关性

[目的]探讨血清促红细胞生成素(EPO)、铁调素(Hepcidin)水平与骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)预后的相关性.[方法]选择2018年1月至2020年1月在本院接受allo-HSCT治疗的175例MDS患者作为研究对象,根据36个月随访结果将其分为存活组(113例)、死亡组...     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.