澳门垃圾处置及特征分析

根据澳门垃圾处理现状,介绍澳门垃圾收运、处置过程,同时对1998—2007年澳门的垃圾组分及其变化进行了分析。并将澳门的垃圾特征数据与邻近地区的相关城市进行了比较分析,对澳门垃圾回收和处置提出了改进建议。     

利用抽样法理论分析北京市居民户生活垃圾状况

我们利用抽样法理论和计算机技术的综合集成 ,通过对 5 80户居民进行为期 1年的人均生活垃圾产生量抽样调查 ,详细地了解了北京市城近郊区居民户生活垃圾日产生量和成分状况。分析了多种因素对居民户生活垃圾日产生量的影响     

天津市中心城区生活垃圾分类收运系统的适宜性探讨

介绍了天津市中心城区生活垃圾的收运现状和分类投放及分类收集的模式,探讨了分类收运的不适宜性,提出了垃圾分类转运的方案。     

上海市有机垃圾原料特性研究

对上海市3座有机垃圾处理设施(厨余果皮、果蔬垃圾、餐饮垃圾)分选后的原料进行了3~5个月的跟踪测试,分析了厨余果皮、果蔬垃圾、餐饮垃圾的含水率、p H、有机质、生物降解度、元素(C、H、N、S)、总养分、氯化物、动植物油、重金属(Cr、Cd、Ni、As、Zn、Cu、Pb、Hg)等9类指标的特性差异及变化趋势,并以此对处理工艺的设计提出了建议。     

小城镇多种废物协调管理初步研究

本文从范例城市工业固废和医疗垃圾混入生活垃圾处置的现象实例入手，分析了该种现象的危害性、复杂性及其产生原因，有针对性的提出了加强小城镇多种废物管理体系建设的基本对策，并在三种废物的协调管理上提出了相应对策与措施。     

医院垃圾及污水处理的现状及建议

对广州、佛山、江门地区１６个大中型医院及卫生院进行了医疗垃圾及医疗污水处理现状的调查，存在的问题比较多，如领导重视不够，医疗垃圾与生活垃圾没有严格分开，病区使用后的空针、针头，导管等一次性用品还不完全就直接排入界定与相应的法规：医疗垃圾仍为焚化为好，填埋的办法容易造成二次污染；对医疗垃圾应有明确的界定与相应的法规；对废弃物和污水的处理要作为医院管理的一部分，有明确的规章制度，统一管理，对设备的添置     

苏州市城市生活垃圾产生量及处置现状分析

通过对苏州市十几年垃圾总量的统计,分析了垃圾处理总量不断上升的原因主要是人民生活水平日益提高、城市日益扩张、垃圾处理力度的不断加强等。同时指出不断增加的苏州市的垃圾总量上升空间还很大,给垃圾处理带来了很大的压力。介绍了苏州市目前的垃圾处理概况,并提出了垃圾处理建议。     

中德垃圾分类比较及中国垃圾分类的措施

比较了中德两国垃圾分类回收的状况,说明我国应采取健全的政策法规,对居民进行广泛深入的宣传教育,完善后续处理手段等措施实施垃圾分类回收。     

厨余垃圾生物降解技术的安全及应用效果评价

厨余垃圾生物降解技术的应用日益增多,它自身的安全和应用效果迫切需要建立完善的测试方法和评价方法,本文从无公害排放角度,对厨余垃圾生物降解技术的安全及应用效果进行了测试,建立了相对应的评价方法.     

农村生活垃圾治理对策研究

针对我国农村垃圾产生量增长迅速,处理缺口较大,环境污染等突出问题,列举了建立“村收集、镇转运、县处理”的城乡生活垃圾收运处理体系,提出了相应的治理对策.     

汉、哈两族农民中高血压患病情况及血压值比较分析

报告新疆阿勒泰地区汉、哈两族15岁以上农民12，608人高血压患病情况并分析其血压值。汉族高血压患病率2.80%，哈族8.16%（P<0.001）。哈族各年龄组收缩压及舒张压平均值均高于汉族，哈族20~29岁的收缩压水平与汉族50~54岁相似，哈族20~24岁的舒张压值与汉族45~49岁接近。哈族血压上升幅度大于汉族，自15岁起每增加5岁，汉族收缩压平均增加1.96mmHg，哈族增加3.00mmHg；汉族舒张压平均增加0.87mmHg，哈族增加1.48mmHg。作者认为，上述血压值的差别是哈族高血压患病率明显高于汉族的主要原因之一。     

Distorting reality for children: Body size proportions of Barbie and Ken dolls

Using hip measurements as a constant, calculations were made to determine the changes necessary for a young, healthy adult woman and man to attain the same body proportions as Barbie and Ken dolls, respectively. Among the changes necessary were for the female to increase 24 in. in height, 5 in. in the chest, and 3.2 in. in neck length, while decreasing 6 in. in the waist, and for the male to increase 20 in. in height, 11 in. in the chest, and 7.9 in. in neck circumference. Like adults, children are exposed to highly unrealistic ideals for shape and weight. © 1995 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Discovery and occurrence of the fumonisins: a historical perspective

This article describes the events leading to the discovery of the fumonisins in South Africa in 1988 and highlights the first 10 years (1988-1998) of fumonisin research. The predominant fungus isolated from moldy corn implicated in a field outbreak of equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) in South Africa in 1970 was Fusarium verticillioides (F. moniliforme). This fungus was also prevalent in moldy home-grown corn consumed by people in high-incidence areas of esophageal cancer (EC) in the Transkei region of South Africa. Culture material on corn of F. verticillioides strain MRC 826, which was isolated from moldy corn in Transkei, was shown to cause ELEM in horses, porcine pulmonary edema (PPE) syndrome in pigs, and liver cancer in rats. A short-term cancer initiation/promotion assay in rat liver was used to purify the carcinogen(s) in the culture material. These efforts finally met with success when fumonisins B1 and B2 novel mycotoxins with cancer-promoting activity in rat liver, were isolated from culture material of F. verticillioides MRC 826 at the Programme on Mycotoxins and Experimental Carcinogenesis of the Medical Research Council in Tygerberg, South Africa. Following the elucidation of the chemical structure of the fumonisins, these carcinogenic mycotoxins were shown to occur naturally in moldy corn in Transkei. Shortly thereafter, high levels of fumonisins in the 1989 U.S. corn crop resulted in large-scale field outbreaks of ELEM and PPE in horses and pigs, respectively, in the United States. Subsequently the fumonisins were found to occur naturally in corn worldwide, including corn consumed as the staple diet by people at high risk for EC in Transkei and China. These findings, together with the fact that the fumonisins cause field outbreaks of mycotoxicoses in animals, are carcinogenic in rats, and disrupt sphingolipid metabolism, have resulted in much worldwide interest in these compounds during the first 10 years after the discovery of the fumonisins in 1988.     

Recent epidemiological results of thyroid cancer in the most radiated territory in Poland

In this report the authors evaluate epidemiological evidence of thyroid cancer cases in a highly radiated territory in Poland--i.e. in the province of Opole after 1986. The analysis - based on logistic regression modelling of registered thyroid cancer and an ecological covariate (137Cs concentration)--shows differences in incidence in six distinguished radiation zones and two equal periods. The results of this study indicate a significant increase in incidence of thyroid cancer in 1995-2002 in males and in females comparing to the years 1987-1994. Moreover, a considerable rise of incidences has been noticed in the elevated isotope's concentration zones in females across the province in the analyzed periods. The data comprises all the thyroid cancer cases registered in Opole province in the years 1987-2002. The data originated from the Provincial Cancer Registry in Opole. The information on 137Cs concentrations was derived from the Polish Geological Institute in Warsaw. The computation was performed using WinBUGS software.     

Factors affecting transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti by anopheline mosquitoes. 4. Facilitation, limitation, proportionality and their epidemiological significance.

Quantitative understanding of the transmission dynamics of lymphatic filarial parasites is essential for the rational planning of control strategies. One of the most important determinants of transmission dynamics is the relationship between parasite yield, the success rate of ingested microfilariae (mf) becoming infective larvae in a mosquito vector, and mf density in the source of the human blood meal. Three types of relationship have been recognized in human filaria/mosquito couples--limitation, facilitation and proportionality; facilitation has hitherto been observed only in the couple Wuchereria bancrofti/Anopheles gambiae in Burkina Faso, in experimental studies on a high density mf carrier. The present paper demonstrates facilitation in W. bancrofti/An. gambiae and W. bancrofti/An. arabiensis in lower mf density carriers in The Gambia and Tanzania, and in W. bancrofti/An. funestus in Tanzania. Facilitation was not found in An. melas in The Gambia nor in An. merus in Tanzania. Analysis of published data shows limitation at low level mf densities in W. bancrofti/Culex quinquefasciatus in Sri Lanka, and in the same couple in India. Limitation also occurs in Brugia malayi/Aedes togoi in experimental cats; proportionality occurs in B. malayi/Mansonia bonneae in Malaysia. The epidemiological significance of these host/parasite relationships is discussed, and supporting evidence for its validity is presented from the published results of large-scale control programmes.     

Trends in coronary heart disease in two Belgian areas: results from the MONICA Ghent-Charleroi Study

SETTING: As part of the WHO-MONICA study, acute coronary events have been registered from 1983 until 1992 in the general population aged 25-69 years in two Belgian cities--Ghent in the northern Dutch speaking part of Belgium and Charleroi in the southern French speaking part. Registration of events was done according to an international standard protocol. OBJECTIVE: To study trends in total, fatal and non-fatal event rates and trends in case fatality rates in these two cities. MAIN RESULTS: Incidence of CHD was on average 50% higher in Charleroi compared with Ghent in both men and women (attack rate ratio Charleroi/Ghent was 1.5 in both sexes). In both men and women, diverging trends were observed between the two cities for total and non-fatal event rates, while parallel declining trends were observed in fatal event rates and in case fatality rates. In both sexes, total attack rates showed a significant decrease in Ghent and a significant increase in Charleroi. Also in the two sexes, attack rates of non-fatal events increased significantly in Charleroi and remained stable in Ghent. Attack rates of fatal events decreased significantly in men and women in Ghent and in men in Charleroi. Both "total" and "in hospital" case fatality rates declined significantly in both sexes in the two cities. CONCLUSIONS: Important differences in coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence and CHD trends between Ghent and Charleroi were observed. These differences and trends are interpreted in the context of existing and still growing differences in the overall socioeconomic situation between the north and the south of the country. On the other hand, the efficacy of medical treatment of CHD is comparable in the two regions, as reflected by similar figures and trends for case fatality rates.     

Social inequalities in ischaemic heart and cerebrovascular disease mortality in men: Spain and France, 1980-1982 and 1988-1990

In this study we analyse the trend in socio-economic differences in mortality from ischaemic heart and cerebrovascular diseases in the economically active male population aged 25-64 years in Spain and France. The data used were taken from deaths from these two causes in 1980-1982 and 1988-1990; in the case of Spain the data came from the Eight Provinces Study. Individuals were grouped into four categories - professional/managerial, clerical/sales/service workers, farmers, and manual workers - and the mortality rate ratio was estimated with reference to the professional/managerial group. For ischaemic heart disease in 1980-1982, professionals and managers aged 25-44 years had the lowest risk of mortality in Spain, and the highest risk of mortality in France; in 1988-1990 the socioeconomic differences in mortality in Spain increased, whereas the relation was inverted in France. In 1980-1982, professionals and managers aged 45-64 years had higher mortality from ischaemic heart disease than the other occupational groups in both countries; in 1988-1990 this relation was inverted, except in the case of clerical/sales/service workers in Spain. For cerebrovascular disease, manual workers experienced the highest mortality in the 25-44 year age group in 1980-1982, and the differences increased in 1988-1990 in all groups with respect to professionals and managers in both places. Professionals and managers in France and manual workers in Spain had the highest mortality between 45 and 64 years in 1980-1982; in contrast, in 1988-1990 professionals and managers had the lowest risk of mortality from this disease in both Spain and France, although in Spain the magnitude was similar to that of clerical/sales/service workers. In general terms, mortality from each disease was different in professionals and managers than in clerical/sales/service workers. Thus, the pattern of mortality and its evolution in different socio-economic groups cannot be analysed accurately when the two occupational groups are combined in a single large group of non-manual workers.     

微型腹腔镜在慢性盆腔疼痛的应用前景探讨

目的探讨微型腹腔镜在慢性盆腔疼痛中的临床价值。方法选择因慢性盆腔疼痛就诊的病例45例,接受微型腹腔镜手术(微镜组),选取同期条件相同进行普通腹腔镜手术的病例49例作为对照组(普通组)。结果两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后排气时间比较均无明显差异(p>0.05),微镜组术后6h及24h的切口疼痛情况较普通组轻(p<0.05),术后48小时比较,差异无显著性(p>0.05)。术后住院时间微镜组明显短于普通组(p<0.05),差异有显著性。结论微型腹腔镜在慢性盆腔疼痛中的诊治效果理想,手术更加微创,在一定范围内可取代普通腹腔镜。     

中国东中西部地区乙型病毒性肝炎流行现状

目的了解中国东、中、西部地区乙型病毒性肝炎(乙肝)流行现状。方法利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查保留的血清开展乙肝病毒感染血清学检测。结果①中国东、中、西部地区全人群乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)标化阳性率分别9.20%、7.24%、8.24%。东部地区城市、农村全人群HBsAg阳性率分别为4.29%、11.79%;中部地区城市、农村全人群HBsAg阳性率分别为4.41%、7.84%;西部地区城市、农村全人群HBsAg阳性率分别为4.53%、9.05%。②东、中、西部地区<15岁儿童HBsAg阳性率分别为6.46%、4.47%、5.48%。东部地区城市、农村<15岁儿童HBsAg阳性率分别为2.29%、12.39%;中部地区城市、农村<15岁儿童HBsAg阳性率分别为1.61%、6.82%;西部地区城市、农村<15岁儿童HBsAg阳性率分别为2.57%、7.35%。结论中国东、中、西部地区全人群HBsAg阳性率均有不同程度下降,<15岁儿童下降最明显。表明中国自1992年将乙肝疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫管理效果显著。