先天性胆管扩张的鉴别诊断

目的探讨磁共振胆胰管造影(MRCP)诊断儿童先天性胆管扩张的临床价值。方法回顾性分析78例先天性胆管扩张患儿的MRI和MRCP表现,并与手术病理结果进行对照分析。结果先天性胆管囊肿76例,Ⅰ型33例,Ⅱ型2例,Ⅲ型0例,Ⅳ型41例,Ⅴ型0例,囊肿型胆道闭锁2例;先天性胆管囊肿常合并胆囊扩大(53.9%),胆汁淤积(75%)和结石(42.1%);囊肿型胆道闭锁其胆管扩张局限,肝门部及门静脉周围可见局限斑片状长T_2信号,无胆囊扩大,胆汁淤积和结石等合并症。结论 MRCP能正确诊断先天性胆管扩张,可有效鉴别诊断先天性胆管囊肿和囊肿型胆道闭锁。     

MRCP在胰胆管合流异常相关疾病中的研究进展

胰胆管合流异常(PBM)是指胰管和胆管在十二指肠壁外合流的先天性异常,过长的共同通道及合流夹角变化容易导致肝脏、胆道及胰腺等相关疾病的发生.磁共振胆胰管成像(MRCP)具有较好的胰胆管结构显示能力,有助于诊断PBM及相关疾病.综述PBM分型与MRCP表现、相关疾病的病理生理特征及MRCP在PBM及其相关疾病中的应用.     

单激发放射状MRCP在胆道梗阻中的应用价值

目的:探讨单次激发放射状磁共振胰胆管水成像(SSH/MRCP/RAD)在胆道梗阻中的应用价值。方法:对55例经病理证实的胆道梗阻性疾病的MRCP成像资料进行回顾性的分析,MRCP采用单次激发放射状自旋回波序列技术。其中肝癌2例,肝门转移癌4例,肝门胆管癌12例,肝内外胆管结石2例,胆管癌7例,胰头癌7例,壶腹癌5例,十二指肠降部腺癌2例,胆总管结石10例,炎症3例,先天胆管囊肿1例。结果:55例MRCP检查均一次成功,肝内外胆管显示率100%,主胰管显示率85%。定位诊断100%,定性准确率86.8%,良性为85.7%,恶性92.3%。结论:SSH/MRCP/RAD是较为理想的成像技术,结合源图定性诊断特异性高,在临床有较大的应用价值。     

影像学检查在术前评估胆总管囊肿胰胆管解剖中作用

目的分析MRCP、CT增强(CE-CT)及术中胆道造影(IOCP)在显示儿童先天性胆总管囊肿(CC)患者胰胆管合流部解剖形态中作用,以期对术前提供可靠的影像资料。方法采用回顾性方法,收集儿童CC患者MRCP、CE-CT及IOCP资料,与囊肿病理组织学相对照,影像资料由两位放射科医师独立分析,然后以协商并达成一致影像诊断结论。结果59例CC中36例为囊性,23例为梭形。CC影像和手术分型:23例为I型,36例为IV型。MRCP、IOCP、CE-CT均能清楚显示肝内外胆管扩张情况,MRCP与IOCP诊断胰胆管合流异常(PBM)明显高于CE-CT,MRCP结合IOCP诊断PBM明显高于单独MRCP或IOCP。CE-CT可以明确显示肝右动脉位置异常。结论术前MRCP结合IOCP能提高CC患者胰胆管解剖结构显示率与PBM诊断率,而CE-CT可发现CC患者肝右动脉变异。     

MRI胆管成像诊断婴儿淤胆型黄疸的价值

目的:评价单次激发磁共振胆管成像(MRC)在小于3个月婴儿淤胆型黄疸诊断中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析24例淤胆型黄疸患儿的单次激发MRC资料,年龄5~88 d,平均54 d。胆道闭锁(BA)8例经肛门-肠吻合术(Kasai)术证实;非胆道闭锁(NBA)16例中,4例胆总管囊肿经腹腔镜手术证实,8例胆汁淤积经腹腔镜下胆道造影证实,4例肝炎综合征经临床资料随访黄疸消退证实。观察BA与NBA的MRC表现特点,分析BA的MRC表现与手术病理结果相关性。结果:16例NBA的MRC15例均可见胆囊、左右肝管、肝总管、胆总管,2例肝炎综合征肝门周围部增厚;8例BA的MRC均未见肝外胆管,胆囊未见2例,肝门周围部增厚8例,肝门冠状位MRC呈三角形高信号6例。MRC对BA的诊断准确率为95.8%。8例BA的病理检查示纤维化、胆管增生狭窄、炎症细胞浸润,圆形、裂隙样囊衬以疏松黏液间质和胎儿板状样胆管环绕。结论:单次激发MRC对小于3个月患儿淤胆型黄疸的诊断是一种可靠的非创伤性检查方法,可避免非必要手术。     

MRCP诊断先天性胆道闭锁的临床应用

目的:探讨MRCP诊断先天性胆道闭锁的临床应用价值。方法:回顾性分析21例经手术证实为胆道闭锁的MRCP图像。所有患儿均行常规T2WI和MRCP序列扫描。结果:21例患儿均未见完整肝外胆道系统。7例胆囊瘪小,10例胆囊未成像,3例左右肝管成像,21例胆总管无成像。结论:肝外胆管在多序列或多方位图像上不显示是胆道闭锁的直接征象,小或无胆囊及肝门区片状高信号间接提示胆道闭锁。MRCP无创、无需对比剂,可多方位清晰显示肝内外胆道系统,对先天性胆道闭锁的诊断有重要临床价值。     

黑血SPACE序列与MRCP、T2-HASTE在婴幼儿胆道成像中的对比应用

目的探讨磁共振黑血SPACE序列与MRCP、T2-HASTE在婴幼儿胆道成像中的对比应用价值。方法运用Siemens 3.0 T超导磁共振扫描仪对30例对照组患儿和12例罹患胆道疾病的婴幼儿进行全腹部常规MRI序列(包括T2-HASTE)以及黑血SPACE序列、MRCP检查,比较黑血SPACE序列与MRCP、T2-HASTE图像对正常胆道结构及病灶的显示能力。结果(1)对照组图像分析:黑血SPACE和MRCP对胆囊管、左右肝管及肝内二级胆管的显示能力较T2-HASTE好,且黑血SPACE序列显示门静脉的能力优于MRCP和T2-HASTE,但黑血SPACE与MRCP在显示胆道结构的能力方面差异无统计学意义。(2)病例组图像分析:黑血SPACE序列在清晰显示胆总管扩张的同时较MRCP拥有更好的组织对比度;黑血SPACE序列较MRCP、T2-HASTE更清晰的显示胆道闭锁患儿肝门区及门静脉周围的异常信号影(纤维斑块),并了解毗邻门静脉的走行及轮廓;黑血SPACE序列在显示微小胆管结石时优于T2-HASTE。结论黑血SPACE序列基本具备MRCP和T2-HASTE序列两者的优势,在观察婴幼儿胆道结构形态、轮廓及边缘的同时了解毗邻肝组织、血管(门静脉)的情况,且成像时间相对较短,但其运用于部分婴幼儿胆道成像时存在较多的运动伪影及肠气干扰,目前将其作为婴幼儿胆道成像的一种补充检查手段,针对不同疾病利用其不同优势,为胆道疾病的影像诊断提供更多助益。     

磁共振胰胆管成像诊断胰胆管合流异常的价值

目的 探讨磁共振胰胆管成像（MRCP）诊断胰胆管合流异常（APBDU）的价值。资料与方法 分析11例患者的MRCP、轴面T2WI及T1WI。测量共通管长度和胆总管宽度,观察APBDU的形式,以及胆管内有无结石和肿瘤等相关疾病。将观察结果与B超及内镜逆行性胰胆管造影（ERCP）检查和／或外科手术所见对照。结果 10例胆总管囊肿型APBDU包括胆管囊状扩张7例,梭形扩张3例;1例非囊肿型APBDU表现为胆总管轻度扩张。胆总管最大直径范围是12～90mm,平均34mm。APBDU的合流形式包括A型7例,B型4例,在MRCP图像测量的共通管长度范围是18～30mm,平均23mm。轴面T2WI显示胆总管或胰管突然蝌蚪或逗点样增粗5例。APBDU相关疾病包括胆囊／胆管结石6例,胆管肿瘤1例,胰腺炎5例。对7例切除的病变胆管和胆囊标本进行病理组织学检查,均有慢性炎症改变。结论 MRCP检查有助于发现和诊断APBDU,轴面T2WI和B超检查阴性结果不能完全排除本病。     

MRCP对诊断良恶性胆道梗阻的临床应用

目的 评价磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)对良恶性胆管梗阻的诊断价值。方法25例经病理证实的良恶性胆道梗阻包括胆囊及胆道结石10例,单纯胆囊结石3例,胆总管囊肿合并结石1例,壶腹及胰头癌6例,肝门癌3例,以及胆囊癌2例的MRCP表现进行了回顾性分析。MRCP检查是以PHILIPS GYROSCAN NT 1．0磁共振成像仪并用3D-FSE序列和常规SE序列进行的。结果在所有病人中成功地进行了MRCP检查。其表现随病变性质与部位不同而异,如肝内胆管明显扩张且呈软藤状见于肝门癌。胆总管横行截断,断端形态规则见于胆管上段腺癌。胆总管明显增宽呈壶腹状,胆囊明显增大见于胆总管囊肿。结论MRCP应成为诊断良恶性胆道梗阻的推荐方法。     

磁共振成像2D-FIESTA序列对婴幼儿胆道病变的诊断价值

目的评价磁共振成像2D-FIESTA序列对婴幼儿胆道病变的诊断价值。方法8例婴幼儿患者行MR检查胆道系统。患儿口服水合氯醛或静注安定镇静。行轴位、冠状和矢状2D-FIESTA扫描。不需屏气。不使用MR对比剂。在ADW工作站上以最大强度投影(M IP)和多平面重建(MPR)方式重建图像。结果3例肝移植术后、2例胆总管囊肿、1例胆胰管合流异常患儿的MR I表现均经手术证实,2例正常婴幼儿经随访证实。MR I的2D-FIESTA序列可清晰显示患儿的肝外胆管及门静脉、肝静脉和下腔静脉,肝动脉显示欠清晰。结论MR I的2D-FIESTA序列可在自由呼吸、不使用对比剂的条件下准确显示婴幼儿的胆道系统病变。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.