毛细管气相色谱法测定止痒消炎水中3种成分含量

目的:建立气相色谱法测定止痒消炎水中3种成分含量的方法。方法:采用 HP-INNOWAX Polyethylene Glycol 毛细管色谱柱(30.0 m×250μm,0.25 μm),柱温采用程序升温,进样口温度220℃,FID 检测器,检测器温度250℃。结果:样品中3种成分完全分离,线性关系良好,薄荷脑、冰片和麝香草酚的加样回收率分别为99.1%,99.3%,99.1%(n=9)。结论:该法简便快速,结果准确,可以有效地控制质量。     

气相色谱法测定复方硝酸咪康唑软膏中5种挥发性成分的含量测定

目的建立一种用气相色谱法测定复方硝酸咪康唑软膏中5种成分含量的方法。方法采用HP2INNOWAX Polyethylene Glycol（30.0m×250μm×0.25μm）毛细管色谱柱,柱温采用程序升温,进样口温度250℃,FID检测器,检测器温度260℃。结果样品中5种成分完全分离且线性关系良好,樟脑、薄荷脑、龙脑、水杨酸甲酯、麝香草酚的加样回收率分别为97.3%、98.9%、98.3%、101.3%和100.8%（n=9）。结论该法简便快速,结果准确,可以有效地控制质量。     

气相色谱法测定鹿血酒中的甲醇和杂醇油

目的 建立气相法测定鹿血酒中甲醇和仲丁醇、正丙醇、正丁醇、异丁醇、异戊醇5种杂醇油成分.方法 Agilent HP-INNOWax(30 m×320 μm×0.25 μm)柱;程序升温;进样口温度230 ℃,进样量1 μL,分流比50∶1;氢火焰离子化检测器(FID),温度250 ℃;外标法定量.结果 鹿血酒中甲醇与5种杂醇油成分分离良好,在一定浓度范围内线性关系良好;加样回收率为91.6%~106.3%,定量限为2~11 μg·mL-1,检出限为1~6 μg·mL-1.结论 本法简便,准确,可用于鹿血酒中甲醇和5种杂醇油成分的含量测定.     

气相色谱法测定盐酸普鲁卡因注射液的含量

目的 采用气相色谱法(GC)测定盐酸普鲁卡因注射液的含量.方法 采用J ＆ W DB-1毛细管柱(30 m×0.452 mm,2.55 μm), 载气为氮气 ,柱温 220℃,检测器FID温度250℃.结果 平均回收率为99.0%,RSD=0.84% (n=5)结论所建方法简便,结果准确,可用于盐酸普鲁卡因注射液的质量控制.     

顶空气相色谱法测定一次性使用输液器中环己烷残留量

目的 采用顶空气相色谱法对一次性使用输液器中黏合剂环己烷的残留进行检测.方法 色谱柱为HP-5石英毛细管柱(30m×0.32 mm×0.25 μm),柱温采用程序升温,检测器为氢火焰离子化检测器,检测器温度为250℃,进样口温度为130℃,分流比为20∶1,以15％乙醇为溶解介质.结果 该方法的检测限可达12 ng/mL,检测浓度的线性范围为0.10～50.57 μg/mL (r=0.999 5),平均回收率为93.6％.结论 本方法简单、快速、准确性高、重复性好,能够满足一次性使用输液器中环己烷残留量检测的需要.     

气相色谱法测定美洛昔康中有机溶剂残留量

目的 建立测定美洛昔康中有机溶剂残留量的方法.方法 气相色谱法,PEG-20M(30m×0.32mm,0.25μm)弹性石英毛细管柱,氢火焰离子化检测器,柱温:35℃(恒温5min),以10℃·min-1的升温速率至140℃(恒温2min);以20℃·min-1的升温速率至220℃(恒温5min).进样口温度:250℃;检测器温度:250℃;载气:氮气;进样方式:直接进样法;进样量:1μL.结果 4种溶剂的回收率在100.0%～101.5%之间,相对标准偏差均小于2%,最低检出限为1.0×10-3 μg·mL-1～5.0×10-3 μg·mL-1.结论 本方法准确、简便、快捷,可用于美洛昔康中的有机溶剂残留测定     

气相色谱法测定伤科止痛膏中麝香酮的含量

目的:建立伤科止痛膏中麝香酮的含量测定方法.方法:色谱柱为HP-INNOWAX 30 m×0.53 mm,1.Oμm film,FID检测器,采用程序升温,进样口温度:250℃;检测器温度:250℃.结果:麝香酮浓度在5.6688 μg·mL(-1)-226.752 μg·mL(-1)范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r=0.9997.,加样回收率为99.96%,RSD为1.38%.结论:方法准确、灵敏、重现性好,可用于伤科止痛膏的质量控制.     

顶空气相色谱法测定卫生巾中环氧乙烷残留量

目的:建立卫生巾中环氧乙烷残留量的顶空气相色谱测定法.方法:采用Agilent DB-624 (30 m×0.32 mm,1.80 μm)色谱柱;氢火焰离子检测器;顶空平衡温度为60℃,平衡时间为40 min,柱温为60℃,进样口温度为200℃,检测器温度为250 ℃;载气流速为1.5 ml·min-1.结果:环氧乙烷在0.629 2～16.78 μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8);平均回收率为101.0%,RSD=5.6%(n=6).结论:该方法准确、灵敏、简便,适用于卫生巾中环氧乙烷残留量的检测.     

顶空气相色谱法测定氢溴酸加兰他敏中三氯甲烷残留量

目的 建立顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定氢溴酸加兰他敏中三氯甲烷残留量的方法.方法 色谱柱为DB-624石英毛细管柱(60m×530μm×3μm),柱温采用程序升温,检测器为电子捕获(ECD)检测器,检测器温度为250℃,进样口温度为200 ℃,以水为溶剂.结果 三氯甲烷检测浓度的线性范围为0.12～6.0 μg/mL(r=0.9999),平均回收率为99.12%(RSD=0.4%),定量限为200 pg/mLo结论该方法简单、准确、灵敏度高、重现性好,可用于氢溴酸加兰他敏中三氯甲烷残留量的测定.     

气相色谱法测定二十二醇乳膏的含量

目的 建立二十二醇乳膏的含量测定方法. 方法用气相色谱法测定了二十二醇的含量,以二十二烷为内标,色谱柱为SPB-5(15 m×0.53 mm×1.5 μm)毛细管柱,柱温为230 ℃,气化室温度250 ℃,检测器温度300 ℃,分流比1∶10.结果 回收率100.7%,RSD=1.70%,线性范围为:41.08～410.8 μg·mL-1,线性方程Y=-0.032 8 0.004 377 X,r=0.999 5,重复性RSD=0.85%,n=6.结论 方法可靠,可以用于控制二十二醇乳膏的质量.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.