A History of Vision Screening

The vision screening program has a long and interesting history involving educators, pediatricians, optometrists, and ophthalmologists. Since, the earliest screening program initiated in 1899, many alterations in the original program have resulted from consideration of test reliability, testing conditions, and child maturity. Indeed, even the basic concept of vision screening had to be proven beneficial before it was widely accepted. The three basic areas of the exam - visual acuity, hyperopia, and heterophoria - developed independently into a concise, thorough screening system. Minor controversies continue, causing continuing modification and improvement.     

Educating Leaders for the AOTA Centennial Vision

In order to make the Centennial Vision a reality the education of occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants should be based on constructivism because this pedagogy emphasizes renewal, interdisciplinary collaboration, drawing strength from diversity, and a focus on transformation of practice.     

A Test of a Centre's Vision

The Thames Valley Children's Centre, a regional Children's Rehabilitation Centre, was determined to assess the extent to which its Vision (“Our Clients at Their Best”) was being achieved. With a sample of 50 former clients, and utilizing a specially constructed survey tool based on the important life outcomes literature, they found that they were attaining their vision for a significant proportion of the participants. They also learned about the differing expectations of the role which the Centre should play.     

Exposure Science: A View of the Past and Milestones for the Future

Background

The study of human exposure to environmental toxicants has evolved as a scientific field over the past 30 years.

Objectives

This review provides a historical perspective on the growth of exposure science as a field, with some emphasis on the results from initial observational studies in obtaining information needed for generating hypotheses on significant human contact with environmental agents, testing the performance of models, and reducing exposures to protect public health.

Discussion

Advances in activity pattern and behavioral research that established a suite of variables needed to accurately define contact and factors that influence contact are also discussed. The identification and characterization of these factors have played a pivotal role in the growth of the field and in developing exposure reduction strategies. Answers to two key questions on the relevance and fundamental value of exposure science to the fields of environmental health and risk management are presented as a path forward: a) What does one do with such exposure information? b) What roles does exposure science play in situations beyond observational analyses and interpretation?

Conclusions

The discussion identifies the need for more focused use of observational studies of exposure for epidemiologic analyses. Further, the introduction and use of new tools and approaches for hypothesis testing that can improve the use of exposure science in prevention research for risk management is needed to affect the source-to-effect continuum. A major restructuring of the field is not required to achieve innovation. However, additional resources for training and education are required to ensure that the potential for exposure science to play a central role in reducing and preventing excess risk within environmental/occupational health is achieved.     

机器人“妙手A”立体视觉系统的设计与实现

目的:在微创手术中为医生提供三维立体手术视野,获取深度信息,使内镜手术过程更加准确、快捷、方便。方法:利用双目内窥镜、图像服务器和立体显示单元作为载体搭建立体视觉平台,运用双路平面正交偏振影像分光法,佩戴偏振光眼镜观看手术视野的三维立体影像。结果:医生利用此立体视觉平台,经多次活体动物胆囊摘除手术验证,均得到了良好的手术效果。结论:"妙手A"立体视觉平台结构简单、立体显示效果优异,将在微创手术领域得到广泛推广与应用。