中药通腑泻热方辅助治疗消化性溃疡急性穿孔并发脓毒症23例

目的:观察本法治疗消化性溃疡急性穿孔并发脓毒症的效果．方法:在常规手术和抗生素治疗基础上,给予中药通腑泻热方治疗本病23例,与常规治疗的 21例作随机对照观察．结果:与对照组比较,治疗组并发症发生率降低(肠梗阻5／23 vs 11／21,P<0．05;MODS: 2／23 vs 7／21,P<0．05),死亡率呈下降趋势,治疗后血浆内毒素(8．7±3．2 kEU／L vs 16．8± 4．5 kEU／L,P<0．01),TNF-α(23.3±8．6 ng／L vs 30．7±8．7 ng／L,P<0．01),IL-6(30．4±13．6 ng／ L vs 51．4±16．2 ng／L,P<0．01),IL-8(20．6± 9．4 ng／L vs 31．7±10．8 ng/L,P<0．01)均显著降低,IL-2(754．8±72．4 ng／L vs 600．8±65．8 ng.L, P<0．01)明显升高．结论:中药通腑泻热方能降低消化性溃疡急性穿孔并发脓毒症患者血中内毒素及促炎细胞因子水平,能提高与机体免疫功能直接相关的细胞因子,防治MODS,降低病死率．     

Effects of lamivudine on the function of dendritic cells derived from patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection

AIM: To investigate if the nucleoside analogue lamivudine (LAM), a potent inhibitor of HBV replication, could restore the function of dendritic cells derived from patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in an Asian population. METHODS: Dendritic cells (DCs) derived from mononuclearcytes of patients with chronic HBV infection were cultured in the presence of IL-4, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors (GM-CSF) and gradient concentrations of LAM (0-2 mmol/L). Cell morphology was observed under light microscopy. Cell surface molecules, including HLA-DR, CD80, CD83, and CD1α, were analyzed with flow cytometry. The concentrations of IL-6 and IL-12 in the supernatant were assayed by ELISA. T cell proliferation was assayed by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT). RESULTS: The expression of CD1α on DC treated with 0.5 mmol/L LAM (LAM-DC 0.5 mmol/L) was significantly higher than that of DC untreated with LAM (54.1 ± 4.21 vs 33.57 ± 3.14, P < 0.05), and so was the expression of CD83 (20.24 ± 2.51 vs 12.83 ± 2.12, P < 0.05) as well as the expression of HLA-DR (74.5 ± 5.16 vs 52.8 ± 2.51, P < 0.05). Compared with control group, LAM-DC group (0.5 mmol/L) secreted significantly more IL-12 (910 ± 91.5 vs 268 ± 34.3 pg/mL, P < 0.05), had lower levels of IL-6 in the culture supernatant (28 ± 2.6 vs 55 ± 7.36 pg/mL, P < 0.05), markedly enhanced the stimulatory capacity in the allogeneic mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) (1.87 ± 0.6 vs 1.24 ± 0.51, P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: The lower expression of phenotypic molecules and impaired allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction function of dendritic cells derived from patients with HBV infection could be restored in vitro by incubation with LAM.     

DNCB所致结肠炎小鼠血清中细胞因子的活性

目的:观察在实验性结肠炎过程中,小鼠体内促炎细胞因子和抗炎细胞因子活性的变化．方法:BALB／c小鼠33只随机分为对照组(n=15)和实验组(n=18),小鼠先以DNCB涂腹液涂腹致敏,然后实验组以DNCB灌肠液灌肠,对照组以相应体积的乙醇灌肠．每日观察小鼠体质量和大便性状,并采用疾病活动指数(DAI)对动物状态进行评分．所有小鼠处死后观察大体形态改变,并自病变严重部位取组织标本,HE染色,镜下观察结肠的病理学改变．各组小鼠断头取血, 分离出血清,采用双抗体夹心ELISA法测定血清IL-1, TNF-α,IL-6,IL-4,IL-10的吸光度．结果:灌肠24 h后实验组小鼠腹泻百分率达59％,体质量明显减轻,死亡20％．病理学检查对照组小鼠结肠无黏连,黏膜轻度充血,无溃疡形成,镜下组织结构可见, 腺体排列基本整齐;实验组小鼠腺体数目减少,组织结构紊乱,黏膜糜烂,出血、坏死和大面积深层溃疡．与对照组相比,实验组小鼠疾病活动指数(3．82±2．77 vs 1．25±1．65,P<0．05),组织病理学评分(2．47±1．33 vs 0．38 0．72,P<0．05)显著升高;促炎细胞因子IL-1(112．9 ±8.3 ng／L vs 81．2±16．3 ng／L,P<0．01),TNF-a(137．9 ±36．7 vs 110．3±22．4 ng／L,P<0．05),IL-6(48．2±4．3 ng／L vs 36．1±7．2 ng／L,P<0．01)活性亦显著升高,而抗炎细胞因子IL-4(96．7±16．5 ng／L vs 130．1±13．1 ng／L, P<0．01)和IL-10(107．3±31．2 ng／L vs 149．8±45．1 ng／L, P<0．01)活性显著降低．结论:DNCB诱导的结肠炎与促炎细胞因子水平升高, 抗炎细胞因子水平降低有关．     

大鼠重症急性胰腺炎内毒素血症、细胞因子和一氧化氮的变化及善宁的治疗作用

目的:探讨内毒素血症、细胞因子和一氧化氮在重症急性胰腺炎(severe acuce pancreatitis, SAP)发展中的作用及善宁的治疗作用．方法:经胰管逆行注射15 g/L去氧胆酸钠建立SAP模型,给予善宁治疗,观察造模后各时间点血中内毒素(ET)、过氧化脂质(LPO), TNF-α,IL-6,一氧化氮(NO)的变化,并进行相关分析;于24 h后取胰腺组织,测定胰腺组织中LPO,TNF-α,IL-6和NO水平,同时进行相关分析及胰腺组织病理学检查．结果:与对照组比较,SAP组各时间点血浆 ET,LPO,TNF-α,IL-6,NO的水平明显升高 (P<0．01),其中ET,LPO,TNF-α和NO 6 h尤为显著(898±114 EU/L,24．58±1．23 μmol/L, 246．3±16．5 ng／L,162．8±10．9 mmol／L,P< 0．05 vs 12,24 h)．胰腺组织LPO,TNF-α,IL-6, NO的水平SAP组明显高于对照组(3．31±0．85 μmol/g vs 0．33±0．04 μmol/g,P<0．01:2．57± 0．14 ng/g vs 0．16±0．04 ng/g,P<0．01;85．6± 24．6 ng/g vs 32．5±5．7 ng/g,P<0．01;15．3± 1．2 mmol／g vs 6．6±1．4 mmol/g,P<0．01),光镜下胰腺组织病理损害明显．相关分析显示 SAP组血浆LPO,TNF-α,IL-6,NO水平分别与ET水平呈显著正相关(r=0．858,P<0．01:r =0．958,P<0．01;r=0．918,P<0．01;r=0．875, P<0．01)．善宁治疗后上述各指标均较SAP组明显改善(P<0．01)．结论:ET血症、细胞因子、NO等相互激发、相互促进,在SAP的发展中起着重要的协同作用．善宁能阻断这些损伤因子的连锁反应．     

ASC在大鼠胰腺炎肺损伤发病中的作用及中药清胰汤对其表达的影响

目的:探讨ASC(apoptosis-associated specklike protein containing a Caspase recruitment domain)在胰腺炎肺损伤发病机制中的作用及中药清胰汤对胰腺炎肺损伤大鼠ASC及其相关的细胞因子表达的影响．方法:SD大鼠40只,随机分4组:假手术组、胰腺炎肺损伤组、清胰汤治疗组、善宁治疗组．采用15 g／L去氧胆酸钠逆行注入胰胆管诱发胰腺炎肺损伤模型．通过自动生化分析仪检测大鼠血清淀粉酶;采用ELISA法测定血清 IL-1β水平;RT-PCR检测肺组织ASC mRNA的表达;免疫组织化学法检测肺组织和胰腺组织ASC蛋白的表达．通过检测肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性、肺湿／干质量比值和肺组织病理切片判定肺损伤程度．结果:胰腺炎肺损伤组血清淀粉酶和IL-1β水平较假手术组显著升高(77 632±5934 nkat／L vs 16 303±1450 nkat／L,P<0．01和386．26± 50．54 ng／L vs99．11±18．43 ng／L,P<0．01)．清胰汤治疗组血清淀粉酶(17 420±1867 nkat／L)和 IL-1β(105．23±20．21 ng／L)水平较肺损伤组血清淀粉酶(77 632±5934 nkat／L,P<0．01)和IL- 1β水平(386．26±50．54 ng／L,P<0．01)明显下降．善宁治疗组血清淀粉酶(20 437±123 nkat／L) 和IL-1β水平(109．63±19．98 ng／L)较肺损伤组血清淀粉酶(77 632±5934 nkat/L,P<0．01)和 IL-1β水平(386．26±50．54 ng／L,P<0．01)明显下降．假手术组肺组织内ASC mRNA表达较弱．胰腺炎肺损伤组肺组织及胰腺组织内ASC蛋白表达较假手术组显著上调,其灰度值有显著性差异(24．86±5．23 vs 54．12±7．91,P<0．01和 25．46±4．21 vs 52．32±8．10,P<0．01),清胰汤治疗组两者表达显著下调(48．97±7．45vs24．86 ±5．23,P<0．01和49．48±8．13vs25．46±4．21, P<0．01)．善宁治疗组两者的表达亦显著下调 (48．69±5．87 vs 24．86±5．23．P<0．01和49．11± 6．41vs25．46±4．21,P<0．01)．清胰汤治疗组和善宁治疗组肺组织MPO活性减低(5．33±0．50 nkat／L vs 18．67±1．17 nkat／L,P<0．01和5．16± 0．83 nkat／L vs 18．67±1．17 nkat／L,P<0．01),肺湿／干质量比值下降(7．02±0．34 vs 9．98±0．47, P<0．01和6．78±0．33vs9．98±0．47,P<0．01),肺组织损害程度明显减轻．结论:ASC在大鼠胰腺炎肺损伤发病机制中起到一定的作用,中药清胰汤通过下调ASC及其相关细胞因子IL-1β的表达起到治疗胰腺炎肺损伤的作用．     

rAAV-AFP转染人外周血单核细胞来源树突状细胞增强免疫刺激功能

目的:探讨表达甲胎蛋白抗原的重组腺相关病毒rAAV-AFP转染对人外周血单核细胞来源树突状细胞(DC)免疫刺激功能的影响．方法:用rAAV-AFP转染新分离的DC;苔盼蓝拒染法检测每天的活细胞比率;流式细胞仪检测DC表面分子CD80,CD86,CD83,CD40, CD1a,HLA-DR及AFP的表达;并用3H-TdR掺入法检测转染前后DC刺激自体淋巴细胞增殖能力;MTT法检测DC诱导T细胞的杀伤活性．结果:成熟DC 77．7％表达AFP蛋白;转染对活细胞百分率和成熟DC表型无影响,与未转染组无显著差异(P>0．05);转染后DC仍保持较强的刺激自体淋巴细胞增殖的能力,与未转染组也无显著性差异(P>0．05),并且可诱导出特异性杀伤,效应细胞和靶细胞为80:1,40:1,20:1 时,与未转染组相比均有显著差异(35．5±5．5 vs 20．6±4．7;28．7±3．6 vs 15.3±2．5;16．2±2．8 vs 9．6±1．8;均P<0．01)．结论:rAAV可负载AFP基因在DC中表达, rAAV-AFP转染DC对其功能无明显影响,免疫功能更强．     

甘氨酸对内毒素性肝损害保护作用的机制

目的:探讨甘氨酸(Gly)对内毒素(LPS)性肝损害的保护机制．方法:BALB／c小鼠随机分为三组,LPS组(n= 50)经腹腔注射10 mg／kg的LPS,Gly组(n=50) 在注射相同剂量LPS前3 d开始喂饲含50 g／L 的Gly的饲料,正常生理盐水对照组(n=50), 经腹腔注射等体积的生理盐水,光镜观察组织病理学改变,免疫组织化学法检测TLR4表达水平:ELISA法检测血浆TNF-α,IL-10浓度及 RT-PCR检测肝组织中TNF-α,IL-10及TLR4的 mRNA表达水平．结果:Gly能明显提高小鼠存活率,肝脏病理损害程度减轻:Gly组TNF-α水平显著低于LPS 组,差异有统计学意义(708．83±51．29 ng／L vs 1852．8±126．64 ng／L,F=786．21,P<0．05);Gly 组IL-10N加且高峰前移,与LPS组比较差异有统计学意义(418．64±38．86 ng／L vs 211．15 ±26．44 ng／L,P<0．05);Gly组肝组织中TNF-α及TLR4表达也明显减弱,IL-10表达明显增强, 与LPS组比较差异均有统计学意义(分别为 TNF-α A值:1．59±0．14 vs 0．91±0．11;TLR4 A值:0．97±0．12 vs 0．53±0．11;IL-10A值:0．62 ±0．08 vs 1．06±0．15;P均<0．05)．结论:Gly能明显减轻LPS所致的肝损害,其机制可能与其下调肝细胞的TLR4表达,同时上调IL-10的水平有关．     

髓源性树突状细胞过继转移诱导1型糖尿病小鼠免疫耐受及其机制

目的:探讨髓源性树突状细胞(DC)过继转移诱导1型糖尿病(IDDM)小鼠免疫耐受的作用及其机制.方法:体外培养BALB/c小鼠骨髓来源DC,测定纯度,经ip小鼠体内.随后,采用少量多次链脲佐菌素(STZ)ip的方法建立IDDM小鼠模型.每周测定血糖,第4周时处死动物,分离脾脏淋巴细胞并进行体外培养,MTT法测定小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖反应,采用流式细胞术检测CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞.ELISA法测定血清IL-2,IL-4含量.结果:过继转移表达CD11c 的DC4wk后,小鼠的血糖可明显降低,与模型对照组有极显著差异(8.32±1.05mmol/Lvs18.36±1.55mmol/L,P<0.01).与模型对照相比,过继转移DC可使小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖能力降低(0.264±0.019vs0.489±0.012,P<0.05),流式细胞术测定结果显示CD4 CD25 T细胞亚群比例上升到5.28%,而模型对照组仅1.56%.DC过继可有效抑制IL-2分泌(121±19ng/Lvs195±32ng/L,P<0.05),而提高IL-4含量(187±36ng/Lvs76±30ng/L,P<0.01).结论:过继转移髓源性DC可以诱导免疫耐受防止IDDM的发生,其机制与促进体内CD4 CD25 T细胞亚群产生,重建Th1/Th2细胞因子平衡相关.     

恩替卡韦对慢性乙型肝炎患者树突状细胞功能的体外影响

目的:研究恩替卡韦(ETV)对慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者外周血树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC)功能的影响.方法:体外常规分离CHB患者及健康人外周血单个核细胞,诱导扩增后常规培养.第4天将其与一定浓度的恩替卡韦共培养,第8天收获DC进行细胞表型、同种异体混合淋巴细胞反应等相关检测.结果:细胞培养8 d时DC形态分化健康对照组优于CHB ETV处理组,CHB ETV处理组优于CHB组;CHB组CD1a(35.73±3.12 vs 62.31±5.22,P<0.01),CD80(28.19±1.64 vs 45.38±3.10,P<0.01),CD83(22.24±2.14 vs 40.63±7.21,P<0.01)及HLA-DR(36.74±0.98 vs 56.05±3.89,P<0.01)表达明显低于健康对照组,而ETV处理组与CHB组相比CD83 (27.41±9.23 vs 22.24±2.14,P<0.05),CD80(32.67±7.82 vs 28.19±1.64,P<0.05)及HLA-DR(40.84±5.57 vs 36.74±0.98,P<0.01)显著高表达;淋巴细胞增殖能力测定ETV处理组DC刺激同种异体T淋巴细胞增殖能力较CHB组增强(1.53±0.09 vs 1.45±0.12,P<0.05).结论:恩替卡韦作为治疗CHB的新一代核苷类药物,除了直接抑制乙肝病毒DNA合成外,也能够增强CHB患者外周血DC的功能,通过调节机体的免疫系统发挥间接抗病毒作用.     

噪音避水应激中心理因素对大鼠免疫功能的影响

目的:探讨噪音联合避水应激中的心理因素对大鼠免疫功能的影响．方法:成年(?)SD大鼠32只,随机分为实验A, B,C组和对照组．A组大鼠接受避水应激．B组接受噪音应激,C组接受噪音避水复合应激．应激结束后,检测所有大鼠肠系膜淋巴细胞增殖反应和外周血NK细胞杀伤功能．结果:以B淋巴细胞为主的淋巴细胞增殖实验及以T淋巴细胞为主的淋巴细胞增殖实验结果均显示,避水组与对照组淋巴细胞刺激指数无明显差异(P>0．05);噪声组的增殖指数低于对照组(LPS:0．71±0．11 vs 1．00±0．00,P<0．05; PHA:0．68±0．08vs1．00±0．00,P<0．05):复合应激组刺激指数明显低于对照组(LPS:0．4±0．05vs1．00±0．00,P<0．01:PHA:0．46±0．06vs1．00±0．00,P<0．01),且与噪声组也存在差异(LPS:0．4±0．05 vs 0．71±0．11,P<0．05; PHA:0．4±0．05 vs 0．68±0．08,P<0．05)．避水组与对照组的NK细胞杀伤活性无明显差异(P>0．051;而噪声组NK细胞杀伤活性低于对照组(1／10:24．6±11．6 vs 39．5±13．1,P<0．05; 1／20:21．8±9．6 vs 34．6±10．4．P<0．05;1／40: 17．8±7．9vs30．2±10．6,P<0．05);复合刺激组NK细胞杀伤活性明显低于对照组(1／10:17．6±8．3vs39．5±13．1,P<0．01;1／20:14．9±5．8 vs34．6±10．4．P<0．01:1／40:10．2±4．3 vs 30．2±10．6,P<0．01),且与噪声组也存在差异(1／10: 17．6±8．3vs24．6±11．6．P<0．05;1／20:14．9±5．8 vs 21．8±9．6．P<0．05;1／40:10．2±4．3vs 17．8±7．9．P<0．05)．结论:应激导致大鼠免疫功能下降,噪音联合避水应激中的心理因素对大鼠免疫系统抑制起一种潜在的作用．     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Angiographic diagnosis of the degree of serosal invasion of carcinoma of the colon

Angiography using Prostaglandin El^® was performed on 38 patients with carcinoma of the colon in order to diagnose the degree of serosal cancer invasion. The findings at angiography were classified into four groups:1) AG-S3, abnormal change (irregularity and/or encasement) up to marginal vessels; 2) AG-S2, abnormality up to vasa recta; 3) AG-S1, abnormality of penetrating branches of vasa recta within the wall of the colon; and 4) AG-S0, no distinct findings of abovementioned vessels. These angiographic findings were compared with both macroscopic and microscopic serosal cancer invasion. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the macroscopic findings in 84.2 percent of cases. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the microscopic findings in 32.4 percent of cases. Macroscopic findings confirm the angiographic diagnosis precisely but the conflict with microscopic findings should not be overlooked. This may be the result of inflammatory change, adhesion, and fibrosis around carcinoma of the colon.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.