The TsFK-1 digital camera for fluorography and roentgenography

Digital X-ray apparatuses have been designed to substitute for film fluorographs, which are noted for smaller radiation loads and high image quality. The paper describes one of such apparatuses, whose distinctive feature is the use of a low-noise CCD matrix having high-resolution matrix and a high performance luminescence screen. It outlines prospective variants of the use of the apparatus, describes the basic set supplied and its operation, gives its technical data and dimensions.     

Philips Bucky DiagnostTS X线机的数字化改造

采用友通公司的方案，对PhilipsX线机进行了数字化改造，改造后的系统增加了数字化X线平板探测器、控制盒和DR影像工作站，使摄片更加方便快捷，为临床诊断提供了更高质量的图像。     

基于线性模型的牙科曲面断层X射线定位方法

目的 设计基于线性模型的定位模体,解决牙科曲面断层X射线摄影装置快速定位有用线束的问题。方法 应用解一次线性方程的数学原理,将二维平面坐标映射至牙科曲面断层X射线摄影装置探测器平面,通过X射线在探测器平面成像确定纵坐标值而确定横坐标位置,最终确定有用线束在探测器平面所在位置。结果 通过分析应用模型后拍摄的影像,确定其影像纵向图像特征,最终定位的有用线束在探测器平面所在位置准确;对比模体法与胶片法检测结果,模体法定位结果均落在胶片法影像中心90%区域内,经Shapiro-Wilk正态性检验及配对样本t检验,2种方法的定位结果差异无统计学意义（P> 0.05）。结论 对于窄束类设备,基于线性模型方法设计的定位模体可快速有效的定位有用线束在探测器平面所在位置,可有效代替胶片法。     

电视透视X光机升级—改装计算机信息处理系统

现有任何视频X光机(电视透视系统)通过一定的方式改装 ,即嵌入一台计算机 ,能在微机显示器上看到非常清晰的透视图像 ,储存有价值的病灶图片 ,清晰打印透视图像及医生结论。这样既经济实惠 ,又能使现有视频X光机升级     

Methods and devices for low-dose digital fluorography

The paper deals with the theoretical aspects of the required doses of the plane of a detector for digital X-ray fluorographic systems. It presents technical data on a small-dose fluorograph with an X-ray image intensifier.     

A study of digital x-ray detection systems with optical image transfer

The work describes the performance characteristics of roentgenographic screen-optics-CCD-matrix systems based on the KRTs-1 digital roentgenographic system developed at SpektrAp, Ltd. The efficiency of X-ray detection is estimated from the minimum detectable contrast and maximum resolution. The effect of the X-ray imaging system components on the efficiency of detection is studied. The X-ray screen structure is shown to have a crucial effect on the efficiency of detection as estimated from the image resolution.     

Limiting resolution of X-ray computer tomography in examination of man

It is shown as necessary to increase the intensity of radiation source by at least 20 times in order to ensure a 2-fold enhancement of resolution. It predetermines the permissible values of dose per object, which in their turn, condition the permissible values of quantum noise per image (tomogram) as well space and density resolutions. The dose, when intensified purposefully in order to enhance the tomography image resolution, is apparently a limitation for examination of man by X-ray computer tomography.     

计算机信息处理及控制(图文工作站)--电视透视X光机升级

现有任何视频X光机（电视透视系统）通过一定的方式改装，即嵌入一台计算机，能在微机显示器上看到非常清晰的透视图像，储存有价值的病灶图片，清晰打印透视图像及医生结论，同时，通过计算机键盘控制影像增强器对准及定位，透视床的移动和翻转，这样即经济实惠，又能使现有视频X光机升机。     

An experimental study of work load on VDT performance. Part 1. Effects of polarity of screen and color of display

Study were made on the effects of polarity of screen and color of display on work load of VDT tasks. The subjects of the present experiment were eight healthy male college students (age: 21-23 yr) having a naked binocular vision of not less than 0.7 and no astigmatism nor hyperopia. The test consisted of an experimental word processing task in which the subjects visually searched e's in given sequences of alphabetical letters displayed on the CRT and converted them to 5's through keyboard operation. As for experimental conditions, four levels of screen image, that is, positive and negative screens and green and white colored displays were adopted and 2 hr were given for each operation time. Critical flicker fusion (CFF), near point distance, accommodation time, subjective fatigue symptoms, heart rate, electromyogram in upper limbs and performance score were measured. The following results were obtained. Decrease in C.F.F. and extension of near point distance were observed in all experimental conditions during the operating time. Increase in complaints of subjective fatigue related to visual function was observed in all experimental conditions after two hour VDT task. Greater extension of near point distance and larger complaints of subjective fatigue were observed in subjects using the green colored display than in those using the white colored display. This suggests that the visual load using the green colored display is larger than that using the white colored display. A larger decreased in C.F.F. and greater complaints of subjective fatigue were demonstrated in subjects using negative screen than those using positive screen. This suggests that the visual load using the negative screen is larger than that using the positive screen.     

直接数字化摄影DDR技术

从X射线胶片信息数字化、X射线TV影像数字化、IP板数字(CR)、直线扫描数字化到平面阵列数字化，医学X射线成像技术正在进行着一场重大的变革。本文简述了X射线摄影的方法及其图像信息数字化采集的技术，介绍了直接数字化成像DDR的原理和直接X射线探测器DRD技术。     

直接体积成像的实验研究

本文报道了对锥形束Ｘ线下的直接体积重建进行了实验研究，该实验装置包含了铝棒、有机玻璃和空气棒的实体模型、锥形束Ｘ线源，放置系统，荧光屏、增强器、ＣＣＤ摄像机、图像采集器和躲开计算机，实验结果表明，利用现有的Ｘ线诊断设备，可进行直接体积成像。     

数字乳腺断层摄影应用现状及展望

乳腺X线摄影是早期检出乳腺癌最有效手段。但在X线片上由于腺体组织的重叠会影响到病变的检出与诊断。数字乳腺断层摄影（DBT）是一项新的数字乳腺摄影方法,它是由一系列从不同角度拍摄所获得的低剂量X线图像经重建后合成的断层图像。这项技术在获得的三维图像基础上,克服了传统乳腺摄影需要压迫乳腺所带来的不适,以及重叠组织所隐藏的癌灶。DBT可以降低复检率,增加活检病人的选择性,提高癌灶的检出率,有效降低由于组织重叠而造成的误诊,减少患者因＂假阳性＂病变所带来的不必要的焦虑。尽管DBT也存在一定的局限性,但研究表明,这项技术拥有很大的潜能,其价值也会得到更广泛的认同。     

Bi-dimensional correction of x-ray images]

The frequency and contrast characteristics of the unit of the shadow image formation point to a material weakening of the high-frequency components in the spectrum of spatial frequencies already during the formation of the X-ray image. To compensate for this weakening that also takes place in other subassemblies of the television X-ray installation the introduction of an aperture corrector is necessary. As such a corrector in transmitting an image of little mobile objects a bidimensional aperture corrector set up on the transmitting television tube can be effectively used.     

Methods of assessing the parameter detail-contrast of X-ray converting receivers]

The paper analyzes methods for assessing the quality of an image in X-ray complexes (emphasis being laid on digital systems) by using the test object detail-contrast. Two possible variants of design of the test object are presented. Data of experimental assessment and comparison of the parameter detail-contrast for number of X-radiation converting receivers are given.     

程控X线机模拟控制台的研制与实训教学研究

目的：研制程控X线机模拟控制台,解决医学影像技术专业学生人数多、实际设备少、实训教学存在困难的问题.方法：以FSK302-1A 500 mA程控X线机遥控控制台为仿真参考模型,使用一个显示屏以汉字的形式随时显示操作各按键或旋钮的动作结果,使用另一个液晶屏以虚拟动画显示诊视床和影像增强器的运动形式.设实验班与对照班比较,实验班依照说明书使用模拟设备训练后再到医院实岗带练;对照班实施传统的课堂讲授后再到医院见习法.结果：在程控X线机技能操作考核项目中,分步骤计分,实验班学生优秀率为98％,对照班优秀率为80％.结论：使用模拟设备实训教学,使学生反复训练,可弥补实际教学设备的不足,提高学生的操作技能.     

A random change point model for assessing variability in repeated measures of cognitive function

Some cognitive functions undergo transitions in old age, which motivates the use of a change point model for the individual trajectory. The age when the change occurs varies between individuals and is treated as random. We illustrate the properties of a random change point model and use it for data from a Swedish study of change in cognitive function in old age. Variance estimates are obtained from Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation using Gibbs sampling. The random change point model is compared with models within the family of linear random effects models. The focus is on the ability to capture variability in measures of cognitive function. The models make different assumptions about the variance over the age span, and we demonstrate that the random change point model has the most reasonable structure.     

传染性非典型肺炎31例胸部X线影像表现

目的研究传染性非典型肺炎影像特点。为今后该病的诊断提供X线诊断依据。方法回顾性分析研究31例临床诊断为传染性非典型肺炎患者胸部X线检查结果。结果从发热到出现胸部X线异常影像平均为4.2d,从出现异常影像到极期(X线影像最重的1d)平均为6.4d,从极期到大部或基本吸收消散平均为8d。有28例双侧中、下肺野出现不同程度的阴影,占90.3%;有16例早期表现为雾状、磨砂玻璃样浅淡阴影,占51.6%;全部病例均为多叶、多节段受损,占100%;有12例遗留条索状、网格状、蜂窝状阴影,占38.7%。结论传染性非典型肺炎发病后数天内胸片可无异常改变;大多数患者肺损害为多叶,多节段;胸片影像表现四不象,呈多种肺部炎性疾病影像表现;胸片阴影多发部位在中下2/3肺野;一部分患者遗留肺纤维化;胸部CT检查可早期发现病灶。     

A study of parameters of scanning roentgenographic systems

The paper presents the study results related with operational properties of digital X-ray diagnostic systems designed on the basis of silicon detectors. Suggestions are defined for the use of evaluation methods applicable to image parameters with respect to the properties of an examined object.     

Test object for monitoring the spatial resolving ability and contrast sensitivity of X-ray diagnostic equipment

The present paper deals with the theory and practice of controlling the measuring and deciphering properties of X-ray image. It describes the design and methods for using the original test object intended for an objective assessment of the spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity of X-ray apparatuses.     

一种用于X线数字直接成像系统的立体图象显示和观察装置

本文详细地介绍了一种基于ＰＣ机的立体图象显示和观察装置。该装置利用ＴＶＧＡ－８９００显示卡的帧同步信号，通过特殊的软件交替切换左右两幅图象并控制液晶（ＬＣＤ）开关眼镜在ＰＣ机监视器上实现立体图象显示和观察的。它具有分辨率高，实时性好，操作简单等特点，并能根据观察者的需要随意改变物体的前后位置。该装置在医学图象诊断和工业无损探伤等领域具有较大的应用价值。