黄芪多糖对NOD小鼠1型糖尿病的预防作用

目的 探讨黄芪多糖对NOD小鼠1型糖尿病的预防作用。方法 比较APS预免疫组NOD小鼠和NS对照组NOD小鼠DM发病率、血清C-P和GAD-Ab水平、脾脏T细胞亚群比例、胰岛组织病理学和免疫组化。结果 APS组与NS组比较,DN发病率显著降低,血清C-P水平显著增高,胰岛炎症程度减轻,CD8T细胞亚群比例显著增高,CD4/CD8比值显著降低。结论 早期应用黄芪多糖预免疫可以预防或延缓NOD小鼠1型糖尿病的发病。     

双歧杆菌对NOD小鼠1型糖尿病的免疫干预作用

目的 了解早期应用双歧杆菌对非肥胖糖尿病（NOD）小鼠糖尿病发病的影响.方法 将4周龄雌性NOD小鼠随机分为两组：实验组（20只）给予双歧杆菌0.25 mg/g体重/天（制备成活菌悬液0.5ml）,对照组（20只）给予等量的磷酸盐缓冲液（PBS）.4周龄开始给药至30周龄,每周测体重,于15周龄时各组分别处死6只小鼠,取胰腺组织HE染色进行胰岛炎评分;其余小鼠30周龄时观察发病率,同时观察胰岛炎,脾脏T细胞亚群变化.结果双歧杆菌组糖尿病发病率28.57%,明显低于对照组78.57%（P＜0.05）,发病时间也显著延缓,胰岛炎程度明显减轻,残存胰岛数目高于对照组;脾CD4^＋、CD8^＋T细胞亚群双歧杆菌组明显低于对照组（CD4^＋T细胞P＜0.01,CD8^＋T细胞P＜0.05）.结论 双歧杆菌对NOD小鼠1型糖尿病发病有预防和延迟的作用,其机制可能与调节小鼠CD4^＋、CD8^＋T细胞亚群有关。     

1型糖尿病的分子免疫学研究进展

1型糖尿病是一种T细胞介导的器官特异性自身免疫性疾病。在其发病中有许多免疫细胞参与，包括CD4^ 和CD8^ T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞等，其中CD4^ T淋巴细胞起中心性作用，按其分泌细胞因子的不同大致分为Th1和Th2两亚群。许多研究表明，在胰岛B细胞的损伤、胰岛炎的加重、糖尿病的发生过程中，Th1细胞及细胞因子和Th2细胞及细胞因子起了重要的作用。     

结核性及恶性肿瘤性胸腔积液淋巴细胞亚群比例以及Th1/Th2免疫平衡研究

目的探讨Th1／Th2免疫应答平衡在结核性和恶性肿瘤性胸腔积液病理生理过程中的可能作用。方法对24例治疗前结核性胸腔积液以及28例患者恶性胸腔积液患者胸液标本进行有核细胞计数、分类和流式细胞仪检测淋巴细胞亚群,检测CD3^＋,CD3^＋CD4^＋、CD3^＋CD8^＋T淋巴细胞亚群比例,并计算CD4^＋／CD8^＋值;利用夹心酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）法检测胸液标本中INF-γ、IL-18、TNF-α以及IL-10的浓度。结果结核性胸腔积液患者胸水中T辅助淋巴细胞以CD3^＋CD4^＋细胞为主,其CD3^＋细胞比例、CD3^＋CD4^＋细胞比例以及CD4^＋／CD8^＋值均高于恶性肿瘤性胸腔积液组（P〈0．01）。2组研究对象INF-γ、IL-18、TNF-α以及IL-10的浓度分别是（中位数）：结核性胸腔积液组942．0、1526、62pg／ml和153pg／ml;恶性胸腔积液组10．35、1763、8．85pg／ml和66．85pg／ml。结核性胸腔积液中INF-γ、TNF—α以及IL-10均明显高于恶性肿瘤性胸腔积液中的水平（P〈0．01）,且平均分别高约90倍、7倍和2倍。IL-18在2组胸腔积液中的含量无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结核性胸腔积液IL-18／IL-10明显低于恶性肿瘤性胸腔积液组（P〈0．01）。结论结核性胸腔积液表现为Th1免疫应答为主;而恶性肿瘤性胸腔积液患者存在明显的细胞免疫功能低下。这种低下可能主要以T辅助淋巴细胞受损、Th1免疫应答降低以及Th2免疫应答升高为主。IFN-γ可作为鉴别结核性胸腔积液和恶性肿瘤性胸腔积液特异性和敏感度较高的指标。     

异基因骨髓干细胞移植后重建NOD小鼠T淋巴细胞亚群比值的研究

目的：探讨骨髓干细胞移植对NOD小鼠免疫系统重建和预防糖尿病发生的机制。方法：①21只6周龄NOD雌性鼠接受9．5cGy全身照射后随机分为两组,移植组10只,对照组11只;②每周监测血常规和血糖的变化;③小鼠饲养至发生糖尿病时或至30周龄时处死,摘取脾脏分离淋巴细胞,通过流式细胞术检测移植鼠与非移植鼠脾脏CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD8^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋淋巴细胞;采用ELISA法测定血清中IFN-γ水平;吉姆萨染色法计数小鼠骨髓分裂相中Y染色体所占比例,检测嵌合程度并作为细胞植活标记。结果：①移植后NOD受鼠经骨髓细胞的性别染色体检测显示均植入成功;②实验组糖尿病发病率显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）,且发病时间与对照组比较明显延缓（P〈0．05）;③实验组和对照组CD3^＋T细胞、CD4^＋T细胞比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,但实验组CD8^＋T细胞显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。实验组的CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）,血清IFN7数值也显著低于对照组水平（P〈0．01）。结论：NOD鼠在通过异基因骨髓干细胞移植后,能降低糖尿病的发生率和延缓糖尿病的发生,可能与移植后免疫重建,下调CD4^＋／CD8^＋T细胞的比值,使Th1／Th2极化向Th2偏移等机制相关,异基因骨髓干细胞移植可能成为防治1型糖尿病的新途径。     

黄芪多糖对NOD鼠胰岛细胞因子基因表达的影响

目的　探讨黄芪多糖 (APS)以NOD小鼠 1型糖尿病免疫干预的分子机制。方法　应用RT CPR技术分别检测APS处理组和对照组NOD小鼠所有胰腺组织内 15条细胞因子mRNA的表达水平。结果　与对照组相比 ,APS组IL 1β、IL 2、IL 6、IL 12、TNF α、INF γ、Fas、iNOS的mRNA表达水平明显下调 ,IL 4、IL 5、IL 10、TGF β、Bcl 2、SOD的mRNA表达水平明显上调。结论　APS能纠正NOD小鼠Th1/Th2型细胞 /细胞因子的免疫失衡状态 ,预防或延缓 1型糖尿病的发生     

卡介菌多糖核酸对尖锐湿疣患者外周血T细胞亚群及其细胞因子表达的影响

目的 研究卡介菌多糖核酸（BCG-PSN）对尖锐湿疣（CA）患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群及胞内细胞因子表达的影响，探讨BCG-PSN对尖锐湿疣可能的免疫调节机制。方法 采用三色和双色荧光抗体染色技术经流式细胞仪检测18例CA患者在BCG-PSN治疗前后外周血T淋巴细胞亚群及CD4^＋T细胞、CD8^＋T细胞内IL-2、IL-4、IL-12、IFN-γ染色阳性细胞百分率。结果 在BCG-PSN治疗前，CA患者CD3^＋T细胞、CD4^＋T细胞、CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值明显低于对照组（均P〈O．01），CD4^＋T细胞和CD8^＋T细胞内IL-2、IL-12、IFN-γ阳性细胞百分率较对照组明显下降（均P〈0．01），IL-4阳性细胞百分率与对照组比较差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）；而治疗后CA患者CD3^＋T细胞、CD4^＋T细胞、CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值明显高于治疗前（均P〈O．01）；CD4^＋T细胞和CD8^＋T细胞内IL-2、IL-12、IFN-γ阳性细胞百分率较治疗前升高（均P〈0．01）。结论 BCG-PSN可通过调节尖锐湿疣患者T细胞亚群，纠正患者Th1／Th2模式及Tc1／Tc2模式失衡现象，起到治疗尖锐湿疣的作用。     

多巴胺D1样受体在介导调节CD4^＋T淋巴细胞功能中的作用

目的：从分子水平揭示CD4^＋ T淋巴细胞表达D1受体和D5受体mRNA的现象,探讨这些受体在调节CD4^＋ T淋巴细胞功能中的作用.方法：采用免疫磁珠分离和纯化小鼠淋巴结CD4^＋ T淋巴细胞.用抗CD3/CD28抗体刺激活化CD4^＋ T淋巴细胞,并用D1样受体激动剂SKF38393、拮抗剂SCH23390分别作用于CD4^＋ T淋巴细胞,然后采用real-time PCR法检测CD4^＋ T淋巴细胞上D1受体和D5受体mRNA的表达,Th1细胞特异性转录因子（T-box expressed in T cells,T-bet）和细胞因子干扰素γ（interferon-γ,IFN-γ）的表达,Th2细胞特异性转录因子GATA binding protein 3（GATA 3）和细胞因子白细胞介素-4（interleukin-4,IL-4）的表达,Th17细胞特异性转录因子（retinoid acid-related orphan receptor gammat,RoR γt）和细胞因子IL-17、IL-22的表达.结果：D1样受体激动剂SKF38393（10^-8和10^-7 mol/L）作用于CD4^＋ T淋巴细胞后,CD4^＋ T淋巴细胞表达D1样受体mRNA增高,IFN-γ的表达降低,GATA 3、IL-4的表达增高,但T-bet、RoR γt、IL-17和IL-22的表达没有变化,SCH23390（10^-7 mol/L）能阻断SKF38393的这些作用.结论：CD4^＋ T淋巴细胞能表达多巴胺D1样受体,CD4^＋ T淋巴细胞上D1样受体的激活可促进CD4^＋ T淋巴细胞向Th2细胞分化、抑制Th1细胞功能及增强Th2细胞功能.     

吸毒人群中HIV、TB感染者免疫细胞和细胞因子监测

目的测定吸毒人群外周血中T细胞亚群、Th1—Th2细胞因子,评价HIV、TB感染后免疫学指标的变化。方法对吸毒人群中9例HIV阳性者、5例患活动性结核病者、40例吸毒人群中健康者及40例正常人群,应用流式细胞技术（FCM）分别检测CD3^＋、CD3^＋CD4^＋．CD3^＋CD8^＋细胞百分率,计算CD3^＋CD4^＋／CD3^＋CD8^＋即Th细胞与Ts细胞的比值,采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测Th1（IL-2、IFN-γ）/Th2（IL-4、IL-6）细胞因子浓度。结果HIV感染组、TB感染组及吸毒者健康组、正常人组各项指标间差异有统计学意义,CD3^＋CD4^＋／CD3^＋CD8^＋即Th细胞与Ts细胞的比值及Th1（IL-2、IFN-1）浓度均明显低于对照组,HIV〈TB〈吸毒人员健康者〈正常人群（P〈0．05）。而Th2（IL-4、IL-6）细胞因子浓度则明显高于正常人群。结论CD3^＋CD4^＋／CD3^＋CD8^＋即Th细胞与Ts细胞的比值及Th1（IL-2、IFN-γ）/Th2（IL-4、IL-6）细胞因子浓度的检测在评价HIV、TB感染者的免疫状况、进展和预后判断等方面具有重要作用。     

Th1/Th2亚群失衡与自身免疫性糖尿病

自身免疫性糖尿病 (autoimmunediabetes )是 1型糖尿病的一个亚型 ,是指有一定的遗传基础 ,并在多种因素的共同作用下 ,由T淋巴细胞介导的以胰岛 β细胞损害为主要特征的器官特异性自身免疫性疾病。在其发病中有许多免疫细胞参与 ,包括CD4+ 和CD8+ T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞、单核细胞、巨噬细胞 (MΦ)、树突状细胞等 ,这些细胞对胰岛的浸润引发胰岛的炎症 ,并致胰岛 β细胞的损伤 ,使胰岛素分泌减少或缺乏 ,糖尿病发生。其中CD4+ T淋巴细胞起中心性作用[1] 。按其分泌细胞因子的不同大致分Th1和Th2两亚群。Th1/Th2亚群失衡与自身免疫性糖…     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.