青少年的人格、师生关系与心理健康的关系研究

目的：探讨青少年人格类型、师生关系对心理健康状况的影响。方法：采用人格五因素问卷、师生关系问卷、症状自评量表．对西安市2所普通中学随机抽取的931名初一、初二、高一、高二的青少年进行调查。结果：①，青少年的整体心理健康水平良好．不同年级、性别青少年的心理健康水平差异显著；②不同师生关系类型、不同人格类型的青少年心理健康水平差异显著；③人格五因素中的情绪性、外向性、开放性、谨慎性和师生关系中的冲突性对青少年的心理健康水平均有显著预测效应。结论：冲突型师生关系、情绪型人格类型的青少年心理健康水平较低。     

家庭弹性与青少年心理适应的关系：年级差异比较

目的:探讨初、高中青少年的家庭弹性水平以及家庭弹性各维度对青少年心理适应状况的预测作用及年级差异。方法:采用自编家庭弹性评定问卷、流调中心用抑郁量表、牛津幸福感问卷简版对北京614名中学生进行测查。结果:(1)初中组在家庭弹性总体得分以及问题解决、情感联结、乐观接纳、逆境意义、未来设想维度上的得分显著高于高中组。(2)家庭弹性乐观接纳维度对初中生和高中生的心理适应均有显著的预测作用。(3)情感联结对初中生心理适应的预测作用显著,获得支持对高中生心理适应的预测作用显著。结论:家庭弹性对青少年心理适应的预测作用在初、高中生之间存在相似性和差异性,其中情感联结对初中生预测性更大,而获得支持对高中生的预测性更大。     

人格与青少年疏离感的关系:社会支持的中介作用

目的:考察青少年疏离感的基本情况及人格、社会支持与青少年疏离感之间的关系。方法:采用大五人格量表(简化版)、社会支持评定量表和青少年学生疏离感量表对541名初、高中生进行调查。结果:①青少年的环境疏离感最高,社会疏离感次高,人际疏离感最低。②青少年疏离感在年级上存在显著差异,性别差异不显著。③青少年疏离感与人格的开放性、责任意识、外倾性、群体相容性和情绪稳定性维度,与社会支持总分及各维度均呈显著负相关。④人格的五个维度及社会支持对青少年疏离感均具有显著的预测作用。⑤社会支持在群体相容性与青少年疏离感之间起完全中介作用;在责任意识、外倾性与青少年疏离感之间起部分中介作用。结论:人格既直接影响青少年疏离感,同时又通过社会支持对其产生间接影响。     

高中生人格特质与坚韧性的关系

探讨高中生人格特质与坚韧性的关系。采用人格坚韧性问卷和大五人格量表调查362名高中生。结果显示,在控制了年龄和性别后,人格特质能够预测高中生的坚韧性。具体而言,责任性、外倾性、开放性和宜人性可显著预测坚韧性的承诺维度,神经质可负向预测承诺维度;开放性和外倾性可显著预测坚韧性的挑战维度;责任性、开放性和外倾性可显著预测坚韧性的控制维度,神经质可负向预测控制维度。     

青少年家庭功能的发展特点及其与心理健康的关系

目的考察青少年家庭功能的发展特点及其与心理健康的关系。方法采用家庭功能量表和SCL-90对西安市的928名中学生进行问卷调查。结果在家庭功能的沟通、父母控制和父母关注维度上,女生得分低于男生(2.34±0.86/2.48±0.84,t=5.86,1.29±0.64/1.30±0.55,t=4.77,1.99±0.99/2.25±1.00,t=15.8,P<0.05、0.01);在沟通维度上不同年级学生得分差异有显著性(F=3.43,P<0.05),高一学生得分高于初一(2.51±0.85/2.32±0.86),在父母控制维度各年级得分差异有显著性(F=7.5,P<0.01),初一年级得分多于高一年级(2.35±1.04/2.04±0.98)。回归分析发现,家庭功能的冲突与和谐、沟通及父母控制维度可正向预测个体心理健康状况(标准回归系数=6.155、0.144、0.124)。结论女生的家庭功能状况好于男生,初一年级的家庭功能状况最好;家庭功能的冲突与和谐、沟通和父母控制维度均可显著预测个体心理健康水平。     

武警新兵人格、心境、焦虑与心理健康的相关分析

目的:探讨新兵人格、心境、焦虑和心理健康之间的关系,为心理干预提供科学依据。方法:采用整群抽样法,利用大五人格问卷(GBFS)、心境状态量表(POMS)、状态-特质焦虑问卷(STAI)和一般健康问卷(GHQ-12)对武警某部421名新兵进行问卷调查。结果:大五人格中道德感、开放性、利他性和适应性4个维度和普通大学生存在显著差异;心境状态中紧张、抑郁、疲劳和自尊感4个维度及情绪纷乱总分均显著高于常模组,而愤怒维度低于常模组;状态焦虑显著高于常模组;GHQ-12总分与大五人格中适应性维度呈显著性正相关,而与其它维度呈显著性负相关;GHQ-12总分与心境状态中消极性情绪维度呈显著性正相关,与积极性情绪维度呈显著性负相关;GHQ-12总分与状态-特质焦虑呈显著性正相关。心境和状态焦虑共同可解释心理健康31.7%的变异。结论:在入营初期,武警新兵心理健康水平状况总体较好,心理健康受到人格、心境、焦虑等因素的综合影响,其中保持良好情绪和适度焦虑是维持心理健康的关键因素。     

高中生友谊质量对学校孤独感的影响:自我概念的中介作用

目的:了解高中生友谊质量与学校孤独感的关系以及自我概念的中介效应。方法:采用青少年孤独感问卷、友谊质量问卷和自我概念问卷对福州市412名高中生进行调查。结果:高中生的学校孤独感存在显著的维度差异,同伴地位评价维度得分最高;高中生学校孤独感在社交需要未满足上存在显著的性别差异,男生高于女生;高中生的友谊质量可以直接负向预测学校孤独感;高中生自我概念在友谊质量与学校孤独感之间起部分中介作用。     

高中生家庭亲密度、适应性与心理亚健康的关系

目的:了解高中生家庭亲密度、适应性与心理亚健康的关系,为促进青少年心理健康提供依据.方法:抽取山东省某市1286名高中生,利用青少年亚健康多维评定问卷、家庭亲密度和适应性量表中文版进行问卷调查.结果:女生在家庭亲密度上显著高于男生(t=-2.38,P＜0.05),重点学校、城市学生及独生子女在家庭亲密度和适应性上均高于...     

大学生社会适应与五因素人格间关系的研究

目的:探讨大学生社会适应的特点及其与五因素人格的关系.方法:采用大学生社会适应问卷、五因素人格问卷对911名大学生进行调查.结果:①大学生社会适应总体水平较高,男生的人际关系适应显著低于女生,满意度显著高于女生;大一的社会适应状况最好,大四的最差.②人格与社会适应各维度及总分间均存在显著的相关.③不同人格类型大学生的社会适应状况间两两差异显著,和谐型最好,情绪型其次,退缩型最差.结论:五因素人格与社会适应各维度存在显著相关,不同人格类型大学生的社会适应差异显著.     

违法青少年家庭环境、教养方式和人格特征的对照研究

目的:调查违法青少年的家庭环境、教养方式和人格特征。方法:采用家庭环境量表中文版(FES-CV)、家庭教养方式问卷(FUSQ)、大五人格问卷简版(FFI-R)和巴瑞特冲动人格问卷(BIS-11)对290名12-25岁违法青少年进行调查,并与188名正常对照组进行比较。结果:违法青少年FES-CV矛盾性、成功性和控制性等维度分高于对照组,亲密度、情感表达、知识性和娱乐性等维度得分低于对照组(P0.05);违法青少年家庭教养方式各维度均低于对照组(P0.001);违法青少年FFI-R友善性和开放性得分低于对照组,冲动性得分高于对照组(P0.001)。结论:违法青少年生活于低亲密度、低情感表达、高矛盾性的家庭氛围中,感受到更多的负性家庭教养方式,表现出低友善性、低开放性和高冲动性等人格特征。     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

Postinfectious immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: pathogenic and clinical values and implications

Autoimmunity is still a mystery of clinical immunology and medicine as a whole. The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders remain unclear and, thus, are assessed as a balance between hereditary predisposition, triggering factors and the appearance of autoantibodies and/or self-reactive T cells. Among the immunological armamentarium, molecular mimicry, based on self-reactive T- and B-cell activation by cross-reactive epitopes of infectious agents, is of special value. Hypotheses regarding the possible involvement of molecular mimicry in the development of postinfectious autoimmunity are currently very intriguing. They provide new approaches for identifying etiological agents that are associated with postinfectious autoimmunity, paired microbial- and tissue-linked epitopes targeted for autoimmune reaction determination, postinfectious autoimmunity pathogenesis recognition and specific prevention, and therapy for autoimmune disorder development.     

Beta-endorphin and drug-induced reward and reinforcement

Although drugs of abuse have different acute mechanisms of action, their brain pathways of reward exhibit common functional effects upon both acute and chronic administration. Long known for its analgesic effect, the opioid beta-endorphin is now shown to induce euphoria, and to have rewarding and reinforcing properties. In this review, we will summarize the present neurobiological and behavioral evidences that support involvement of beta-endorphin in drug-induced reward and reinforcement. Currently, evidence supports a prominent role for beta-endorphin in the reward pathways of cocaine and alcohol. The existing information indicating the importance of beta-endorphin neurotransmission in mediating the reward pathways of nicotine and THC, is thus far circumstantial. The studies described herein employed diverse techniques, such as biochemical measurements of beta-endorphin in various brain sites and plasma, and behavioral measurements, conducted following elimination (via administration of anti-beta-endorphin antibodies or using mutant mice) or augmentation (by intracerebral administration) of beta-endorphin. We suggest that the reward pathways for different addictive drugs converge to a common pathway in which beta-endorphin is a modulating element. beta-Endorphin is involved also with distress. However, reviewing the data collected so far implies a discrete role, beyond that of a stress response, for beta-endorphin in mediating the substance of abuse reward pathway. This may occur via interacting with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and also by its interesting effects on learning and memory. The functional meaning of beta-endorphin in the process of drug-seeking behavior is discussed.     

PTEN与信号转导及肿瘤

ＴＥＮ[1] (ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅａｎｄｔｅｎｓｉｎｈｏｍｏｌｏｇｙｄｅｌｅｔｅｄｏｎｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅｔｅｎ)又名ＭＭＡＣ1 [2 ] (ｍｕｔａｔｅｄｉｎｍｕｔｉｐｌｙａｄａｎｃｅｄｃａｎｃｅｒ 1 )和ＴＥＰ1 [3 ] (ＴＧＦ -βｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｄｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌ -ｒｉｃｈｅｄｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ 1 ) (以下均称为ＰＴＥＮ) ,是 1 997年由 3个研究小组先后发现的一个具有双特异磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因。ＰＴＥＮ基因异常广泛存在于人类多种恶性肿瘤 ,如恶性神经胶质瘤、前列腺癌、子宫内膜癌、黑色素瘤等…     

Tobacco and alcohol and the risk of head and neck cancer

Summary We carried out two case-control studies on the relative risk of head and neck cancer in association with tobacco and alcohol consumption. The first study carried out at the ENT Department of the University hospitals of Heidelberg and Giessen (FRG) comprised 200 male patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck and 800 control subjects matched for sex, age, and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the tumour patients, 4.5% had never smoked, in contrast to 29.5% of the control group. The average tobacco and alcohol consumption of the patients was approximately twice as high as in the control subjects. The highest alcohol and tobacco consumption was observed in patients suffering from oropharyngeal cancer. Tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of head and neck cancer in a dose-dependent fashion and acted as independent risk factors. In heavy smokers (> 60 pack-years) a relative risk of 23.4 (alcohol adjusted) was calculated. Combined alcohol and tobacco consumption showed a synergistic effect. The risk ratio increased more in a multiplicative than in an additive manner. Oral and laryngeal cancer were associated with the highest tobacco-associated risk values. The highest ethanol-associated risk values were associated with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. The second study was carried out at the ENT Department of the University of Heidelberg on 164 males with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and 656 control subjects matched for sex, age and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the cases, 4.2% had never smoked, compared with 28.5% of the control subjects. The risk of laryngeal cancer by tobacco consumption was dose dependent, reaching a maximum value of 9.1 (adjusted for alcohol) for a consumption of more than 50 tobacco-years (TY). The relative risk of laryngeal cancer associated with alcohol intake was also dose dependent, reaching a value of 9.0 (adjusted for tobacco) for a mean daily consumption of more than 75 g alcohol. An analysis of subsite specific risks showed that heavy smokers (> 50 TY) carried a nearly ten times higher risk of supraglottic cancer than of glottic cancer. The risk of supraglottic cancer from alcohol consumption was also higher than that of glottic cancer.     

Muscle strength and serum testosterone,cortisol and SHBG concentrations in middle-aged and elderly men and women

Forty healthy males (M) and females (F) divided into two different age groups i.e. M50 years (range 44–57; n= 9), F50 years (range 43–54; n= 9), M70 years (range 64–73; n= 11) and F70 years (range 63–73; n= 11) volunteered as subjects for examination of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximal voluntary isometric force production characteristics of the leg extensor muscles and serum androgen and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations. The CSA in the male groups was greatly larger (P < 0.01) than in the female groups and both elderly groups demonstrated slightly (n.s.) smaller values in the CSA than the two middle-aged groups. Maximal force of 2854 ± 452 N in M50 was greater (P < 0.05) than that of 2627 ± 752 N recorded for F50 as well as the force of 2787 ± 843 in M70 was greater (P < 0.001) than that of 1849 ± 295 recorded for F70. The force between F50 and F70 differed significantly (P < 0.05) from each other. The maximal rate of force production in M50 was greater (P < 0.01) than in F50 as well as in M70 greater (P < 0.001) than in F70. Both middle-aged groups demonstrated greater (P < 0.05) values than the respective elderly groups of the same sex. The individual values in the CSA correlated with the values in maximal force both in the middle-aged subjects (r= 0.66; P < 0.01) and in the elderly subjects (r= 0.69; P < 0.01). The mean concentration of serum testosterone in M50 was slightly (n.s.) greater than in M70 and in F50 significantly (P < 0.05) greater than in F70. Serum SHBG levels were lower in the males (P < 0.01) than in the females and serum testosterone/SHBG ratio in M70 and in F70 were lower (P < 0.05) than in M50 and in F50, respectively. In the females significant positive correlations were observed between the individual values in serum testosterone concentration and the values both in the CSA (r= 0.46; P < 0.05) and in maximal force (r= 0.62; P < 0.01) as well as between serum testosterone/SHBG ratio and both the CSA (r= 0.55; P < 0.05) and maximal force (r= 0.68; P < 0.01). The present results imply that the decreasing basal level of blood testosterone over the years in aging people, especially in females, may lead to decreasing anabolic effects on muscles thus having an association with age-related declines in the maximal voluntary neuromuscular performance capacity in aging people.     

海洛因成瘾与学习记忆

海洛因成瘾是我国发病最高,危害最大的一种成瘾性疾病,而其中枢机制则是解决临床预防和治疗的关键,至今仍不清楚。既往工作表明,学习记忆功能在海洛因成瘾的中枢机制中居于重要的中心环节。本文在总结既往海洛因成瘾研究工作基础上联系学习记忆功能,试图从系统整合层次分析相关领域研究工作的不足和今后工作的发展方向。