0.375%左旋布比卡因与罗哌卡因用于肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞果及术后镇痛的临床观察

目的 观察罗哌卡因和左旋布比卡因用于肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的阻滞效果以及术后镇痛时间.方法 选择行上肢手术的病人40例,随机分为两组,每组20例,分别用0.375%左旋布比卡因和0.375%罗哌卡因25ml行臂丛神经阻滞,术中行阻滞满意程度评价,术后行VAS评分,并记录感觉、运动阻滞恢复时间.结果 两组术中阻滞满意度相同,同时左旋布比卡因组感觉和运动恢复时间长于罗哌卡因组(P＜0.01).结论 两组术中阻滞满意度相同.和罗哌卡因相比,左旋布比卡因可提供更为满意的术后镇痛.     

咪达唑仑复合左旋布比卡因用于臂丛神经阻滞上肢手术中效果观察

目的探讨咪达唑仑复合左旋布比卡因用于臂丛神经阻滞上肢手术中效果。方法选择2017年4月~2018年9月行上肢手术的患者100例进行观察,采用随机数字表法均分为观察组和对照组各50例。两组患者均行超声引导下臂丛神经阻滞,对照组接受0.375%的左旋布比卡因30mL+1mL生理盐水,观察组接受0.375%的左旋布比卡因30mL+咪达唑仑50μg/kg。比较两组患者臂丛神经阻滞效果,切皮时及术毕时的VAS评分和Ramsay评分,以及围术期不良反应。结果观察组的痛觉和运动阻滞起效时间明显短于对照组,而持续时间长于对照组,且镇痛时间长于对照组,观察组切皮和术毕时的VAS评分均低于对照组,术毕时Ramsay评分高于对照组,上述差异均有统计学意义(P 0.05);两组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.102,P=0.749)。结论咪达唑仑复合左旋布比卡因用于臂丛神经阻滞上肢手术中可有效增强麻醉效果,缩短阻滞起效时间,延长持续时间及镇痛时间,安全有效。     

0.375%左旋布比卡因在肌间沟法臂丛阻滞中的应用

新型局麻药左旋布比卡因是布比卡因的左旋光学异构体,实验表明,左旋布比卡因比布比卡因的神经、心脏毒性低[1],但其麻醉效果并未减弱,因而受到关注.我们用0.375%左旋布比卡因行肌间沟法臂丛阻滞,并与0.5%罗比卡因进行对照,观察其在臂丛阻滞中的麻醉效果及不良反应,现报告如下.     

左旋布比卡因和罗哌卡因在腋路臂丛神经阻滞麻醉的效果观察

目的用相同浓度左旋布比卡因和罗哌卡因行腋路臂丛神经阻滞,以观察左旋布比卡因和罗哌卡因对臂丛神经阻滞麻醉的效果。方法60例因上肢疾病需行手术治疗的住院患者,随机分为两组,每组30例:R组0.375%罗哌卡因,L组0.375%左旋布比卡因,按0.4mL.kg-1体重注射局麻药,采用相同麻醉方法后比较两组患者麻醉效果。结果感觉阻滞起效时间、感觉阻滞持续时间、运动阻滞起效时间两组无显著性差异;感觉阻滞消退时间R组显著长于L组;运动阻滞持续时间、消退时间R组显著短于L组;II级以上运动阻滞R组60%,L组80%。结论左旋布比卡因和罗哌卡因都是安全的长效局麻药,两者具有各自的优点,针对不同的手术需要,可选择不同的麻醉药。左旋布比卡因给临床麻醉增加了更多的用药选择。     

吗啡布比卡因臂丛麻醉与术后镇痛的临床观察

目的:观察吗啡布比卡因混合液用于臂丛麻醉与术后镇痛的临床疗效,从而研究吗啡布比卡因用于臂丛麻醉与镇痛的机理。方法:将50例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级患者,随机均分为2组。A组(对照组):0.375％布比卡因,B组(观察组):0.375％布比卡因+2 mg吗啡。用不同麻醉药25～35 mL作臂丛神经阻滞,注药后观察麻醉起效时间,阻滞完全时间,麻醉与术后镇痛持续时间(P<0.01)。结果:含有吗啡的B组麻醉与术后镇痛效果明显优于未加用吗啡的A组。结论:除中枢神经系统外,周围神经系统也可能存在多种阿片样物质和阿片受体。     

不同容量0.25%布比卡因用于小儿手外伤超声引导下腋路臂丛神经分支阻滞效果比较

目的：比较不同容量0.25%布比卡因在小儿手外伤手术超声引导下腋路臂丛神经分支阻滞中的效果。方法选择解放军白求恩国际和平医院2013年6月—2015年1月择期在腋路臂丛麻醉下行手外伤手术患儿120例,随机分为0．25%左旋布比卡因0.35 ml/kg组、0.30 ml/kg组、0.25 ml/kg组和0.20 ml/kg组,每组30例。术前30 min口服咪达唑仑,入室靶控输注丙泊酚,待患儿睫毛反射消失和对言语指令无反应时行超声引导下腋路臂丛神经阻滞,4组各神经分支(中神经、肌皮神经、桡神经和尺神经)分别注射0.25%左旋布比卡因0.35、0.30、0.25、0.20 ml/kg,术中根据阻滞效果追加氯胺酮。观察各组神经阻滞效果、持续时间、全麻药物应用情况。结果4组阻滞时所需丙泊酚用量差异无统计学意义(P>0．05),阻滞30 min后0.35、0.30、0.25 ml/kg组各神经支配区阻滞效果近似(P>0．05),与上述3组比较,0.2 ml/kg组术中需追加氯胺酮患儿比例最高、术后阻滞效果持续的时间最短、阻滞效果明显降低( P<0．05)。结论采用剂量为0.25~0.35 ml/kg的0.25%布比卡因用于小儿上肢手术超声引导下腋路臂丛各神经分支阻滞,能够获得较满意的效果。     

左旋布比卡因与罗哌卡因臂丛神经阻滞的临床疗效对比

目的观察左旋布比卡因与罗哌卡因用于臂丛神经阻滞的临床疗效及不良反应。方法86例行上肢手术的患者随机分为A、B两组,分别用0．375％的左旋布比卡因与罗哌卡因25mL臂丛神经阻滞,观察起效时间和阻滞满意度。结果两组感觉、运动神经阻滞的起效时间比较差异差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;而两组的感觉、运动神经阻滞的持续时间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,A组长于B组。两组的阻滞满意度均为100．0％．差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,均无麻醉并发症出现。结论左旋布比卡因与罗哌卡因均为臂丛神经阻滞安全有效的药物。但左旋布比卡因持续时间长,对术中镇痛作用好。     

羟丙基-β-环糊精-芒果苷包合物在小鼠体内的药代动力学研究

目的建立测定小鼠血浆中羟丙基-β-环糊精-芒果苷包合物质量浓度的高效液相色谱(HPLC)法,并用于药代动力学研究。方法小鼠一次性灌胃给予3.0 g/kg羟丙基-β-环糊精-芒果苷包合物后,用HPLC法检测不同时间间隔的血药浓度,计算药代动力学参数。结果小鼠一次性灌胃给予羟丙基-β-环糊精-芒果苷包合物后,分布相半衰期(t1/2α)为(8.226±0.972)h,消除相半衰期(t1/2β)为(8.674±1.112)h,药时曲线下面积(AUC)为(3.058±0.836)μg.h/kg。结论 HPLC法简便、可靠,可用于芒果苷包合物药代动力学研究,小鼠体内药代动力学过程符合二房室开放模型。     

0．375％左旋布比卡因与罗哌卡因用于肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞效果及术后镇痛的临床观察

目的观察罗哌卡因和左旋布比卡因用于肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的阻滞效果以及术后镇痛时间。方法选择行上肢手术的病人40例，随机分为两组，每组20例。分别用0．375％左旋布比卡因和0．375％罗哌卡因25ml行臂丛神经阻滞，术中行阻滞满意程度评价．术后行VAS评分，并记录感觉、运动阻滞恢复时间。结果两组术中阻滞满意度相同，同时左旋布比卡因组感觉和运动恢复时间长于罗哌卡因组（P〈0．01）。结论两组术中阻滞满意度相同。和罗哌卡因相比，左旋布比卡因可提供更为满意的术后镇痛。     

右美托咪定或咪达唑仑复合0.375%左旋布比卡因对超声引导下臂丛神经阻滞效果比较

目的 比较右美托咪定或咪达唑仑加入0.375%左旋布比卡因用于超声引导下臂丛神经阻滞效果。方法 选择2014年1月至2016年12月皖北煤电集团总医院行前臂或手部手术的ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级患者120例,随机分为3组,每组40例。左旋布比卡因组（L组）接受0.375%左旋布比卡因30 mL,左旋布比卡因+咪达唑仑组（LM组）接受0.375%左旋布比卡因30 mL+咪达唑仑（50 μg/kg）,左旋布比卡因+右美托咪定组（LD组）接受0.375%左旋布比卡因30 mL+右美托咪定（1 μg/kg）。评估痛觉和运动阻滞起效时间、痛觉和运动阻滞维持时间、镇痛时间以及不良反应。结果 3组患者的痛觉、运动阻滞起效时间、维持时间、镇痛时间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。与L组相比,LM组和LD组痛觉、运动阻滞起效时间缩短,痛觉、运动阻滞维持及镇痛时间延长,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。与LM组相比,LD组痛觉、运动阻滞起效时间缩短,痛觉、运动阻滞维持及镇痛时间延长,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。LM组患者的Ramsay镇静评分高于LD组,但差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。3组患者的不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 右美托咪定、咪达唑仑复合左旋布比卡因用于超声引导下臂丛神经阻滞中,能缩短痛觉、运动阻滞起效时间,延长痛觉和运动阻滞维持时间及镇痛时间。相比咪达唑仑,右美托咪定的效果更好。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.