聋生与健全学生心理健康状况及相关因素的比较研究

目的探讨聋生与健全学生心理健康状况及影响因素的差异,为聋人高职院校心理健康教育及管理工作提供科学依据。方法选取某职业技术学院聋生103人和该校健全学生180人作为调查对象,采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、青少年生活事件(ASLEC)、艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)、社会支持量表(SSRS)和简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ),分别对两组人员进行评定和统计分析。结果聋生组SCL-90各因子总分、总均分、焦虑、躯体化、抑郁、偏执、精神病性各因子均高于健全学生组,差异有显著意义;EPQ的精神质、神经质、掩饰;SSRS总分、主观支持、对支持的利用度;应对方式问卷的积极应对、消极应对与健全学生对照组相比均有显著差异(P<0.05);而两组青年生活事件(ASLEC)评定结果除其它因子外,聋生组的生活事件总分、人际关系因子、学习压力因子、受惩罚因子、丧失因子、健康适应因子均显著高于对照组。多元逐步回归分析表明,生活事件量表总分、消极应对、神经质、内外倾向、精神质是影响聋生心理健康的主要因素。结论聋生心理健康水平低于健全学生,其原因与生活事件、人格因素、社会支持、应对方式有关,提示应关注聋生心理健康状况,加强聋生心理健康教育和心理咨询...     

高校贫困生社会支持与心理健康及其人格特征的相关研究

目的 探讨贫困大学生心理健康状况和社会支持状况及人格特征的关系.方法 选取学校贫困生125名为研究组,相对应的120名非贫困生为对照组,采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、社会支持评定量表和艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)测评.结果 ①贫困生SCL-90的总均分、躯体化水平、人际敏感、抑郁、焦虑、偏执、精神病性的因子分显著高于非贫困生;②在社会支持评定量表的主观支持和支持利用度得分贫困生普遍低于非贫困生;③社会支持各维度与SCL-90各因子负相关,与EPQ人格P和N维度呈显著负相关,而与人格E维度呈显著正相关.结论 社会支持对大学生心理健康和人格发展有重要影响,在高校心理健康教育中,要重视学生非智力因素的培养.     

焦虑障碍患者心理健康状况与个性特征的调查

目的：了解焦虑障碍患者的心理健康状况与个性特征的现状。方法采用病例对照研究，对101例焦虑障碍患者和101例健康人选用症状自评量表(SCL-90)，中国人个性量表-情感量表(CPAI2-E)，焦虑自评量表(SAS)，汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评定。结果①焦虑障碍患者SCL-90评分总分、总均分、阳性项目数和各因子均高于健康对照组(P<0.05)；②焦虑障碍患者CPAI2-E总分、因子分高于健康对照组(<0.01)；③不同文化程度焦虑障碍患者躯体症状因子和躯体化因子得分存在显著差异(<0.05)，文化程度较低者得分较高。结论①焦虑障碍患者心理健康水平偏低，消极情感倾向和敏感，躯体症状倾向突出，自然效能感更低；②低文化程度患者较多存在躯体症状和躯体化倾向。     

精神分裂症患者一级亲属心理健康及影响因素

目的:探讨精神分裂症患者一级亲属心理健康、社会支持、应对方式及心理韧性相关性。方法:选择精神分裂症患者一级亲属150例与普通人群(某企业、医院在职员工及某中学中学生)105例,分别测验症状自评量表(SCL-90),一级亲属同时测验社会支持量表(SSRS)、简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)及心理韧性量表(RSA);对一级亲属SCL-90总分进行排序,按照27%划界分组原则选取高分组、低分组各40例。对以上评分做对比及相关性分析。结果:一级亲属SCL-90总分及各因子分高于普通人群(P0.05);高分组与低分组SSRS、SCSQ及RSA评分,除RAS自我知觉及将来计划无显著性差异外(P0.05),其余各因子分及总分均有显著性差异(P0.05);SCL-90与SSRS呈负相关(r=-0.117~-0.301,P0.05);与积极应对除敌对、恐怖两个因子无相关性外,其余呈负相关(r=-0.115~-0.174,P0.05),与消极应对呈正相关(r=0.151~0.257,P0.01);与RSA除躯体化与自我知觉、社会资源,人际敏感与将来计划无相关性外,其余呈负相关(r=-0.102~-0.284,P0.05)。结论:精神分裂症一级亲属心理健康水平差;心理健康高分组心理韧性低,社会支持少,应对方式简单消极;心理健康与社会支持、应对方式及心理韧性有相关性。     

急诊危重患者家属心理健康、社会支持与应对方式相关性调查

目的:探讨急诊危重患者家属心理健康、社会支持与应对方式相关性。方法:采用回顾性分析法分析2014年1月至2015年1月我院收治的100例急诊危重患者家属的临床资料(研究组),同期选取80例一般住院患者家属作为对照组,通过应对方式量表对两组患者家属的应对方式进行评估,并分析两组患者家属应对方式选择对患者焦虑情绪的影响。结果:(1)对照组患者家属SCL-90总分、躯体化、抑郁、焦虑以及精神病性等均显著高于研究组(t=2.955,3.435,3.832,2.440,2.820;P0.05);(2)研究组患者家属SCSQ积极应对得分显著高于对照组,消极应对得分显著低于对照组(t=5.729,5.613;P0.001);(3)研究组患者家属客观支持、主观支持、支持利用等评分显著高于对照组(t=6.023,4.501,5.345;P0.001);(4)患者家属社会支持的3个维度分与SCL-90总分呈显著负相关(r=-0.241,-0.384,-0.478;P0.05),积极应对与SCL-90总分呈显著负相关(r=-0.131,P0.05),消极应对与SCL-90总分呈显著正相关(r=0.225,P0.05)。结论:应对方式、社会支持度为影响患者家属心理健康的主要因素,家属消极应对方式、社会支持度低会对其情绪产生影响,进而影响患者治疗。     

社交焦虑障碍的防御方式及应对方式的研究

目的：探讨社交焦虑障碍患者的防御机制和应对方式特点。方法：采用防御方式问卷、简易应对方式问卷和汉密尔顿焦虑量表分别对40例社交焦虑障碍患者和40例正常对照者进行测查。结果：社交焦虑障碍组中间型和不成熟防御机制因子以及掩饰因子均分都高于正常对照组．成熟防御机制因子均分低于正常对照组。社交焦虑障碍组解除、制止．回避、隔离和同一化、投射、潜意呈现、退缩和躯体化分均高于正常对照组；幽默分低于正常对照组。与正常对照组相比，社交焦虑障碍组积极应对方式得分显著降低，消极应对方式得分显著增高。社交焦虑障碍组不成熟型防御机制与HAMA总分呈显著正相关（P〈0．01），积极应对与HAMA总分呈显著负相关。结论：社交焦虑障碍患者心理防御机制有其特点．他们较多使用不成熟和中间型防御机制和消极应对方式。     

军医大学护理专业学生心理健康状况调查及影响因素分析

目的：了解军医大学护理专业学生心理健康状况及其影响因素。方法：采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、艾森克个性问卷（EPQ）、领悟社会支持量表（PSSS）、简单应对方式量表、自尊量表、自我态度量表，对469名某军医大学护理专业学生进行测评。结果：（1）军校护生SCL-90各因子得分均高于国内女性得分；除强迫、恐怖因子外，均低于国内普通大学生和军校学员得分。（2）军校护生SCL-90总均分与人格维度中的内外向、掩饰度呈显著负相关，与神经质、精神质呈显著正相关，其中与神经质维度相关最为密切（r=0．655）。（3）军校护生SCL-90总均分及各因子分与社会支持总分均呈显著负相关。（4）军校护生SCL-90总均分及各因子得分与应对方式中的消极应对呈显著正相关，与应对方式中的积极应对、自尊程度、自我态度呈显著负相关。结论：对军校护生开展有针对性的心理健康教育，不断塑造其良好人格，加强社会支持，培养积极应对方式，提高自我悦纳水平，以达到促进其心理健康的目的。     

重点高中学生心理健康及相关因素分析

目的:研究重点高中学生心理健康状况及应对方式、父母教养方式及其对心理健康的影响。方法:选取一所重点高中随机抽取3个年级6个班级的244名学生进行症状自评量表(SCL-90)、应对方式量表及父母教养方式量表测定,并对结果进行相应的处理分析。结果:男女生SCL-90量表结果比较:躯体化因子、恐怖因子均分有非常显著差异(t=2.905,3.186;P0.01),焦虑因子均分有显著差异(t=1.992,P0.05);躯体化因子阳性人数(χ2=5.844,P0.05)有显著差异,焦虑因子阳性人数(χ2=8.479,P0.01)有非常显著差异;全体学生SCL-90量表异常为111人(45.49%)。心理异常与学生消极的应对方式、父母亲消极的教养方式成正相关。消极的应对方式与父母的消极教养方式成正相关。结论:改变学生的应对方式及父母教养方式对提高学生的心理健康水平有着积极的意义。     

深圳市警察心理素质研究Ⅲ.心理健康与应对方式调查

目的：探讨深圳警察的心理健康和应对方式及其与人口学特征的关系。方法：通过团体测试方式对6107名深圳警察进行症状自评量表(SCL-90)和简易应对方式问卷调查。结果：深圳警察SCL-90的总均分、阳性症状均分及l0个因子分均显著低于全国常模；其积极应对得分显著高于全国常模，而消极应对得分显著低于全国常模。深圳男性警察的躯体化、强迫、人际敏感、敌对、偏执、精神病及总均分均显著高于女性，其积极应对得分显著低于女性。36-40岁年龄段及副科级警察SCL-90多项因子分在各年龄段及各职务级别警察中得分最高；45岁以前，随着年龄的递增，积极应对和消极应对两维度的均分均相应递增。结论：年龄、性别、文化程度和职务级别的不同对深圳警察的心理健康状况和应对方式存在一定影响。积极应对有利于心理健康。     

支气管哮喘患者心理健康与应对方式

目的研究支气管哮喘患者的心理健康状况与应对方式。方法以症状自评量表(SCL-90)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、特质应对方式问卷对60例确诊的支气管哮喘患者和50例正常对照者进行调查研究。结果患者组SCL-90总分、躯体化、人际敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐惧、偏执、精神病性得分显著高于对照组(t=4.441,5.722,4.124,3.232,5.631,4.300,3.863,1.712,1.982;P<0.05或P<0.01);抑郁和焦虑得分显著高于对照组(t=5.101,7.142;P<0.01)。患者组的积极应对方式显著低于对照组(t=-5.591,P<0.01),消极应对方式显著高于对照组(t=4.482,P<0.01)。相关分析显示,积极应对与SCL-90总分、焦虑、抑郁得分呈负相关(r=-0.238,-0.259,-0.324;P<0.001),消极应对与SCL-90总分、焦虑、抑郁得分呈正相关(r=0.407,0.435,0.442;P<0.001)。结论支气管哮喘患者的心理健康状况较低,存在明显的焦虑和抑郁情绪,且更多采用消极应对方式。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.