BDNF Val66Met基因多态性和温暖的教养方式对青少年抑郁的影响

目的:探讨BDNF Val66Met基因多态性与温暖的教养方式对青少年抑郁水平的影响。方法:采用爱荷华青年和家庭项目(Iowa Youth and Families Project)中教养问卷的温暖维度与儿童抑郁自评量表(Children’s Depression Inventory,CDI)分别对838名青少年抑郁症状与父母的教养方式进行测量,在确定被试BDNF Val66Met基因型后,用多重线性回归对测得数据进行分析。结果:温暖的家庭教养方式与青少年抑郁症状负相关;BDNF Val66Met多态性与青少年抑郁症状无显著相关;BDNF Val66Met多态性与温暖的家庭教养方式的交互作用显著预测青少年抑郁症状:Val等位基因携带者对家庭教养方式更加敏感。结论:本研究证实了BDNF Val66Met基因多态性与母亲温暖在青少年抑郁症状上存在交互作用,支持Belsky的"不同易感性模型"。     

疫情居家期间父母教养方式与复学后欺凌受害及抑郁的关系

目的：以布朗芬布伦纳的生态系统理论为依据,检验疫情居家期间父母教养方式、复学后遭受欺凌受害的情况与高中生抑郁症状之间的关系。方法：采用爱荷华青年和家庭项目中的自评教养问卷（Parenting Style Scale）、儿童抑郁量表（Children’s Depression Inventory,CDI）及特拉华欺凌受害量表(学生卷)(DBVS-S)在复学后6周对广西某市某县级中学高一、高二两个年级的1379名学生进行调查。结果：母亲积极教养方式和父亲积极教养方式均与抑郁呈负相关;母亲消极教养方式和父亲消极教养方式均与抑郁呈正相关;母亲积极教养方式和父亲积极教养方式均与欺凌受害呈负相关;母亲消极教养方式和父亲消极教养方式均与欺凌受害呈正相关;欺凌受害与抑郁呈正相关。欺凌受害在母亲积极教养方式、母亲消极教养方式、父亲积极教养方式及父亲消极教养方式与抑郁的关系间中介效应显著。结论：居家期间父母的消极教养方式使孩子更易遭受欺凌受害,并引发抑郁症状;相反,居家期间父母的积极教养方式对孩子形成保护作用,使孩子不易成为欺凌受害者,因而不易产生抑郁症状。     

父母-子女人格相似性对教养行为与青少年抑郁关系的调节作用

目的:考查父母-子女人格相似性对教养行为与青少年抑郁关系的调节作用。方法:采用中国科学院心理研究所全国青少年心理健康数据库中2009年的横断数据,对其中4474名11岁到22岁的在校学生数据进行分析。父母和子女人格均为自评,教养行为采用父母自评,抑郁由青少年自评。结果:父亲-子女在神经质维度上的相似性与父亲各项教养行为的交互作用均显著;母亲-子女在外向性维度上的相似性与母亲说理的交互作用显著,母亲-子女在神经质维度上的相似性与母亲各项教养行为的交互作用均显著,母亲-子女在精神质维度上的相似性与母亲监控交互作用显著。结论:父母-子女人格相似性对教养行为与青少年抑郁的关系具有显著的调节作用。     

父母比较式教养及其与青少年自尊和抑郁的关系

目的:考察父母使用比较式教养的情况及其与青少年的自尊和抑郁的关系。方法:对297名青少年施测自编的比较式教养调查问卷和自尊量表、症状自评量表(SCL-90)抑郁分量表。结果:142%的学生报告父母总是或经常采用比较式教养,只有7%的学生报告他们的父母从来不使用这种方式;2父母多用于比较的对象主要集中于学校同学(73.1%),亲戚家孩子(46.8%),社会上年龄相仿的同龄人(28.3%)和兄弟姐妹(27.6%);3父母主要是比较孩子的学习成绩(58.2%)、生活习惯(26.6%)、独立能力(24.9%)和生活中的琐事(21.5%);4父母较多进行上行比较而比较少进行下行比较;5母亲是比较教养方式的最主要使用者(49.5%),而父亲则较少使用这种方式(13.5%);6青少年对父母进行比较式教养的态度普遍持消极的评价;7比较教养的频率与自尊呈显著负相关(r=-0.18,P0.01),而与抑郁呈显著正相关(r=0.15,P0.01);下行比较的频率则与自尊有显著的正相关(r=0.20,P0.01),而与抑郁呈显著负相关(r=-0.14,P0.05);上行比较的频率则与自尊呈显著的负相关(r=-0.15,P0.01),而与抑郁呈显著正相关(r=0.15,P0.01);青少年对比较式教养的评价与他们的自尊成显著的正相关(r=0.21,P0.01),而与抑郁呈显著的负相关(r=-0.20,P0.01)。结论:比较式教养是中国父母经常使用的一种中国特色的教养方式,并且与青少年的心理健康存在负向的关系。     

青少年归因方式在教养方式与抑郁情绪间的中介作用

目的：探索青少年归因方式在父母教养方式与抑郁情绪之间的中介作用。方法：采用儿童抑郁问卷（CDI）、父母教养方式问卷（EMBU）和儿童归因方式问卷（CASQ）对269名14－16岁的青少年进行测查。结果：父母的温暖与青少年抑郁有显著的负相关，母亲的拒绝、否认和父亲的惩罚、严厉与青少年的抑郁有显著的正相关，青少年的归因方式在这4种教养方式和抑郁之间中起中介作用；父母的过度保护、过度干涉与青少年的抑郁之间没有相关关系。作者最后对父母教养方式与青少年抑郁及归因方式之间的关系进行了进一步的分析与讨论并对研究结果以及东西方文化差异做了深入的探讨。     

父亲共同养育对子女抑郁的影响：青少年正念特质的中介作用和母亲正念教养的调节

目的：探讨父亲在共同养育中的表现和青少年抑郁的关系以及青少年正念特质和母亲正念教养在二者关系中的作用机制。方法：采用简易共同养育关系量表、正念注意觉知量表、流调中心抑郁量表、养育中的人际正念量表对372名11岁-14岁青少年及其母亲进行测量。结果：(1)相关分析表明父亲共同养育和青少年正念特质均与青少年抑郁呈显著负相关,父亲共同养育与青少年正念特质呈显著正相关;(2)中介效应分析显示,父亲在共同养育中的良好表现可以通过青少年正念特质的中介作用间接的影响青少年抑郁水平;(3)母亲正念教养调节父亲共同养育对青少年抑郁的中介路径的前半段,即母亲正念教养水平相对更高时,父亲共同养育水平对青少年正念特质的正向预测作用更强。结论：青少年正念特质和母亲正念教养在共同养育中父亲表现对青少年抑郁的影响中起到有调节的中介作用。     

母亲惩罚严厉与成年早期抑郁障碍的关系:心理弹性的调节作用

目的:探讨母亲惩罚严厉和抑郁症状的关系,进一步分析心理弹性在母亲惩罚严厉与成年早期抑郁症状之间的调节作用。方法:采用父母教养方式评价量表、心理弹性量表、汉密尔顿抑郁量表及自编一般人口学变量调查表,对61例成年早期抑郁患者进行研究。结果:母亲惩罚严厉与成年早期的抑郁症状呈显著正相关(r=0.404,P0.01);心理弹性乐观性维度与成年早期抑郁障碍呈显著负相关(r=-0.335,P0.05)。调节效应分析显示,心理弹性的坚韧性和乐观性均在母亲惩罚严厉与成年早期抑郁症状之间有调节作用。结论:提高个体的心理弹性,可以正向缓冲母亲严厉的教养方式对抑郁症状的影响,进而可有效地预防及控制成年早期抑郁障碍的发生和发展。     

父母教养方式对青少年特质焦虑的影响:意志控制的中介作用

目的:探讨父母教养方式对青少年子女特质焦虑的影响,并考察青少年意志控制的中介作用。方法:样本来自中国科学院心理研究所全国青少年心理健康数据库,对其中1398名14～20岁的在校学生数据进行分析;使用状态-特质焦虑量表测量青少年特质焦虑,青少年气质量表测量意志控制,爱荷华青年和家庭项目的教养问卷测量父母教养方式。结果:①青少年特质焦虑与父亲、母亲积极教养的各个维度负相关,与消极教养各个维度正相关;青少年特质焦虑与自身意志控制负相关。②意志控制在父母教养方式与青少年特质焦虑之间起部分中介作用。结论:父母教养方式能部分通过青少年的意志控制间接影响青少年的特质焦虑。     

高中生抑郁症状与父母教养方式:感恩的中介作用北大核心CSCDCSSCI

目的:探讨感恩在父母教养方式与高中生抑郁症状之间的中介作用。方法:选取汶川地震后18个月都江堰地区1087名高中生幸存者,采用儿童抑郁障碍自评量表、父母教养方式量表、青少年感恩量表进行施测。结果:高中生抑郁症状检出率为32.4%;感恩在父母冷漠、自主性的教养方式与抑郁症状之间存在部分中介效应,中介效应占总效应的比例分别为25.4%和37.0%;感恩在父母过度保护的教养方式与抑郁症状之间存在完全中介效应。结论:父母对孩子较少的冷漠和较多的自主性有利于培养青少年的感恩,感恩对震后抑郁症状具有保护作用。     

宜宾震后青少年身心状况

目的:考察宜宾震后青少年创伤后应激障碍、抑郁与情绪调节策略等状况及其在性别、年级上的差异,探讨PTSD、抑郁与情绪调节策略三者之间的关系,为创伤后心理危机干预提供依据。方法:采用创伤后应激障碍量表、抑郁量表、情绪调节策略量表,对宜宾震中长宁县321名青少年进行测量。结果:(1)震后2周,6.50%的青少年有PTSD倾向,46.40%的青少年有抑郁症状,表现出更多的回避性症状(维度得分3.24±0.77)以及警觉性增高症状(维度得分10.24±2.49);(2)从性别看,女生的CES-D量表得分(t=-2.804,P0.01)及发生率(χ~2=7.100,P0.05)均显著高于男生,同时其ERQ量表的认知重评维度得分(t=-2.154,P0.05)亦显著高于男生,而男生的ERQ量表表达抑制维度得分(t=2.650,P0.01)显著高于女生;从年级看,初中生PCL-5得分(t=3.147,P0.05)及发生率(χ~2=15.797,P0.01)均显著高于高中生,同时在认知重评维度(χ~2=5.747,P0.05)上高中生得分显著高于初中生;(3)被试的PCL-5量表得分与CES-D量表得分呈显著正相关(r=0.639,P0.01),与ERQ量表的认知重评维度得分呈显著负相关(r=-0.187,P0.01),与表达抑制维度得分呈显著正相关(r=0.139,P0.05);被试CES-D量表上的得分与ERQ量表的认知重评维度得分呈显著负相关(r=-0.260,P0.01),与表达抑制维度得分呈显著正相关(r=0.120,P0.05);(4)有PTSD倾向的被试在CES-D量表上得分显著高于没有PTSD倾向的被试(t=5.617,P0.01);同时,有PTSD倾向的被试在ERQ量表的认知重评维度得分显著低于没有PTSD倾向的被试(t=-2.870,P0.01),有抑郁症状的被试在PCL-5量表上得分显著高于没有抑郁症状的被试(t=12.194,P0.01);同时,有抑郁症状的被试和没有抑郁症状的被试分别在ERQ量表的两个维度上得分呈显著差异,表现为有抑郁症状的在表达抑制维度上显著高于没有抑郁症状的(t=2.021,P0.05);而认知重评维度上,有抑郁症状的则显著低于没有抑郁症状的(t=-2.780,P0.01)。结论:震后不久的灾区青少年的PTSD倾向和抑郁症状较严重,而性别、年龄的不同有较明显差异;应有重点地关注女生以及年龄偏低的青少年,注重提升他们的情绪调节策略。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.