奥氮平联合阿立哌唑治疗女性首发精神分裂症患者的疗效分析

目的探讨奥氮平联合低剂量阿立哌唑治疗女性首发精神分裂症的疗效和对糖脂代谢及催乳素的影响。方法选取女性首发精神分裂症患者86例,随机分为研究组和对照组,对照组给予单纯奥氮平治疗,研究组给予奥氮平联合低剂量阿立哌唑治疗。结果两组治疗后PANSS总分及阳性和阴性症状评分均较治疗前明显下降,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.001)。治疗前、后比较,对照组体重有升高,研究组体质量有下降,治疗后研究组的催乳素有下降,对照组有升高,两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论低剂量阿立哌唑联合奥氮平治疗能降低女性首发精神分裂症患者的体重和催乳素水平,且疗效保证,能提高患者的治疗依从性。     

阿立哌唑对女性精神分裂症患者催乳素和血脂的影响

目的探讨阿立哌唑对女性精神分裂症患者催乳素及血脂的影响。方法将87例女性首发精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组(43例,阿立哌唑治疗)和对照组(44例,利培酮治疗),共治疗12周,基线时、治疗后第4周末、治疗后第8周末及治疗后第12周末应用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定疗效,并进行催乳素和血脂的测定。结果研究组和对照组在治疗各阶段的PANSS各因子分及总分均低于基线时,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在治疗各阶段,研究组的催乳素和血脂水平较基线时均无显著性改变(P>0.05),而对照组在治疗后各阶段的催乳素、血脂水平较基线时均有不同程度的增加,且差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论阿立哌唑可有效改善女性首发精神分裂症患者的精神症状,且对催乳素及血脂无明显影响。     

阿立哌唑治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的临床观察

目的评价阿立哌唑治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的临床疗效及安全性。方法将60例精神分裂症患者随机分为阿立哌唑组和奥氮平组各30例,2组均用药8周。采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定临床疗效,并采用不良反应量表(TESS)评定药物不良反应,分别于治疗前及治疗第2、4、8周末评定1次。结果 2组治疗第2、4、8周末PANSS评分均低于治疗前,且阿立哌唑组治疗第8周末阴性症状评分低于奥氮平组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。阿立哌唑组不良反应发生率为63.3%,奥氮平组为60.0%,2组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论阿立哌唑治疗精神分裂症阴性症状有效,且不良反应轻微。     

奥氮平与阿立哌唑治疗首发精神分裂症的临床对比分析

目的：对比奥氮平和阿立哌唑治疗首发精神分裂症的临床疗效。方法将100名精神分裂症患者随机分为奥氮平组和阿立哌唑组各50例采用阳性和阴性综合征量表（ PANSS）评价临床疗效,比较两组治疗疗效及并发症发生情况。结果两组总有效率差异无统计学意义（ P＞0．05）,治疗后第2、4周阿立哌唑组阴性症状减轻优于奥氮平组（P＜0．05）,奥氮平组阳性症状减轻优于阿立哌唑组（P＜0．05）,第6、8周两组间无显著差异（ P＞0．05）,阿立哌唑组不良反应发生率明显低于奥氮平组（ P＜0．05）。结论奥氮平和阿立哌唑治疗精神分裂症均有良好的疗效,阿立哌唑对阴性症状改善明显,且安全性高,而奥氮平对阳性症状改善明显,临床可以根据患者具体情况选择药物。     

阿立哌唑与奎硫平治疗首发性精神分裂症的对照研究

目的比较阿立哌唑与奎硫平对首发性精神分裂症的疗效及安全性。方法 80例首发性精神分裂症患者,随机分为阿立哌唑组(40例)和奎硫平组(40例),疗程8周。采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、临床总体印象量表(CGI)及副反应症状量表(TESS),在治疗基线时及治疗第2、4、6、8周末分别评定疗效和副反应。结果(1)治疗第8周末,阿立哌唑组、奎硫平组临床总有效率分别为87.5%、85.0%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)治疗第2周末起,两组CGI-SI分较基线时下降(P0.05);两组间各时点CGI-SI分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);(3)阿立哌唑组、奎硫平组不良反应发生率分别为20.0%、22.5%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。奎硫平组嗜睡、心率影响发生率高于阿立哌唑组。结论阿立哌唑及喹硫平治疗首发性精神分裂症疗效较好,不良反应轻,患者耐受性好,值得临床推荐使用。     

阿立哌唑与氯丙嗪治疗首发精神分裂症的疗效比较

［摘要］目的比较阿立哌唑和氯丙嗪治疗首发精神分裂症的疗效和安全性。方法将首发精神分裂症患者60例随机分为阿立哌唑组和氯丙嗪组各30例，两组平均剂量分别为（15.0±3.6），（325±84） mg·d-1，po，疗程均为6周。采用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）、不良反应量表（TESS）评定疗效和不良反应。结果阿立哌唑组阴性症状评分下降显著大于氯丙嗪组；两组阳性症状、一般精神病理性症状和PANSS总分下降差异无显著性（P＞0.05）。阿立哌唑组不良反应少于氯丙嗪组。结论阿立哌唑对首发精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效优于氯丙嗪，且不良反应少。     

阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗精神分裂症效果及对血清催乳素的影响比较

目的探讨阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗精神分裂症的疗效及对血清催乳素的影响。方法将86例精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,每组43例,分别给予阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗,疗程12周,于治疗前及治疗4、8、12周末分别采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、副反应量表评分,检测血清催乳素。结果治疗12周末阿立哌唑组治愈率23.3%,有效率86.1%;利培酮组治愈率25.6%,有效率88.4%;两组治愈率及有效率比较差异无统计学意义。两组均未发生相关的严重不良事件,阿立哌唑对血清催乳素的影响较利培酮小。结论阿立哌唑治疗精神分裂症的疗效与利培酮相当,对血清催乳素无明显影响,是一种安全有效的抗精神病药物。     

奥氮平与阿立哌唑用于老年期首发精神分裂症治疗临床分析

目的：观察奥氮平与阿立哌唑在老年患者首发精神分裂症的应用效果。方法：将70例老年期首发精神分裂症随机分为两组,分别采用奥氮平（甲组）和阿立哌唑（乙组）进行治疗。疗程6周,使用阴、阳性症状量表及副反应量表进行不良反应评定,使用副反应量表评判不良反应。结果：对于呈现阴性方面,用药2周后,阿立哌唑组已经有了明显改善,并且和奥氮平组比较差异有统计学意义。而对于呈现阳性方面,奥氮平组好于阿立哌唑组。但在4、6周后,两组治疗效果相当,但阿立哌唑组对于阴性方面疗效较奥氮平组有明显差异。结论：在老年期首发精神分裂症治疗方面应用阿立哌唑不仅疗效显著,尤其对于阴性症状,安全可靠,可进行推广。     

帕利哌酮与阿立哌唑治疗男性精神分裂症患者疗效及对性功能的影响对照

目的:研究帕利哌酮治疗男性精神分裂症患者的疗效及对性功能的影响。方法:将78例已婚男性精神分裂症患者分别给予帕利哌酮(38例)与阿立哌唑(40例)治疗,在基线时及8周末采用阳性与阴性症状(PANSS)量表、个人和社会功能量表(PSP)及简明男性性功能量表评价临床疗效及性功能,检测血清泌乳素(PRL)水平。结果:治疗8周末,2组有效率无显著性差异(P>0.05);2组间PANSS评分无统计学意义(P>0.05),帕利哌酮组PSP评分明显高于阿立哌唑组(P<0.01);帕利哌酮组的性欲、性唤起、性高潮及性功能总分均显著低于基线值(P<0.01),阿立哌唑组性功能各因子无明显下降;治疗第8周末,帕利哌酮组的泌乳素(PRL)水平明显高于基线时水平,高于阿立哌唑组(P<0.01)。结论:帕利哌酮治疗男性精神分裂症疗效与阿立哌唑相当,社会功能恢复优于阿立哌唑,但可能导致性功能下降。     

阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗精神分裂症对照研究

目的比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症的疗效及安全性。方法将60例精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,阿立哌唑组30例,利培酮组30例,疗程8周。在治疗前及治疗2、4、6、8周末分别采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定疗效,以治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)评定药物不良反应。结果两组治疗后PANSS评分均有显著下降,阿立哌唑组与利培酮组的显效率分别为76.7%和73.3%,疗效相当。阿立哌唑组锥体外系不良反应、体重增加和月经周期改变较利培酮组少而轻,且对催乳素水平没有影响。结论阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗精神分裂症均效果满意,但阿立哌唑的药物不良反应少于利培酮,且不影响催乳素水平,较为安全、可靠。     

Effects of cannabidiol and of diphenylhydantoin on the hippocampus and on learning

Cannabidiol (3.5 mg/kg, i.p.) depressed hippocampal facilitation and posttetanic potentiation of evoked responses in rats, such, as had been reported before for diphenylhydantoin. Both diphenylhydantoin (80 mg/kg, i.p.) and cannabidiol blocked the increase of hippocampal RNA concentration caused by afferent stimulation, and depressed the acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response in rats. Neither drug affected the retention of such response when given by posttrial injection, nor the spontaneous locomotor activity of mice. The effects of both agents may be explained by the interference they have been previously shown to produce with the release of K⁺ from the hippocampus during stimulation. In fact, hippocampal facilitation and posttetanic potentiation and the RNA response to stimulation have been shown to be phenomena which depend on this K⁺ release, and have been attributed a role in learning.     

朱砂及含朱砂制剂的肝肾毒性研究

目的 探讨朱砂、含朱砂制剂（柏子养心片）及甲基汞对大鼠的体内外毒性,为其临床安全用药提供科学依据。方法 ①对比甲基汞、朱砂及柏子养心片体外对人肝HL-7702细胞和人肾近曲小管上皮HK2细胞的毒性,计算半数抑制浓度（IC₅₀）。②SD大鼠随机分为对照组,朱砂组0.1 g/kg,柏子养心片0.2、0.4、0.8 g/kg组,甲基汞组0.001 g/kg,每天ig 1次,连续给药90 d后,取血及肝、肾组织;试剂盒法检测血清中丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、肌酐（CREA）、尿素氮（BUN）水平,测汞仪固体直接进样法检测肝、肾组织中汞蓄积量,并对大鼠肝脏和肾脏做组织病理学检查。结果 体外试验表明,朱砂、柏子养心片及甲基汞对HL-7702细胞的IC₅₀分别为7.852、6.035、0.009 5 g/L;对HK2细胞的IC₅₀分别为6.297、4.484、0.008 9 g/L。亚慢性毒性试验表明,甲基汞组大鼠肝、肾组织中汞蓄积量及血清中ALT、AST、CREA、BUN值均显著高于对照组,而朱砂及柏子养心片（高、中、低剂量）组与对照组比较均没有显著性差异;甲基汞组大鼠肝脏呈现肝细胞变性,肾脏可见明显肾小管损伤,而朱砂及柏子养心片（高、中、低剂量）组与对照比较没有明显差异。结论 朱砂及柏子养心片的体内外毒性均显著低于甲基汞,在目前药典规定的临床用量下使用安全性较好。     

左乙拉西坦与托吡酯治疗儿童原发性癫痫的效果及其对免疫功能的影响

目的:观察左乙拉西坦与托吡酯治疗原发性癫痫的疗效及安全性,并探讨其对患儿免疫功能的影响。方法:选择我院2013年3月至2015年6月收治的原发性癫痫患儿60例,随机分为左乙拉西坦组和托吡酯组各30例,另选同期体检的健康儿童30例作为对照组。三组儿童均采集晨起空腹静脉血(患儿分别于治疗前和治疗3个月时各采集1次),采用免疫比浊法检测血清免疫球蛋白IgG、IgA、IgM 水平,采用流式细胞技术检测T 淋巴细胞亚群CD3+、CD4+、CD8+水平。观察治疗前后各组患儿免疫功能指标变化、临床疗效及不良反应。结果:治疗前两组患儿IgA、IgG、IgM、CD3+、CD4+及CD8+水平与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);治疗后两组患儿IgA、IgG、CD8+和(或)CD4+水平较治疗前明显改善(P均<0.05),且与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05),两组患儿之间比较差异也无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。治疗3个月后,左乙拉西坦组总有效率为93.33%,托吡酯组为86.67%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患儿治疗过程中均无明显电解质紊乱、血尿常规及肝肾功能检查异常,不良反应轻微,无停药病例。结论:癫痫患儿存在免疫功能异常,应用左乙拉西坦和托吡酯均能改善其免疫功能,且二者疗效相当,安全性较高,均具有较高的临床应用价值。     

β3-肾上腺素受体激动剂的研究进展

摘要β     

丹参多酚酸盐治疗不稳定型心绞痛的疗效及其对一氧化氮和内皮素的影响

目的观察丹参多酚酸盐治疗不稳定型心绞痛（UA）的疗效及其对血清一氧化氮（NO）和内皮素（ET）水平的影响。方法 60例患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各30例。对照组给予常规抗心绞痛治疗,治疗组在对照组治疗的基础上加用丹参多酚酸盐注射液。观察比较2组临床疗效、血清NO和ET水平及心电图改善和药物不良反应情况。结果 治疗组临床疗效、血清NO和ET水平及心电图改善情况均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。2组均未发生药物不良反应。结论丹参多酚酸盐可明显改善UA患者的临床症状和心电图ST-T改变,要提高血清NO水平的同时降低ET水平。     

Influence of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on blood pressure and on renin formation and release

Summary I.v. injection of 40 mg/kg or 65 mg/kg streptozotocin reliably induced diabetes in female Sprague-Dawley rats, but failed to induce hypertension within the following 42 days. In most animals injected with the higher dose and in some animals injected with the lower dose, the tail blood flow was permanently impaired so that no blood pressure signals could be obtained by tail plethysmography. This phenomenon occurred also when the drug was injected into the jugular vein and thus was not due to a local effect of streptozotocin. 15 days after 65 mg/kg streptozotocin, the mean arterial pressure of the rats was similar to that of controls, when measured in the awake state (carotid cannula) or under ether anaesthesia. 42 days after streptozotocin, under pentobarbital anaesthesia, the blood pressure was again normal in the animals given 40 mg/kg of the drug and depressed in the animals given 65 mg/kg of the drug 42 days previously. The increase of blood pressure induced by 1 g/kg (–)-noradrenaline i.v. was similar in the latter group of animals and in controls.The renal cortical renin concentration was much lower than in controls 42 days after either dose of streptozotocin, while the plasma renin activity was normal (40 mg/kg) or increased (65 mg/kg). The low renal renin content may have been due to the diabetic state, rather than to the drug itself. Adrenal medullary dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity was increased 42 days after the higher dose of streptozotocin.Supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation, grant Nr. 3.410.078     

妊娠合并子宫肌瘤对母儿影响的分析

目的 探讨妊娠合并子宫肌瘤对母儿的影响。方法 对1999年1月～2004年12月73例在剖宫产术中发现的子宫肌瘤进行分析。结果 妊娠合并肌瘤的胎位异常（臂位）率、产后出血率分别为17．8％、20．54％,而对照组分别为3．18％和8．97％;低体重儿发生率12、33％,而对照组为6．07％,有显著差异。结论 子宫肌瘤增加了母儿并发症的可能性;合并黏膜下肌瘤也有望使妊娠过程成功。     

Warnings on alcohol containers and advertisements: International experience and evidence on effects

Issues. In light of possible introduction of alcohol warning labels in Australia and New Zealand, this paper discusses the international experience with and evidence of effects of alcohol warning labels. Approach. The report describes international experience with providing information and warnings concerning the promotion or sale of alcoholic beverages, and considers the evidence on the effects of such information and warnings. The experience with and evaluations of the effects of tobacco warning labels are also considered. Key Findings. The most methodologically sound evaluations of alcohol warning labels are based on the US experience. Although these evaluations find little evidence that the introduction of the warning label in the USA had an impact on drinking behaviour, there is evidence that they led to an increase in awareness of the message they contained. In contrast, evaluations of tobacco warning labels find clear evidence of effects on behaviour. Implications. There is a need and opportunity for a rigorous evaluation of the impacts of introducing alcohol warning labels to add to the published work on their effectiveness. The experience with tobacco labels might guide the way for more effective alcohol warning labels. Conclusion. Alcohol warning labels are an increasingly popular alcohol policy initiative. It is clear that warning labels can be ineffective, but the tobacco experience suggests that effective warning labels are possible. Any introduction of alcohol warning labels should be evaluated in terms of effects on attitudes and behaviour.[Wilkinson C, Room R. Warnings on alcohol containers and advertisements: International experience and evidence on effects. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009;28:426–435]     

Effect of ranitidine on ileal myenteric plexus preparation and on acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase

Ranitidine at concentrations from 1 microM to 0.1 mM brought about a dose-dependent potentiation of the twitch responses elicited by electrical stimulation of the ileal myenteric preparation. At higher concentrations (0.3-3 mM) ranitidine also caused irregular slow contractions of the unstimulated ileal preparation which were potentiated by eserine and blocked by atropine and tetrodotoxin. In order to identify the mechanism of these apparently cholinomimetic actions, the effects of ranitidine on AChE and BuChE were studied. Ranitidine showed an instantaneous and promptly reversible inhibitory action at concentrations between 0.5 and 30 microM. Double reciprocal plots were prepared and equilibrium dissociation constants calculated. It appears that ranitidine exerts an inhibition of the "mixed" type on both AChE and BuChE, but the dissociation constants for BuChE were markedly higher than those for AChE. Since AChE inhibition occurs in the same concentration range potentiating the twitch responses on the ileal myenteric preparation, it may explain the cholinomimetic effect of ranitidine.     

Enniatin B and Deoxynivalenol Activity on Bread Wheat and on Fusarium Species Development

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating wheat disease, mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum (FG)—a deoxynivalenol (DON)-producing species. However, Fusarium avenaceum (FA), able to biosynthesize enniatins (ENNs), has recently increased its relevance worldwide, often in co-occurrence with FG. While DON is a well-known mycotoxin, ENN activity, also in association with DON, is poorly understood. This study aims to explore enniatin B (ENB) activity, alone or combined with DON, on bread wheat and on Fusarium development. Pure ENB, DON, and ENB+DON (10 mg kg⁻¹) were used to assess the impacts on seed germination, seedling growth, cell death induction (trypan blue staining), chlorophyll content, and oxidative stress induction (malondialdehyde quantification). The effect on FG and FA growth was tested using ENB, DON, and ENB+DON (10, 50, and 100 mg kg⁻¹). Synergistic activity in the reduction of seed germination, growth, and chlorophyll degradation was observed. Conversely, antagonistic interaction in cell death and oxidative stress induction was found, with DON counteracting cellular stress produced by ENB. Fusarium species responded to mycotoxins in opposite directions. ENB inhibited FG development, while DON promoted FA growth. These results highlight the potential role of ENB in cell death control, as well as in fungal competition.