肝硬化门脉高压症患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床体会(附128例报告)

目的:探讨为肝硬化门脉高压症患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的可行性及临床效果。总结肝功能Child A、B级肝硬化患者围手术期处理及术中注意事项。方法:回顾分析2000年1月至2011年1月为128例合并肝硬化门脉高压症的胆囊结石患者行LC的临床资料,其中Child A级95例(A组),Child B级33例(B组)。结果:A组手术时间平均(31.6±12.5)min,平均住院(4.3±1.5)d;B组手术时间平均(61.6±24.5)min,平均住院(6.3±1.8)d。A组无一例中转开腹及术后并发症发生;B组3例(2.34%)中转开腹,术中胆管壁电刀灼伤1例,术后出现腹水5例、肺炎3例。结论:为Child A、B级的肝硬化门脉高压症患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术是安全、可行的,丰富的腹腔镜手术经验及完善的围手术期处理是手术成功的关键。     

胆囊结石合并肝硬化门静脉高压症行腹腔镜胆囊切除临床分析

目的：分析与总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗合并肝硬化门静脉高压症的胆囊结石患者的临床疗效,为临床手术方案选择提供参考依据。方法对60例胆囊结石合并肝硬化门静脉高压症患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗,对围手术期和手术的处理方法、效果等进行分析总结。结果60例患者全部治愈,手术时间平均50 min,无胆道损伤、术后出血及腹腔感染等并发症发生,9例患者术后留置了腹腔引流管,住院时间8-15 d,平均12 d。结论术前行肝功能Child分级、行肝胆增强CT了解肝十二指肠韧带处血管情况,以及胆囊病变程度,采取积极的预防措施,改善肝功能,术中仔细操作,采用腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗胆囊结石合并肝硬化门静脉高压症是安全可靠的,手术效果良好。     

合并肝硬化门脉高压患者腹腔镜胆囊切除体会

研究合并肝硬化门静脉高压症(CPH)患者腹腔镜胆囊切除的可行性及其技术要点。回顾性分析67例合并CPH的胆石症患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除的临床资料。行腹腔镜胆囊切除56例,行腹腔镜胆囊大部切除术9例,因出血中转开腹2例,中转率为2.99%。所有病例无术后出血,无胆管损伤,无死亡,术后并发症总发生率41.8%。严格掌握手术适应证,制定个体化治疗方案,术中良好的暴露及使用超声刀预防出血,CPH患者的腹腔镜胆囊切除是安全可行的。     

肝硬化患者的腹腔镜胆囊切除术72例分析

目的探讨肝硬化患者施行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的安全性。方法回顾性分析2002年7月~2007年3月72例Child-PughA、B级肝硬化行LC的临床资料。全麻,四孔法,气腹压力8~12mmHg。结果71例完成LC(顺行切除67例,逆行切除4例),其中6例行胆囊大部分切除;因胆囊三角区致密粘连中转开腹1例。手术时间35~105min,平均51min;出血量5~60ml,平均12ml;术后住院时间3~11d,平均5.6d。术后出现腹水7例,穿刺孔出血1例。71例随访3~18个月,平均12个月,临床症状消失,无结石复发及残留。结论在充分做好术前准备,恰当的术中及术后处理的情况下,肝硬化病人行LC是安全的,对于肝功能A、B级须切除胆囊者应首选LC。     

脾脏胆囊同时切除术15例治疗分析

临床上肝硬化门脉高压症和某些血液病病人常同时合并胆囊结石。我院外科从1986年7月～1998年12月共收治肝硬化门脉高压症合并胆囊结石患者6例,血液病合并胆囊结石患者9例,两组共15例,采用左上腹旁正中(或经腹直肌)切口和上腹部正中切口同时行脾脏切除加胆囊切除,疗效满意。现总结分析如下。1　临床资料11　一般资料　本组共15例,其中男5例,女10例。年龄最小16岁,最大57岁,平均35岁。12　临床表现　肝硬化门脉高压症脾肿大脾亢伴胆囊结石6例,其中有消化道出血史2例,食道胃底静脉曲张3例,肝功能ＣｈｉｌｄＡ级2例、Ｂ级4例。血液病合并胆囊结…     

一期手术治疗肝硬化门脉高压症合并胆囊结石

目的: 探讨一期手术治疗肝硬化门脉高压症合并胆囊结石的可行性. 方法: 有选择地对13例肝硬化门脉高压症合并胆囊结石的患者,在进行脾切+断流手术的同时完成胆囊结石的处理,其中胆囊切除9例,胆囊次全切除2例,胆囊切除+胆总管探查2例. 结果: 所有患者顺利度过麻醉及手术期,术后低蛋白血症及腹水6例,轻度肝性脑病、脾窝积液、应激性溃疡各1例,均经相应治疗后康复出院. 结论: 术前正确评价肝功能、手术操作精细及加强围手术期的观察和处理,是降低门脉高压症合并胆囊结石一期手术后并发症发生率和死亡率的关键.     

一项关于肝硬化患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术的前瞻性病例研究

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗合并肝硬化的胆囊结石患者的可行性和疗效。方法前瞻性选取2007年～2010年收治的21例合并肝硬化(肝功能Child-Pugh A,B级)的胆囊结石患者为试验组,并随机选取同期基本资料相同的21名非肝硬化患者作为对照组,对两组间手术中及手术后各项指标进行统计学分析。结果试验组的中转率和严重并发症发生率均高于对照组,但差异无统计学意义。试验组的手术时间、术中出血量、平均住院总费用和平均住院日均高于对照组,且差异具有统计学意义。结论对合并肝硬化的胆囊结石患者实施腹腔镜胆囊切除术是安全可行的,但较非肝硬化患者而言手术难度更大且花费更多。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗胆囊结石合并肝硬化的临床对照观察

肝硬化代谢紊乱诱发胆囊结石 ,二者合并存在发生率较高 [1] ,外科处理难度大 ,并发症多 ,尤其对腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC)的难度更大 ,我院自 1996年至1997年间实施 L C152 8例 ,其中合并肝硬化 4 6例 ,本文选择同期病人 72例进行对照临床观察 ,探讨合并肝硬化胆囊结石患者 LC治疗特点。1　临术资料与方法1.1　临床资料合并肝硬化组 4 6例 ,男性 19例 ,女性 2 7例 ,最小年龄 2 2岁 ,最大年龄 6 7岁 ,平均年龄 4 7.4岁 ;肝硬化合并轻度脾大 8例 ,肝硬化不伴门脉高压症 38例 ;术前 B超均诊断胆囊结石 ,B超诊断合并肝硬化 18例 ,合并萎缩性胆…     

肝硬化门脉高压病人的腹腔镜胆囊切除术(附48例报告)

目的探讨肝硬化门脉高压(CPH)下的腹腔镜胆囊切除的可行性与技术特点。方法回顾性分析48例CPH下的腹腔镜胆囊切除(LC)处理过程。结果45例顺利完成LC，3例转开腹手术，因术中出血2例，胆囊三角粘连暴露困难1例。术中出血10～300ml，平均手术时间为42分钟。术后发生并发症10例次，均治愈出院。结论CPH下行LC是可行安全的。掌握手术的技术特点，使用超声刀，注意围手术期的处理，是成功的关键。     

腹腔镜外科时代门脉高压症的治疗现状与展望

门脉高压症是肝炎肝硬化中常见的综合征,其主要特点是门静脉系统与下腔静脉系统的压力差升高并且伴随广泛门腔静脉系统的侧枝循环形成。侧枝循环是机体适应和缓解门静脉压力升高所产生的代偿性改变,而食道胃底侧枝循环的建立可引起上消化道大出血威胁患者生命,预防和治疗出血一直是门静脉高压症内外科治疗的主要切入点。     

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in Cirrhotic Patients

Background and Objectives:

Gallstones are twice as common in cirrhotic patients as in the general population. Although laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has become the gold standard for symptomatic gallstones, cirrhosis has been considered an absolute or relative contraindication. Many authors have reported on the safety of LC in cirrhotic patients. We reviewed our patients retrospectively and assessed the safety of LC in cirrhotic patients at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan.

Methods:

From January 2003 to December 2005, a retrospective study was conducted at SU IV, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences Jamshoro. All the cirrhotic patients with Child-Pugh class A and B cirrhosis undergoing LC were included in the study. Cirrhosis was diagnosed based on clinical, biochemical, ultrasonography, and intraoperative findings of the nodular liver and histopathological study.

Results:

Of 250 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 20 (12.5%) were cirrhotic. Of these 20, 12 (60%) were Childs group A and 8 (40%) were group B. Thirty percent were hepatitis B positive, and 70% were hepatitis C positive. Preoperative diagnosis of cirrhosis was possible in 80% of cases, and 20% were diagnosed during surgery. Morbidity rate was 15% and mortality rate was 0%. Two patients developed postoperative ascites, and mean hospital stay was 2.8±0.1 days. Of the 20 cases, 2 (10%) were converted to open cholecystectomy. The mean operation time was 70.2±32.54 minutes.

Conclusion:

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is an effective and safe treatment for symptomatic gallstone disease in select patients with Child-Pugh A and B cirrhosis. The advantages over open cholecystectomy are the lower morbidity rate and reduced hospital stay.     

困难性腹腔镜胆囊切除术手术方法探讨

目的探讨困难性腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）的手术处理技巧。方法回顾分析我院2006年3月～2008年12月完成的201例困难性LC手术资料,包括胆囊周围包囊粘连107例,胆囊三角区致密粘连、解剖困难75例,胆囊颈部结石38例,胆囊化脓坏疽11例,胆囊萎缩18例,上腹部手术史17例。结果193例完成腹腔镜手术,8例（4.0%）中转开腹,原因包括：3例胆囊三角区出血止血困难;2例胆囊与结肠、胃及十二指肠粘连致密无法分离显露胆囊,胆囊坏疽;2例胆囊管近汇合部后壁轻度撕裂伤致胆漏;1例胆囊三角区呈＂冰冻＂状难以解剖。无胆管损伤及术中大出血。术后并发症3例（1.5%）,包括胆囊三角区出血1例,机械性肠梗阻二次手术1例,肺部感染、呼吸功能衰竭1例,均治愈。全组无死亡。结论对困难性LC,应始终遵循＂解剖紧贴胆囊,切前辨清关系,钝锐交替分离,顺逆结合切除＂的原则,有上腹部手术史则用开放法建立气腹,分离腹腔粘连。     

The Outcome of Gallbladder Perforation during Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Purpose: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has become the standard treatment for symptomatic cholelithiasis. The perforation of gallbladder, bile and stone spillage, trauma to bile duct are the most common complications of LC. This study was carried out to assess the outcome of gallbladder perforation (GBP) during LC. Material and methods: Between 1991 and 2001, intraoperative GBP occurred in 48 patients during LC among 336 patients who were operated on for acute cholecystitis in 14, and for chronic cholecystitis in 322. Results: Perforation was observed in 48 patients (14%). Perforation occurred during traction and grasping in 36 patients (75%), dissection of gallbladder in 8 patients (16%), and removal of the gallbladder in 4 patients (8%). Bile spillage occurred in 40 patients (83%) while bile and stone spillage was present in 8 patients (16%). During the follow-up period, a patient was diagnosed with a subhepatic abscess on the 15 th postoperative day and percutaneous drainage was performed.

Conclusions: During LC careful attention must be taken in order to prevent perforation, and the procedure must be performed by experienced surgeons with adequate instrumentations. If perforation occurs, extensive prompt retrieval of the bile and stone spillage must be done along with abundant irrigation. In case of inadequate aspiration and irrigation, the patients must be closely followed.     

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in Elderly Patients

Background and Objective:

In this study, we investigated whether laparoscopic cholecystectomy, a minimally invasive procedure, is advantageous in elderly patients.

Methods:

Data from 595 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy between January 2003 and December 2007 were prospectively collected in a database. The patients were separated into 2 groups; patients >70 years of age (group A), and patients <70 years of age (group B). Group A was further divided into 3 subgroups, ages 70 to 74, 75 to 79, and 80 and above. Comparison between the groups was made with Mann-Whitney U and chi-square tests where appropriate.

Results:

ASA scores increased in conjunction with increased age (P<0.001). Of patients with an operative time longer than one hour, 26 patients aged 70 or older, and 152 patients aged 69 or younger had no difference with respect to PaCO₂ and pH measurements (P>0.05). In patients aged 80 or older, the rates of acute cholecystitis, conversion to open surgery, and postoperative complications were significantly higher than in other groups (P>0.05).

Conclusion:

We believe that in elderly patients, laparoscopic surgery can be applied safely without further increasing the surgical risks. The complications can be minimized by carefully selecting the patients aged 80 or older and by experienced teams with high technical capabilities operating on such patients.     

Occult Gallbladder Carcinoma Diagnosed by a Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Purpose. A laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has become a common treatment modality. The incidence of occult gallbladder carcinoma (GC) diagnosed by LC has increased; however, the effects of a radical second operation after LC have not yet been demonstrated. In this study we examine the outcome of such further surgical intervention. Methods. We clinicopathologically studied occult GC diagnosed by LC. We analyzed the results to establish a therapeutic protocol for repeated surgical intervention, and to determine whether the incidence of occult GC has increased. Results. GC, which invaded the mucosa and exhibited a noninvading biliary wedge (m+/bm–), did not recur during the follow-up. GC, which invaded the subserosa (ss)+/bm– and thus required a second operation, did not recur, and the patients had a satisfactory prognosis, both short-term and long-term. One of the patients with ss+/bm+ developed peritoneal dissemination after secondary surgical intervention. Conclusion. After evaluating the clinical outcome of a second operation for the treatment of GC, we concluded that, even for advanced stage patients, repeated surgical intervention may improve the prognosis of GC and thus should be considered, when encountering such patients.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术意外胆囊癌28例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中意外胆囊癌的诊治方法。方法对2000年1月~2007年5月我院15560例LC中28例意外胆囊癌(unsuspected gallbladder carcinoma,UGC)的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果术中发现12例和术后发现16例中的5例行胆囊癌根治术,而仅行LC11例。术后病理TNM分期:Ⅰ期3例,Ⅱ期23例,Ⅲ期2例。28例术后随访7~66个月,平均22个月,死亡19例,其中接受胆囊癌根治手术的17例术后1、3、5年的存活率分别为76.5%(13/17)、23.5%(4/17)、11.8%(2/17);而仅行LC的11例术后1年生存率为45.4%,无存活超过2年。结论对高危人群,术中应高度警惕意外胆囊癌的发生,LC意外发现的胆囊癌多为早期,对早期胆囊癌应行标准胆囊癌根治术,仅行单纯的LC是不够的。     

Aberrant Presentation of the Gallbladder During Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Background:

Aberrant gallbladder transposed to the left side is a rare congenital anomaly that has been seen in as many as 0.7% of the population. These gallbladders are situated under the left lobe of the liver between Segment III and IV and to the left of the falciform ligament. Many preoperative studies fail to identify the anomaly, causing confusion to the surgeon during laparoscopic resection. Selective use of intraoperative cholangiography and meticulous dissection can aid in safe resection.

Methods:

A 61-year-old female was admitted with ultra-sound confirmation of cholecystitis and subsequently taken to the operating room for a laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Results:

Evaluation of the gallbladder under laparoscopic view revealed an inflamed left aberrant gallbladder. An intraoperative cholangiogram was obtained to delineate the biliary anatomy that showed the cystic duct entering the common hepatic duct on the right side.

Conclusion:

A left aberrant gallbladder is a rare presentation that requires awareness of biliary anatomy and selective use of intraoperative cholangiography to aid in the safe laparoscopic resection of the gallbladder.     

Consequences of Spilt Gallstones During Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

To document the incidence of spilt gallstones during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the cause and consequences of such spillage. The study included 150 consecutive laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed between October 2007 and November 2008. Data was collected in a prospective manner in accordance to proforma. Follow up were performed at the end of 1 week, 1 month, 6 months and 1 year. The spillage of gall stones during surgery occurred in 19.04 % of the cases. Majority of the spillage occurred due to perforation of the gall bladder during dissection, followed by application of toothed grasper. Although all visible spilt stones were retrieved during surgery, complication rate of 0.66 % was observed. The incidence and complications secondary to the spillage of gall stones during standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy is low but avoidable. Various complications can occur, over a large period of time. Thus it is advisable to retrieve as many gallstones as possible short of converting to a laparotomy Dasari and Loan (JSLS 13(1):73–76, 2009), Daradkeh and Suwan (World J Surg 22:75–77, 1998).     

老年人腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发症分析

目的探讨老年患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）的安全性。方法回顾性分析2004年2月-2007年5月158例行LC手术治疗的老年患者临床资料。结果138例（87.3%）成功施行LC,手术时间平均为（96±23）min,术后平均住院天数为（3.4±1.4）d,20例（12.7%）术中转开腹胆囊切除术。20例（12.7%）患者术后发生并发症,包括肺栓塞1例（0.6%）,胆漏2例（1.3%）,脐疝3例（1.9%）,胆总管结石残留3例（1.9%）,切口感染3例（1.9%）,切口出血6例（3.8%）,腹膜炎2例（1.3%）。术后30 d内无一例死亡。结论重视术前评估及术中Calot三角处理,规范操作以及掌握好中转开腹原则是老年患者LC术安全进行的可靠保障。