槟榔碱对大鼠心室肌细胞瞬时外向钾电流的影响

目的：研究槟榔碱(Are)对大鼠心室肌细胞瞬时外向钾电流(I_(to))的影响。方法：利用全细胞膜片钳技术测定大鼠心室肌细胞的I_(to)。结果：10.0μmol·L~(-1) Are可以降低I_(to),使I_(to)幅值从(10.6±s 1.2)pA·pF~(-1)降至(6.2±0.9)pA·pF~(-1)(P＜0.01,n=20)。在1～100μmol·L~(-1)范围内Are的作用呈浓度依赖性,IC_(50)为8.2μmol·L~(-1)。10.0μmol·L~(-1)Are使稳态激活曲线右移,半激活电压(V_(1/2))从(-11.6±0.6)mV移至(-2.3±0.1)mV,但曲线斜率基本不变。Are对失活曲线影响不大,但10.0μmol·L~(-1)Are使通道失活后恢复时间常数从(88±16)ms延长为(152±24)ms(P＜0.01,n=18)。结论：Are浓度依赖地阻滞大鼠心室肌细胞的I_(to)。     

苄基四氢巴马汀对豚鼠和大鼠心室肌细胞钾电流的作用

目的:研究苄基四氢巴马汀(BTHP)对心室肌细胞快激活(I_(Kr))和慢激活(I_(Ks))延迟整流钾电流、内向整流钾电流(I_(Kl))和瞬时外向钾电流(I_(to))的作用.方法:采用全细胞膜片箝技术记录豚鼠及大鼠心室肌细胞钾电流.结果:BTHP在 1-100 μmol/L的范围内以浓度依赖性方式阻滞I_(Kr)和I_(Ks),其中对I_(Kr)的IC_(50)为 13.5 μmol/L(95％可信限:11.2-15.8 μmol/L)而对 I_(Ks)的 IC_(50)则为 9.3 μmol/L(95％可信限:7.8-11.8 μmol/L).BTHP 30μmol/L时可使 I_(Kr)及I_(Kr,tail)分别降低31％±4％和36％±5％(n=6,P<0.01);使I_(Ks)及I_(Ks,tail)分别降低40％±6％和45％±15％(n=7,P<0.01);BTHP 5μmol/L可抑制大鼠心室肌细胞I_(to)电流,使电流幅值降低63％±6％(n=6,P<0.01),BTHP1-100μmol/L以浓度依赖性方式阻滞入I_(to),其 IC_(50)为 3.6 μmol/L(95％可信限:2.9-4.3μmol/L).但BTHP 200 μpmol/L对I_(Kl)基本无影响.结论:BTHP对I_(Kr)、I_(Ks)、I_(to)均有抑制作用,且其阻滞作用呈现出浓度依赖性特征.     

牛磺酸镁配合物对乌头碱诱发心律失常大鼠心肌细胞钙通道的影响

目的研究牛磺酸镁配合物(TMCC)对乌头碱诱发心律失常大鼠心肌细胞L型钙电流(I_(Ca,L))的影响。方法酶解法分离大鼠单个心室肌细胞,乌头碱诱导大鼠心律失常模型,胺碘酮作为阳性对照,100、200和400μmol·L~(-1)TMCC作用于心肌细胞。应用全细胞膜片钳技术记录心室肌细胞I_(Ca,L)的变化。结果 400μmol·L~(-1)TMCC显著增加大鼠正常心肌细胞I_(Ca,L),胺碘酮则使之减小。1μmol·L~(-1)乌头碱使I_(Ca,L)电流密度由(4.3±1.6)pA·pF~(-1)增加到(6.4±1.9)pA·pF~(-1)(p<0.01),400μmol·L~(-1)TMCC能显著降低乌头碱诱导的I_(Ca,L)增加。胺碘酮则能使之恢复为(3.7±1.4)pA·pF~(-1)。结论 400μmol·L~(-1)TMCC能增加正常细胞的I_(Ca,L),对钙内流有促进作用,并可减少乌头碱诱导的心律失常大鼠心肌细胞异常增加的电流。     

1—（2，6—二甲基苯氧基）—2—（3，4—二甲氧基苯乙氨基）丙烷盐酸盐抑制豚鼠心室肌细胞内向整流和延迟整流钾电流

目的:研究1-(2,6-二甲基苯氧基)-2-(3,4-二甲氧基苯乙氨基)丙烷盐酸盐(DDPH)对心室肌细胞动作电位(AP)、内向整流钾通道电流(I_(K1))及延迟整流钾通道电流(I_K)的影响。方法:全细胞膜片箝技术。结果:DDPH 10,100μmol·L~(-1)使豚鼠心室肌细胞AP时程APD_(50)明显缩短;但DDPH(>1μmol·L~(-1))延长APD_(90)。DDPH浓度依赖性地抑制I_K尾电流(I_(K·tail)),EC_(50)为13.3(11.6.6-16.7)μmol·L~(-1)。DDPH(>1.0μmol·L~(-1))明显抑制I_(Kl);同时,DDPH使I_(Kl)翻转电位向正电位方向移动。结论:DDPH对豚鼠心室肌细胞I_(Kl)和I_K具有明显的抑制作用。     

RP58866对哺乳动物心室肌细胞跨膜钾电流的作用(英文)

目的:研究RP58866对于豚鼠或犬分离心室肌细胞I_K,I_(to),和I_(Kl)的影响。方法:采用全细胞膜片箝技术。结果:在-100 mV时,RP58866以浓度依赖方式明显减少了豚鼠心室肌细胞I_(kl),其IC_(50)为(3.4±0.8)μmol·L~(-1)(n=6)。在犬心室肌细胞,RP58866可明显抑制I_(to),其IC_(50)为(2.3±0.5)μmol·L~(-1)。RP58866 100μmol·L~(-1)阻断豚鼠的心室肌细胞I_K,在 40mv时使I_(Kstep)减少(58±13)％,其IC_(50)为(7.5±0.8)μmol·L~(-1),I_(Ktail)减少(86±17)％,其IC_(50)为(3.5±0.9)μmol·L~(-1)。尾电流分析表明,RP58866对I_(Kr)和I_(Ks)均有阻断作用。结论:RP58866对心肌细胞的I_(Kl)和I_(to),I_K均有抑制作用,而不是一种特殊的I_(Kl)抑制剂。     

赛庚啶对豚鼠心室肌细胞钙电流的影响

应用全细胞记录式膜片钳技术研究了赛庚啶(Cyp)对豚鼠心室肌细胞慢钙电流(I_(Ca))的影响,Cyp 3和8μmol·L~1对I_(Ca)的电流-电压关系曲线(I-V曲线)之各电流均有降低作用,使I-V曲线上抬;在指令电位0 mV时,I_(Ca)为次最大值,Cyp 0.3～10μmol·L~1使该I_(Ca)呈浓度依赖性降低,IC_(50)值为1.98μmol·L~1,还观察到Cyp 1μmol·L~1明显增加外向电流(I_(out)),且四乙基铵(TEA)1 mmol·L~1对其有显著的拮抗作用,但对控制电位从80 mV跃升至-40 mV时所出现的瞬时快内向电流,无明显影响.以上结果直接证明了Cyp对心室肌细胞钙跨膜转运有明显降低作用,还可能增加钾外流。     

DDPH对豚鼠心室肌细胞延迟整流钾电流两种成分的抑制作用

目的:研究1-(2,6-二甲基苯氧基)-2-(3,4-二甲氧基苯乙氨基)丙烷盐酸盐(DDPH)对豚鼠心室肌细胞快激活(I_(Kr))和慢激活(I_(Ks))延迟整流钾电流的作用.方法:全细胞膜片箝技术.结果:DDPH 0.1-100μmol/L浓度依赖性抑制I_(Kr),I_Kr-tail[IC_(50)(μmol/L)为6.1,95％可信限为(2.8—13.5)].DDPH同时浓度依赖性抑制 I_(Ks),I_(Ks-tail[IC_(50)(μmol/L)为12.5,95％可信限为(4.8-32.2)].DDPH(10 μmol/L)不影响I_(Kr)和I_(Ks)的电压依赖性激活过程,给药前I_(Kr)的半激活电压(V_(1/2),mV)和斜率因子(k,mV)分别为(-21.7±0.8)和(5.9±0.8),给药后分别为(-23.5±2.4)和(8.1±2.2),无统计学意义(P>0.05).用药前后I_(Ks)的半激活电压和斜率因子的差异亦无统计学意义(P>0.05),用药前分别为(27.0±0.8)和(14.9± 0.9),用药后分别为(27.1±0.7)和(16.6±0.8).DDPH(<10μmol/L)可抑制 I_(Kr)和 I_(Ks)的去激活过程,并且加快I_(Kr)的失活.结论:DDPH抑制I_(Kr)和I_(Ks)无选择性.且主要作用于其去激活过程,而非激活过程.DDPH进一步通过加速其失活过程抑制I_(Kr).     

苦参碱、青蒿素和粉防己碱对豚鼠心室肌细胞胞浆钙的影响

目的:比较苦参碱、青蒿素和粉防己碱对分离的豚鼠心室肌细胞胞浆钙的影响。方法:用酶解法急性分离的豚鼠心室肌细胞先用Fluo 3-AM负载,然后用激光扫描共聚焦法检测单个豚鼠心室肌细胞胞浆钙的荧光强度。结果:(1)KCl 60mmol·L~(-1)可升高心室肌细胞胞浆钙荧光强度,其荧光强度从299±19升高到1389±325(P<0.01)。(2)苦参碱和青蒿素在浓度为100μmol·L~(-1)可使KCl 60mmol·L~(-1)引起的外钙内流增多,其荧光强度分别从301±14和299±16升高到1495±320和1646±308(P<0.05)。(3)粉防己碱1、10及100μmol·L~(-1)和维拉帕米10μmol·L~(-1)可抑制KCl引起的外钙内流。(4)在正常细胞外液中,苦参碱1、10和100μmol·L~(-1)可使细胞内荧光强度增强,其荧光强度分别从303±27,300±32,296±19上升到441±96,504±112,643±126(P<0.05)。(5)在无钙细胞外液中,粉防己碱1和10μmol·L~(-1)可明显抑制咖啡因20mmol·L~(-1)引起的胞浆钙升高(P<0.05)。结论:苦参碱、青蒿素和粉防己碱对豚鼠心室肌细胞胞浆钙的影响不同。青蒿素和苦参碱可加强电压依赖性钙内流,而粉防己碱与维拉帕米作用相似,抑制这种钙内流。苦参碱本身可以促进外钙内流。     

蝙蝠葛碱对豚鼠心室肌细胞L型钙电流阻断作用

目的：研究蝙蝠葛碱对豚鼠心室肌细胞Ｌ型钙电流的阻断作用及其特性。方法：利用全细胞记录方法，记录单个豚鼠心室肌细胞Ｌ型钙电流。结果：蝙蝠葛碱１，１０，１００μｍｏｌ·Ｌ＾－１可使钙电流分别减少１５．２％±２．２％，４１％±５％，８２％±８％。冲洗后，可使钙电流部分恢复，蝙蝠葛碱具有浓度依赖性阻断钙电流的作用。在刺激频率３Ｈｚ与１Ｈｚ，其阻断钙电流的程序相似。结论：蝙蝠葛碱具有阻断Ｌ型钙电流的作用。     

DDPH抑制豚鼠单个心室肌细胞L-钙电流和钠电流(英文)

目的:研究1-(2,6-二甲基苯氧基)-2-(3,4-二甲氧基苯乙氨基)丙烷盐酸盐(DDPH)对豚鼠心室肌细胞L-型钙电流和钠电流的作用。方法:全细胞膜片箝技术。结果:(1)DDPH(3-300μmol·L~(-1))浓度依赖性地抑制L-型钙电流,IC_(50)为28.5μmol·L~(-1)(95％可信限:14.3-42.7μmol·L~(-1))。维拉帕米0.3-30μmol/L浓度依赖性地抑制钙电流,IC_(50)为1.8μmol·L~(-1)(95％可信限:1.3-2.3μmol·L~(-1))。美西律100μmol·L~(-1)对钙电流无影响。DDPH30μmol·L~(-1)使用依赖性阻滞钙电流,1Hz时抑制率为58％±13％(n=5,P<0.01),3Hz时为76％±11％(n=5,P<0.01)。(2)DDPH(20-320μmol·L~(-1))浓度依赖性抑制钠电流,IC_(50)为89.0μmol·L~(-1)(95％可信限:68.7-109.3μmol·L~(-1))。美西律抑制钠电流的IC_(50)为32.2μmol·L~(-1)(95％可信限:11.7-52.7μmol·L~(-1))。维拉帕米10μmol·L~(-1)对钠电流无影响(P>0.05).DDPH80μmol·L~(-1)对钠电流无使用依赖性阻滞。结论:DDPH抑制豚鼠心室肌细胞L-型钙电流和钠电流,但抑制钙电流的作用弱于维拉帕米,抑制钠电流的作用弱于美西律。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.