钻孔吸除并注入尿激酶溶解引流治疗硬膜外血肿

硬膜外血肿在闭合性颅脑损伤中占２％～３％，多见于脑膜中动脉及其分支损伤，少数为静脉或板障静脉出血引起。我院于１９９３～１９９６年共收治硬膜外血肿４１例，采用颅骨钻孔吸除并注入尿激酶溶解引流法治疗，疗效显著。报告如下。临床资料（１）一般资料：男２９例，...     

小儿颅脑外伤280例CT诊断分析

目的：分析小儿颅脑外伤的临床及CT表现特点。方法：本组男206例，女74例，年龄8个月～14岁，平均6岁。280例均有完整的CT资料，其中35例检查2次，12例检查3次，4例行MRI检查。结果：颅骨骨折52例，占18．6％；硬膜外血肿50例，占18．0％；硬膜下血肿58例，占20．7％；蛛网膜下腔出血19例，占6．8％；脑室出血4例，占1．5％；脑内血肿45例，占16．0％；脑挫裂伤50例，占18．0％；弥漫性轴索损伤6例，占2．1％；脑疝2例，占0．7％；创伤性脑梗塞7例，占2．5％。85．0％的病例有2种以上CT表现。结论：(1)小儿颅脑外伤与成人相比有其相对特殊的临床特点；(2)CT检查快速、准确，是小儿颅脑外伤首选影像检查方法。     

儿童后颅窝硬脑膜外血肿

儿童后颅窝硬脑膜外血肿邹庆贵周惠茂孙广林董春雷儿童后颅窝硬脑膜外血肿较成人多见，我科自１９８８年３月～１９９４年１１月共收治儿童后颅窝硬膜外血肿１４例，占同期收治后颅窝硬脑膜外血肿病人的６８％，１４例病人均经手术治疗，预后较好。现报告如下。临床资料男...     

CT在颅内血肿微创治疗前后的应用价值(附32例报告)

目的探讨CT在颅内血肿微创治疗前后的临床应用价值. 资料与方法对32例颅内血肿患者于微创术前做CT定位和术后CT复查评价.32例中,外伤性硬膜外血肿12例,外伤性硬膜下血肿5例,高血压脑出血12例,其他原因致颅内血肿3例. 结果外伤性颅内血肿17例(硬膜外12例,硬膜下5例)微创治疗满意,无后遗症,尤其是硬膜外血肿效果更佳.高血压及其他原因所致颅内血肿15例中,微创治疗成功12例,死亡2例,1例因术后有活动性出血且出血量大而行手术开颅清除血肿.成功的12例中5例有后遗症. 结论术前CT定位和选择最佳适应证是微创治疗成功的术后CT复查是评价微创治疗效果的有效方法.     

颅脑爆震伤5例救治体会

我院1989年6月～1992年4月共收冶颅脑爆震伤5例，报告如下。1临床资料1．1一般情况5例均为男性，年龄25～58岁，平均44.4岁。1．2致伤原因、环境、体位见表1。1．3症状及体征5例均有原发昏迷。体征见表2。GCS计分：3～5分2例，6～8分1例，9～15分2例。1．4伤情比较见表3。1．5X线及头颅CT硬膜外血肿并脑挫裂伤、颅骨骨折1例，多肋骨骨折1例。CT正常3例，1例未做CT。1．6治疗及转归1例因头皮裂伤出血，出现休克早期症状，补生理盐水500ml，恢复正常、硬膜外血肿和颅骨凹陷性骨折2倒入院即行手术治疗。5例均用脱水剂、抗生素、地塞米松等…     

急性外伤性不稳定型硬膜外血肿的早期CT诊断

目的：提高急性外伤性不稳定型硬膜外血肿的早期CT诊断能力，减少漏诊和误诊。材料和方法：本组头部外伤病例共22例，男17例，女5例，年龄17-62岁，平均32岁。采用GE公司Hispeed nx h型双螺旋CT机作头部轴向扫描。用不同的窗宽、窗位分析首次CT检查材料，作动态CT监测。结果：首次CT扫描：典型硬膜外血肿CT征象13例，不典型硬膜外血肿CT征象6例，无硬膜外血肿CT征象3例。血肿大小5-30mL，平均18ml，CT值40-95Hu。合并脑组织伤9例，局部脑萎缩并软化灶1例，硬膜外积气7例，颅骨骨折12例，头皮血肿22例。复查CT检查硬膜外血肿增大，血肿大小30-150ml，平均40ml。结论：对典型和不典型急性外伤性不稳定型硬膜外血肿CT都能作出较准确的早期诊断。动态CT监测是早期发现不稳定型硬膜外血肿的有效方法。     

骑跨上矢状窦双侧硬膜外血肿11例

骑跨上矢状窦双侧硬膜外血肿１１例张建军张俊我院自１９８６年３月～１９９４年１２月共手术治疗骑跨上矢状窦双侧硬膜外血肿１１例，占同期手术７２２例外伤性颅内血肿的１．５％，占同期４０５例硬脑膜外血肿的２．７％．现就其发生机制，诊治特点讨论如下．临床资料本...     

CT监控下立体定向颅内血肿抽吸术的临床应用

目的 探讨在CT监控下立体定向脑内血肿清除术的临床应用价值。方法 将定向仪安装在CT床头侧并与CT坐标中心校验为同步，病人在手术室或直接在CT室钻孔，手术全过程在CT床上进行，至少行术前、术中和术毕3次监控扫描，并根据需要随时扫描观察动态效果或调整靶点。本组共860例，包括基底节血肿408例、丘脑－内囊后肢血肿136例、外囊血肿105例、脑叶血肿156例、脑干血肿40例、小脑血肿5例及脑室出血10例；抽吸术距发病时间自3h至14d。结果 血肿可随意抽出者586例，血肿较馥稠但可清除率大于50％者202例，可清除率在50％以下者68例，完全无法抽出4例；手术时间25－120min，平均45min；存活693例，死亡167例，对生存者进行日常生活能力测评（active day life,ADL),ADL 1-2级者378例，ADL3级者166例，ADL4级者107例，ADL5级者28例，失访14例。结论 CT监控下立体定向脑内血肿抽吸术，是1种值得推广的安全、精确和简捷的脑内血肿治疗方法。     

迟发性外伤性脑内血肿的诊治

迟发性外伤性脑内血肿(DTICH)是指头部外伤后首次头颅CT检查未发现血肿，经过一段时间后重复CT扫描发现血肿，或手术、尸检发现脑内血肿，或首次头颅CT检查证实有血肿的脑内其他部位又出现血肿者，均称为迟发性脑内血肿，其死亡率为25％～50％。降低其死亡率和致残率的关键在于早期诊治。     

重型颅脑伤后慢性脑积水13例

我院自1994年6月～1998年8月共收治207例重型颅脑伤患者,均经CT诊断和GCS评分≤8分。经过治疗后发生慢性脑积水13例,占6．28％。临床资料1一般资料男性9例,女性4例,年龄5～63岁,平均378岁。致伤原因：车祸伤（10例）,坠落伤（2例）,打击伤（1例）。2损伤类型全组13例均有不同程度的脑挫裂伤,以额、预叶为主。合并硬膜外血肿1例,硬膜外、下混合血肿2例,硬膜下血肿2例,脑内血肿1例。非手术治疗5例,手术治疗8例（其中单纯血肿清除3例,血肿清除加去骨瓣减压3例,单纯去骨瓣减压2例）。3临床表现脑挫裂伤严重者,伤后持久昏迷或意…     

小儿外伤性迟发性硬脑膜外血肿

目的 研究小儿外伤性迟发性硬脑膜外血肿的临床特点。并探讨其发生机制。方法 总结分析我科1991年1月-2001年10月收治的小儿外伤性迟发性硬脑膜外血肿23例。结果 本组手术清除血肿21例。血肿自行吸收2例。无死亡。结论 小儿迟发性外伤性硬脑膜外血肿多发生在伤后2-5d，占该类血肿78.3%，跌倒伤是主要的致伤原因，此类血肿可发生于颅内任何部位，但多伴有颅骨线形骨折。小儿外伤性迟发性硬脑膜外血肿及时发现和治疗，预后良好，CT扫描是可靠而简便的诊断方法，而延误诊断往往造成严重后果。     

Delayed epidural hematoma

Summary A case of delayed epidural hematoma is described who had an initial computerized tomography (CT) scan reported as normal. Repeat CT scan at 48 h demonstrated a right temporal epidural hematoma. A skull fracture was not observed radiographically or at surgery. The world literature is reviewed and the criteria for repeat CT scanning is discussed.     

Delayed epidural hematoma after mild head injury

BACKGROUND: Traumatic delayed epidural hematoma (DEH) can be defined as insignificant or not seen on the initial CT scan performed after a trauma but seen on the subsequent CT scan as a "massive" epidural bleeding. CASE REPORT: We presented two cases of traumatic DEH after mild head injury. Both patients were conscious and without neurological deficit on the admission. Initial CT scan did not reveal intracranial hematoma. Repeated CT scan, that was performed after neurological deterioration, revealed epidural hematoma in both cases. The patients were operated with a favorable surgical outcome. CONCLUSION: Traumatic DEH could occur in the patients with head injuries who were conscious on the admission with a normal initial CT scan finding. Early detection of DEH and an urgent surgical evacuation were essential for a good outcome.     

彩色超声对重型颅脑损伤术中急性脑膨出的诊断及治疗价值

目的 探讨彩色超声对重型颅脑损伤术中急性脑膨出的诊断及治疗价值.方法 回顾性分析2013-12至2018-12武警北京总队医院和武警四川总队医院收治的32例重型颅脑损伤术中发生急性脑膨出患者的临床资料,术中采取超声检查的方法,诊断脑膨出的病因及进一步指导手术治疗方案.观察记录术中超声诊断脑膨出的病因类别、部位特点(包括...     

Delayed intracerebral hemorrhage as demonstrated by CT scanning

Summary Three patients are presented who developed delayed intracerebral hematomas after head injury. Two patients had essentially negative CT scans on admission and developed intracerbral hematomas within 24 h after injury. They required surgical treatment and had fatal outcomes. The third patient presented with an epidural hematoma on CT scan, developed an intracerebral hematoma 48 h after evacuation of the epidural hematoma, and did well with conservative management.     

„Verschwinden“ des Epiduralhämatoms im Verlauf

Spontaneous rapid resolution, redistribution or drainage (disappearance) of an acute epidural hematoma within 24 h has occasionally been reported, mostly in younger traumatized persons. The mechanism could be drainage of the hematoma through an overlying skull fracture into the subgaleal and subcutaneous space caused by increasing brain swelling and intracranial pressure. This was the case in an 85-year-old cyclist who suffered severe craniocerebral trauma in a traffic accident. The epidural hematoma detected by emergency computed tomography (CT) was no longer visible in the control CT 8 h later (and the autopsy). All that was found was a massive intracerebral bleeding and accompanying brain edema.     

颅脑减速伤的损伤特点研究

目的研究颅脑减速伤的损伤特点,探讨其在颅脑创伤的伤情判断和影像诊断中的应用价值。方法分析361例临床典型颅脑减速伤患者的颅脑CT影像资料,结合致伤病史及临床资料,总结归纳颅脑减速伤的损伤特点。结果颅脑减速伤损伤的主要特点为:撞击部位头皮损伤、颅盖骨折、硬膜外血肿、硬膜下血肿和脑挫裂伤,对冲部位硬膜下血肿、颅底骨折和脑挫裂伤;颅骨骨折以撞击部位多见,硬膜下血肿以对冲部位多见,蛛网膜下腔出血主要位于脑底部及脑挫裂伤区;额、颞叶严重对冲伤是常见颅脑减速伤的重要特征。结论根据颅脑减速伤的损伤特点,结合致伤病史或颅脑CT表现,可为临床颅脑减速伤伤情的快速判断与救治、CT扫描及诊断、创伤事故原因的评判提供理论依据。     

实验兔钝性肝损伤的CT动态增强表现

目的 探讨CT动态增强扫描在兔钝性肝损伤(rabbit hepatic injury,BHI)模型中的诊断价值.方法 新西兰大白兔40只,采用钢球自由落体对剑突直接撞击,建立兔BHI模型.采用美国通用(GE)公司Hispeed双螺旋CT机行肝脏平扫及增强,注射对比剂开始后8～10 s、35～40 s、120～150 s分别为肝动脉期、门脉期及平衡期.观察增强前后损伤的位置、范围、边界、肝包膜撕裂、有无活动性出血、主要肝静脉有无受累及腹腔积血的CT特征,并与大体解剖情况对比.结果 动态增强扫描显示率明显高于平扫,单一撕裂13只,多发性撕裂伤18只,肝包膜下血肿7处,肝实质内血肿9处,肝包膜裂口17只25处,活动性出血9处,主要肝静脉损伤5处;与大体解剖符合情况分别为13/13(只),18/18(只),7/9(处),9/9(处),25/30(处),9/5(处),5/4(处).按Moore分级,CT/剖腹探查结果分别为:Ⅰ级5/4只,Ⅱ级15/13只,Ⅲ级9/11只,Ⅳ级6/6只,Ⅴ级1/2只,Ⅵ级0只.结论 动态CT增强扫描尤其静脉期和平衡期对明确有无肝脏损伤及判断损伤程度具有重要的价值.     

Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the skull complicated with an epidural hematoma

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disorder that affects the pediatric population. LCH complicated with a neurologic deficit due to the presence of epidural involvement is a rare condition. We describe the CT imaging features in a 2-year-old boy who presented with drowsy consciousness resulting from an epidural hematoma caused by spontaneous bleeding in an LCH of the skull. CT is an excellent means of depicting the full extent of bony destruction and the nature of the process.     

Nonoperative management of acute epidural hematoma diagnosed by CT: the neuroradiologist's role.

PURPOSE: To determine whether certain patients with epidural hematomas would benefit from conservative treatment and to assess the neuroradiologist's role in decision-making. METHODS: We reviewed the CT scan findings, clinical presentation and outcome of 48 consecutive patients with epidural hematoma managed at our institution within the past 5 years. In 18 patients, initial management was nonsurgical, and only one of these went on to require surgery due to clinical deterioration and evidence of enlargement of hematoma on CT. The remainder of these 18 did well without surgery. OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS: Clinical indicators of neurologic dysfunction (decrease in Glasgow coma scale score, pupillary dilatation, and hemiparesis) in the presence of even small epidural hematomas usually dictates the need for surgical management. The role of the neuroradiologist is most important when the patient presents in a good clinical state, when identification of both favorable and unfavorable prognostic factors on Ct is essential. The initial diameter of nonsurgically managed epidural hematomas generally must be small (mean, 1.26 cm in our series, all under 1.5 cm), and midline shift should be minimal (mean, 1.8 mm in our series). The identification of lucent areas within the epidural hematoma (suggesting active bleeding), or CT evidence of uncal herniation, can be ominous and the neurosurgeon must be alerted to their presence. Even in the presence of a favorable clinical status, presence of a larger epidural hematoma with significant mass effect or central lucent areas should alert the neuroradiologist and neurosurgeon to the strong possibility of sudden neurologic deterioration, and indicate the probable need for surgical management.