颈段髓内海绵状血管瘤的诊断及显微手术策略

目的探讨颈段髓内海绵状血管瘤的临床特点和显微手术技巧。方法对9例颈段髓内海绵状血管瘤行显微手术治疗,分析患者的临床特征、影像学表现、肿瘤切除情况,并对其术前、术后神经功能进行评估。结果 9例肿瘤全切除。术后神经功能改善6例,未见明显好转2例,症状加重1例,无死亡病例。结论熟悉颈段髓内海绵状血管瘤的临床表现、影像学特征有助于明确诊断。显微手术切除病变是其首选治疗方法,采取正确的手术策略和熟练的显微手术技巧是提高其疗效的基础。     

脊髓血管母细胞瘤的显微外科治疗

目的 探讨脊髓血管母细胞瘤的手术治疗策略.方法 回顾性分析40例血管母细胞瘤患者的临床特点、术前MRI表现、术中所见、手术切除情况、术后MRI表现及随访结果,并采用McCormick评分标准评价术前术后脊髓功能.结果 术后病理均证实为血管母细胞瘤.40例患者均行显微外科手术,镜下全切肿瘤.术后症状改善30例,无变化8例,加重2例,无手术并发症.结论 后正中入路是安全有效切除脊髓血管母细胞瘤的方法,术后大部分患者可以获得好的治疗效果,有症状者应积极手术.     

脊髓血管母细胞瘤的显微外科治疗

目的 探讨脊髓血管母细胞瘤的显微外科治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析16例脊髓血管母细胞瘤病人的临床资料.术前均行血管造影,其中完全栓塞或部分栓塞9例.术中采用吲哚菁绿血管造影再次确认相关血管,采用显微外科手术切除肿瘤.结果 16例脊髓血管母细胞瘤均全切除.术后随访3个月,根据McCormick脊髓功能状态分级:明显改善12例,无变化3例,加重1例.结论 脊髓血管母细胞瘤通过显微外科手术切除可以取得良好疗效,术前血管造影栓塞和术中荧光血管造影有利于减少术中出血,提高手术安全性.     

脊髓髓内肿瘤的显微外科治疗

目的 总结脊髓髓内肿瘤的治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析36例经显微手术治疗的脊髓髓内肿瘤病人的临床资料,术中超声辅助定位5例.结果 室管膜瘤17例,低级别星形细胞瘤(WHO I ～II级)8例,高级别星形细胞瘤(WHO Ⅲ～Ⅳ级)3例,血管母细胞瘤3例,海绵状血管瘤2例,脂肪瘤、转移瘤、畸胎瘤各1例.室管膜瘤全切率82.4%,低级别星形细胞瘤为50.0%,高级别星形细胞瘤为33.3%,血管母细胞瘤、海绵状血管瘤和转移瘤均全切,脂肪瘤和畸胎瘤次全切.术后随访3个月,根据McCormick脊髓功能状态分级:I级23例,II级7例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级3例.结论 显微手术切除脊髓髓内肿瘤是目前最有效的治疗措施.术中超声有助于术中肿瘤定位,减少手术创伤.     

脊髓血管母细胞瘤的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨脊髓血管母细胞瘤的诊断和治疗。方法 回顾分析28例脊髓血管母细胞瘤患者的临床特征、影像学表现和治疗方法。结果 手术26例，拒绝手术2例。血管瘤全切除24例，次全切2例。术后症状好转19例，无变化5例，加重2例，无手术死亡。结论 MRI及血管造影对脊髓血管母细胞瘤诊断具有特异性，手术治疗效果好。术前栓塞可明显减少血管瘤血供，提高手术成功率。     

Increasing the sensitivity of MRI for the detection of multiple sclerosis lesions by long axial coverage of the spinal cord: a prospective study in 119 patients

Diagnostic imaging criteria of multiple sclerosis (MS) include the spatial and temporal dissemination of cerebral and/or spinal cord lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the method of choice for initial diagnosis and follow-up disease monitoring. Current guidelines for spinal MRI recommend sagittal imaging of the spinal cord and lesion confirmation on axial planes if lesions are detected. Sagittal imaging is, however, hampered by technical (e.g. partial volume effects, motion artifacts) and anatomical (e.g. scoliosis) limitations. We hypothesized that long coverage of the spinal cord by axial image acquisition has superior diagnostic performance compared to sagittal imaging and can identify otherwise undetected lesions. Our prospective clinical study included 119 MS patients. Axial MRI revealed ~2.5-fold more lesions than the sagittal angulation (axial lesion load: 4.0 ± 2.4 vs. 1.6 ± 1.2 lesions on sagittal planes, p < 0.001). Importantly, 20 patients (17%) with normal sagittal MRI scans had unequivocal lesions only visible on axial planes (mean lesion number on axial planes in these patients: 2.0 ± 1.3). Moreover, 45 patients (38%) showed a discrepancy of ≥3 lesions that were found additionally on axial scans (mean difference 4.4 ± 1.7). Additionally identified lesions were on average smaller in size and located more laterally within the spinal cord. No lesion on sagittal images was missed on the axial angulation. Our study demonstrates that imaging of small axial segments for lesion confirmation is insufficient in spinal imaging. We recommend implementing a long coverage axial MRI sequence for spinal imaging of MS patients.     

Concomitant spinal cord and vertebral body infarction is highly associated with aortic pathology: a clinical and magnetic resonance imaging study

The purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between clinical features and imaging characteristics of spinal cord infarction (SCI). Twenty patients (11 women/9 men) were diagnosed at the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital between March 1993 and March 2007. Data of clinical features, possible causes and imaging findings were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Their average age was 56.6 ± 15.5 years. Possible causes of SCI were found in 16 patients (80%), including 8 (40%) who had a high risk of atherosclerosis, 5 (25%) who had aortic diseases, and 3 (15%) who had adjacent spinal diseases; the other 4 (20%) were cryptogenic. Seven patients had concomitant SCI and vertebral body infarctions, and four of them had aortic diseases. Most of the vertebral body infarctions were seen in the thoracolumbar regions (p = 0.008, χ² test) and were adjacent to their cord lesions. Twelve patients (60%) had poor outcomes (mortality, unable to walk, or able to walk with two aids). Younger patients (≤55 year-old) with long cord lesions (greater than or equal to three vertebral segments) had poorer outcomes than older patients with short cord lesions. Vertebral abnormalities are not uncommon, but easily overlooked in SCI. Furthermore, concomitant SCI and vertebral body infarctions were usually located at the thoracolumbar regions, and highly associated with patients with aortic diseases (p = 0.03, χ² test). An understanding of the spinal cord and vertebral vascular supply greatly benefits in early diagnosis, etiological illumination, and prognostic prediction of SCI.     

椎旁切口双入路切除胸腰段Eden Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型椎管内外沟通性肿瘤的临床疗效

目的初步探讨一期椎旁切口双入路切除胸腰段Eden Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型椎管内外沟通性肿瘤的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2013年8月至2019年4月中国人民解放军东部战区总医院神经外科收治的12例胸腰段椎管内外沟通性肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中Eden分型Ⅱ型5例,Ⅲ型7例;术前McCormick分级Ⅰ级8例,Ⅱ级1例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级1例。所有患者均行一期椎旁切口双入路肿瘤切除术,3例行椎弓根螺钉内固定术。门诊随访患者的症状改善情况、有无轴性症状、McCormick分级以评估疗效,复查脊柱MRI,观察多裂肌有无萎缩以及脂肪浸润程度(由轻至重分为Ⅰ~Ⅲ度)。结果12例患者的肿瘤均全切除,术中横突部分医源性破坏3例。病理学结果显示,神经鞘瘤10例,原始神经外胚层肿瘤、黑色素细胞瘤各1例。术后1例患者出现泌尿系感染,经抗感染治疗后明显,缓解。术后McCormick分级Ⅰ级8例,Ⅱ级1例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级1例。12例患者的随访时间为(32.1±21.7)个月(6~62个月)。至末次随访,6例症状改善,5例症状稳定,1例(原始神经外胚层肿瘤)症状加重;Ⅱ例MrCormirk分级Ⅳ级改善为Ⅲ级,1例Ⅲ级改善为Ⅱ级,1例Ⅲ级加重为Ⅳ级,8例Ⅰ级和1例Ⅱ级患者的分级无变化;仅1例出现轴性疼痛症状;脊柱MRI显示,1例患者肿瘤复发,所有患者内固定均在位,无松动,骨质愈合好,脊柱稳定性良好,10例患者肿瘤侧的多裂肌萎缩,12例患者的多裂肌均有Ⅰ~Ⅱ度的脂肪浸润。结论初步观察发现,一期椎旁切口双入路切除胸腰段Eden Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型椎管内外沟通性肿瘤,可以达到肿瘤全切除,临床疗效较好。     

脊髓血管母细胞瘤的显微手术治疗(附11例分析)

目的探讨脊髓血管母细胞瘤的临床特点和外科治疗技巧。方法回顾性分析11例脊髓髓内血管母细胞瘤的诊治经验。本组临床表现主要为感觉和运动障碍、肌肉萎缩及大小便失禁。均经后正中入路切除肿瘤,术中及术后常规使用甲基强的松龙。结果肿瘤均获全切除。术后短时间内症状改善8例,无变化2例,加重1例,无手术死亡。结论本病根据术前典型的影像资料均可确诊。术中尽可能避免活检或分块切除肿瘤,以免引起难以控制的出血和盲目止血引起的脊髓损害。大剂量甲基强的松龙可减轻脊髓水肿。     

运动诱发电位联合体感诱发电位监测在脊髓髓内肿瘤手术中的应用

目的 探讨全静脉麻醉下运动诱发电位(MEP)联合体感诱发电位(SEP)术中监测应用于脊髓髓内肿瘤手术的优越性、可靠性及临床应用价值.方法 对72例脊髓髓内肿瘤患者术中行SEP和MEP联合监测,参照McCormick评分标准对术前、术后脊髓功能的改变和诱发电位变化之间的关系进行统计分析.结果 14例脊髓神经功能改善,18例术后脊髓神经功能下降者与诱发电位监测结果具有一致性(P＜0.05).结论 对脊髓髓内肿瘤手术进行SEP与MEP监测有利于避免"假阴性/假阳性"结果及术后神经功能障碍的发生.     

Surgical management of spinal intramedullary tumors: Ten-year experience in a single institution

Despite their rare occurrence, intramedullary spinal cord tumors can cause considerable morbidity and mortality without treatment. Timing of surgery, extent of resection and selection of favorable treatment option are important considerations for a good surgical outcome. In this clinical study, we report our patient series and convey our treatment strategy. We retrospectively reviewed 91 patients with primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors who underwent microsurgical resection at our institution between 2008 and 2018. Data were collected consisting of age, sex, location and histology of tumor, extent of resection, presenting symptoms and neurological outcomes. Modified McCormick Scale was used to assess neurological status of patients. 47 female and 44 male patients were followed-up for a mean period of 35.7 months. The most frequent pathological diagnosis was ependymoma in 56 patients, followed by astrocytoma in 21 and hemangioblastoma in 5 patients. The rest of the tumors consisted of 3 cavernomas, 3 mature cystic teratomas, 2 PNET, one epidermoid tumor. Gross total resection was achieved in 67 patients, while subtotal resection and biopsy was performed in 15 and 9 respectively. The most commonly involved localization was cervical (n = 39), followed by thoracic region (n = 24). Despite immediate postoperative worsening of neurological status, a great number of patients improved at the last follow-up. Gross total resection remains the primary goal of treatment while adjuvant radiation and/or chemotherapy may be alternative options for high grade tumors. Preoperative neurological status was the most important and the strongest predictor of functional outcome.     

脊髓血管母细胞瘤的诊断和显微手术治疗

目的探讨脊髓血管母细胞瘤的诊断和显微手术治疗技巧.方法回顾性分析11例脊髓血管母细胞瘤病人的临床特征、影像学诊断、治疗方法和预后,均行显微外科手术切除肿瘤.结果肿瘤均全切除.病人平均住院15d,术后短时间内症状改善8例,无变化3例;无手术死亡病例.8例随访6～36个月,无肿瘤复发,神经功能均获得不同程度改善.结论MRI对脊髓血管母细胞瘤的诊断是必要的.熟练的显微外科手术技术和丰富的髓内肿瘤切除经验对手术成功非常关键.     

颈髓髓内血管母细胞瘤的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨颈髓髓内血管母细胞瘤的诊断与治疗。方法 分析19例患者的MRI表现，及其手术治疗的效果。结果 这类肿瘤在MRI上可分为三型：A.空洞型，肿瘤大小不等，且继发延、脊髓空洞；B.囊肿型，为囊内小的附壁结节；C.实体型，为巨大的实体性肿瘤。所有患者均经手术全切除肿瘤，并经病理证实为血管母细胞瘤。术后患者神经系统状态好转者18例，加重1例。结论 颈髓MRI能对颈髓髓内血管母细胞瘤作出定位、定性诊断，并可将其分型，以利选择不同的手术方法；诊断时，还需与胸廓出口综合征和颈椎病相鉴别。认为颈髓髓内、即使累及延髓的血管母细胞瘤宜行积极手术治疗；手术方法随肿瘤类型不同而各异，最为重要是：需沿正确的界面分离，并应在离断供血动脉后切除肿瘤。     

Prognostic Factors of Spinal Cord Decompression Sickness in Recreational Diving: Retrospective and Multicentric Analysis of 279 Cases

Background

This study aims to determine the potential risk factors associated with the development of severe diving-related spinal cord decompression sickness (DCS).

Methods

Two hundred and seventy nine injured recreational divers (42 ± 12 years; 53 women) presenting symptoms of spinal cord DCS were retrospectively included from seven hyperbaric centers in France and Belgium. Diving information, symptom latency after surfacing, time interval between symptom onset and hyperbaric treatment were studied. The initial severity of spinal cord DCS was rated with the Boussuges severity score, and the presence of sequelae was evaluated at 1 month. Initial recompression treatment at 2.8 ATA with 100% oxygen breathing or deeper recompression up to 4 or 6 ATA with nitrogen or helium–oxygen breathing mixture were also recorded.

Results

Twenty six percent of DCS had incomplete resolution after 1 month. Multivariate analysis revealed several independent factors associated with a bad recovery: age ≥42 [OR 1.04 (1–1.07)], depth ≥39 m [OR 1.04 (1–1.07)], bladder dysfunction [OR 3.8 (1.3–11.15)], persistence or worsening of clinical symptoms before recompression [OR 2.07 (1.23–3.48)], and a Boussuges severity score >7 [OR 1.16 (1.03–1.31)]. However, the time to recompression and the choice of initial hyperbaric procedure did not significantly influence recovery after statistical adjustment.

Conclusions

Clinical symptoms of spinal cord DCS and their initial course before admission to the hyperbaric center should be considered as major prognostic factors in recovery. A new severity score is proposed to optimize the initial clinical evaluation for spinal cord DCS.     

Use of different endovascular treatments for arteriovenous malformations of the spinal cord

The paper presents outcomes of treatment of patients with arteriovenous malformations (AVM) of the spinal cord by using endovascular techniques in 171 patients. There were a total of 364 occluded afferent vessels involved in the blood supply to and development of AVM. A classification of spinal cord AVM is presented. Methods for occlusion were described in relation to the type AVM. Malformations were thrombosed with polyvinyl acetate (PVA) emboli in 129 patients; balloon occlusion of afferent vessels was performed in 6, as described by F. A. Serbinenko; histoacryl glue was applied in 27 cases. A combined method of occlusion of afferent vessels was used with PVA emboli and balloons in 9 patients. The clinical picture of spinal cord AVM was outlined. Emphasis is laid on diagnostic methods, such as selective angiography and magnetic resonance imaging, as well as on their role in postoperative control studies, in determining the degree of thrombosis, the presence of ischemic events, and subarachnoidal space patency. Endovascular treatment used in patients with AVM at different levels of the spinal cord alleviated neurological symptoms in 155 (91%) patients. There was no improvement in 12 (7%) patients. Complications at angiography and embolization were observed with deteriorated neurological symptoms in 4 (2%) cases. Further development and improvement of endovascular treatments in patients with spinal cord will be promising if new intervention technologies are introduced in clinical practice.     

老年椎管内脊膜瘤患者的临床特点及手术治疗

目的探讨脊膜瘤老年患者的临床和病理特点及显微手术技巧。方法回顾性分析2001年3月至2011年10月显微手术治疗的56例经病理学检查证实的脊膜瘤老年患者(年龄60~84岁)的临床资料;按McCormick神经功能分级,56例患者中术前McCormickⅠ级6例,Ⅱ级11例,Ⅲ级22例,Ⅳ级14例,Ⅴ级3例。结果肿瘤位于硬膜下髓外55例(98.2%),完全位于硬膜外1例(1.8%);56例患者中38例(67.9%)肿瘤位于胸段。55例(98.2%)肿瘤全切除,1例大部分切除。无手术死亡病例。术后、McCormick分级改善者31例(55.4%),不变者19例(33.9%),恶化者6例(10.7%)。术后随访3个月至7年,肿瘤无复发。结论老年脊膜瘤患者中女性发病率明显高于男性。老年患者术前脊膜瘤误诊率高,术前大多数患者有中、重度神经功能障碍。肿瘤多位于胸段及脊髓腹侧及腹外侧,且部分质地坚硬,显微手术应精细操作,尽量避免脊髓及神经损伤。     

Isolated thoracic syrinx in children with Chiari I malformation

Introduction

Syrinx has been reported in 25–85 % of children with Chiari malformation type I (CMI), and it is most commonly cervical in location. As a result, cervical MRI is routinely included in an evaluation for CMI. Isolated thoracic syrinx without involvement of the cervical cord in this population is uncommon but clinically important because its presence may influence the decision to operate, surgical techniques employed, or interpretation of follow-up imaging. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of isolated thoracic syrinx in a large group of children evaluated for CMI.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed all patients under 21 years of age who were evaluated for CMI at Columbia University/Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital of New York from 1998 to 2013. All patients underwent MRI of the entire spine as part of the CMI evaluation, regardless of whether surgery was planned. The proportion of patients exhibiting isolated thoracic syrinx was determined. Presenting signs, symptoms, and imaging findings were then studied in an attempt to identify any clinical features associated with isolated thoracic syrinx.

Results

We identified 266 patients evaluated over the study period. One-hundred thirty-two patients (50 %) presented with a syrinx, and 12 patients (4.5 % of all patients evaluated and 9.1 % of all patients with a syrinx) had an isolated thoracic syrinx. Demographic variables, clinical presentation, and extent of tonsillar ectopia showed great heterogeneity in this group, and no factor was consistently associated with isolated thoracic syrinx.

Conclusions

Isolated thoracic syrinx is an uncommon but clinically significant finding in children with CMI. Our data demonstrate that the presence of a CMI-related thoracic syrinx cannot be reliably predicted clinically and is therefore likely to be missed in patients who do not undergo complete spinal cord imaging. MRI of the entire spinal cord should be considered for all children undergoing initial evaluation for CMI.

     

颈段髓内实质性血管母细胞瘤的诊断及显微手术策略

目的探讨颈段髓内实质性血管母细胞瘤的临床特点和显微手术技巧。方法对我院2005年1月-2009年4月8例颈段髓内实质性血管母细胞瘤施行显微手术治疗,分析患者的临床特征、影像学表现、诊断、肿瘤切除情况以及术前术后神经功能改变进行评估分析。结果 8例肿瘤全切除。术后临床神经功能改善6例,保留术前神经功能1例,术后神经功能加重1例;术后无死亡病例及手术致残者。结论熟悉颈段髓内实质性血管母细胞瘤的临床特点、影像学特征,有助于明确诊断,采取正确的手术策略和熟练的显微技巧提高手术后疗效。     

脊髓静脉高压综合征的病因分析 及避免误诊的对策

目的 探讨脊髓静脉高压综合征的病因及避免误诊的对策。方法 回顾性分析94例脊髓静脉高压综合征病人的临床资料,包括神经系统症状,体征,影像学资料和手术记录等,根据病变的供血动脉和引流静脉特点将病因分为六大类。对其中外院误诊的近1/3病人,我们采取了非常规造影方法,全部明确了诊断,进行了治疗。结果 脊髓静脉高压综合征由脊髓供血动脉病变引起80例;由非脊髓供血动脉向脊髓静脉引流8例;其中,颈内动脉供血2例,颈外动脉供血3例,髂内动脉供血3例;椎旁静脉狭窄,导致静脉回流受阻,向脊髓静脉引流6例。其中,血管内治疗67例,开放手术27例,治愈30例,好转47例,无变化17例。结论 脊髓静脉高压综合征是由多种类型脑脊髓血管病变引起,常被误诊和漏诊,对本文近1/3误诊病人,我们在诊断上采用了一些独特的造影方法而解决了误诊、漏诊,取得较好的效果。     

术中超声在椎管内转移瘤手术中的应用

目的 探讨术中超声在椎管内转移瘤显微手术中的应用效果。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2021年12月术中超声辅助显微手术治疗的18例椎管内转移瘤的临床资料。结果 4例部分切除进行活检,10例次全切除使脊髓充分减压,4例全切除。术中均去除椎板并扩大减压,未行椎体固定。术后无脑脊液漏、伤口感染。术后病理示肺癌4例,乳腺癌3例,淋巴瘤3例,胶质瘤3例,生殖细胞肿瘤2例,骨髓瘤2例,前列腺癌1例。10例术后症状明显缓解,8例无明显变化。2例术后6个月死亡。结论术中超声有利于椎管内转移瘤的定位,评估手术切除程度和减压效果,减少脊髓及神经损伤,提高治疗效果。