Contribution of mutations in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV genes to ciprofloxacin resistance in Escherichia coli clinical isolates

DNA gyrase (GyrA and GyrB) and topoisomerase IV (ParC and ParE) are the two essential type II topoisomerases in Escherichia coli. These enzymes act via inhibition of DNA replication. Mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of the gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE genes from clinical isolates of E. coli were determined by DNA sequencing of 54 ciprofloxacin-resistant clinical isolates from a hospital in Delhi, India. The majority of the E. coli isolates were shown to carry mutations in gyrA, parC and parE. Ciprofloxacin resistance due to accumulation of such a high number of mutations in the QRDR regions of gyrA at positions Ser83 and Asp87 and parC at position Ser80 as well as outside of the QRDR region of parE at Ser458 and Glu460 confers high-level resistance of ciprofloxacin in clinical isolates. The high frequency of occurrence of mutations in the parE gene (44.4% strains) is alarming, as topoisomerase IV is a secondary target of quinolones.     

大肠埃希菌对氟喹诺酮类和阿米卡星的耐药性分析

目的 了解大肠埃希菌对氟喹诺酮类和阿米卡星的耐药性.方法 CLSI表型确证试验(纸片增强法)检测产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株,脂稀释法进行药敏试验.结果 361株大肠埃希菌中,产ESBLs菌株的检出率为33.8%(122/361).产ESBLs菌株对环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、阿米卡星的耐药率分别为93.4%、90.9%、13.1%;非产ESBLs菌株对环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、阿米卡星的耐药率分别为69.5%、68.6%、19.7%.结论 大肠埃希菌对阿米卡星较为敏感;对氟喹诺酮类耐药显著,且产ESBLs菌株的耐药率高于非产ESBL5菌株.     

A double mutation in the gyrA gene is necessary to produce high levels of resistance to moxifloxacin in Campylobacter spp. clinical isolates

The aim of this study was to compare different fluoroquinolones against Campylobacter spp., analysing the molecular mechanisms of resistance. Moxifloxacin exhibited the greatest activity of the quinolones tested, being active against isolates carrying a single mutation in the gyrA gene. High resistance levels to moxifloxacin were related to the presence of a double gyrA mutation.     

Emergence of imipenem resistance in clinical Escherichia coli during therapy

The molecular epidemiology and the mechanisms of resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from two patients infected by imipenem-resistant strains are reported in this study. From one patient, three closely related consecutive isolates of E. coli were recovered; the first was carbapenem-susceptible but acquired imipenem resistance after treatment with ertapenem, and the third isolate was again imipenem-susceptible. An additional imipenem-resistant isolate was recovered from another patient who received imipenem. The genetic relatedness of the E. coli isolates was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) after digestion with XbaI. Standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conditions were used to amplify several beta-lactamase genes coding for carbapenemases, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and plasmid-mediated AmpC; the E. coli ampC gene promoter was also amplified and sequenced. Primers OmpF-F/OmpF-R and OmpC-F/OmpC-R were used to amplify the ompF and ompC genes. The outer membrane protein (OMP) profiles were studied by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Imipenem-resistant E. coli isolates did not produce carbapenemases but lacked the two major OMPs OmpF and OmpC and had ampC promoter mutations; in addition, one of the imipenem-resistant isolates produced the CMY-2 cephalosporinase, whilst the other produced the new CTX-M-67 ESBL. Carbapenem resistance in this study was associated with lack of expression of OmpF and OmpC porins. Additional mechanisms of beta-lactam resistance, such as plasmid-mediated AmpC and ESBL production, were also found. Development of carbapenem resistance in a CTX-M-67-producing E. coli is first described in this study.     

Influence of a prophylactic single dose of ciprofloxacin on the level of resistance of Escherichia coli to fluoroquinolones in urology

During the years 1991-1996 an increase in fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli was observed at the Urological Department of the Municipal Hospital in Straubing, Germany. A prospective study was undertaken to investigate the influence of single-dose prophylaxis (SDP) using 500 mg ciprofloxacin orally on the level of resistance to ciprofloxacin of faecal E. coli. One hundred and five patients were recruited to the study: E. coli resistance to ciprofloxacin before prophylaxis was 3% (3/91) in contrast to 12% (5/42) after prophylaxis (P = 0.052). In 31 isolates no major change in the low MIC values before and after SDP was observed. PFGE showed clonal diversity in about half of the cases. Three isolates showed low-level resistance and three isolates high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin both before and after SDP. PFGE showed clonal identity in all cases. All patients had previously been treated with fluoroquinolones (FQ). In two isolates emergence of high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin after SDP occurred. PFGE showed clonal diversity in both cases. We conclude that after SDP with 500 mg ciprofloxacin there is a shift to gram-positive bacteria in the faeces and an increase in the rate of FQ resistance. Since selection of highly resistant E. coli is possible, a careful risk-benefit evaluation of prophylaxis with FQ is indicated.     

志贺菌属外排泵AcrAB-TolC及其调控基因突变与氟喹诺酮耐药性的关系

目的 探讨临床分离耐氟喹诺酮志贺菌外排泵Acr AB-Tol C基因及其调控基因mar OR、acr R、sox S突变与耐药性的关系。方法 使用K-B纸片扩散法筛选临床耐药菌,测定加入泵抑制剂羰基氢氯苯腙(CCCP)后萘啶酸、左氧氟沙星、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)的变化,PCR扩增外排泵基因acr A、acr B及其调控基因mar OR、acr R、sox S并测序。结果 159株志贺菌中共筛选出11株氟喹诺酮耐药菌株;加入质子泵抑制剂后2株耐药菌株对氟喹诺酮类抗菌药的MIC下降;7株耐药菌对氟喹诺酮类抗菌药的MIC不变;2株耐药菌对氟喹诺酮类抗菌药的MIC上升。基因测序发现氟喹诺酮耐药菌株外排泵Acr AB-Tol C调控基因mar OR第36、37、38、39位存在CATT碱基缺失。结论 泵抑制剂可部分抑制外排泵的活性。mar OR突变可能与志贺菌对氟喹诺酮类抗菌药耐药有关。     

Molecular mechanisms of fosfomycin resistance in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli

To clarify the molecular mechanisms of fosfomycin resistance in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, the murA, glpT, uhpT, uhpA, ptsI and cyaA genes were sequenced from six fosfomycin-resistant isolates. Two strains were found to harbour a mutation in the murA gene that leads to an amino acid substitution (Asp369Asn or Leu370Ile) in the target protein. The remaining four strains carried specific mutations in the glpT gene; one strain possessed a mutation and the other three strains possessed truncated versions of the GlpT transporter owing either to the presence of insertion sequences or a deletion in the coding region of the gene. Two of the strains with truncated GlpT had also lost the entire uhpT gene, which encodes another fosfomycin transporter. Uptake of specific substrates for the transporters was either totally blocked or reduced in strains possessing truncated forms of GlpT or those lacking the uhpT gene. Escherichia coli strains expressing an amino-acid-substituted MurA were at least eight-fold more resistant to fosfomycin than the strain overproducing wild-type MurA. In conclusion, novel amino acid substitutions in MurA or the loss of function of transporters were identified as mechanisms of fosfomycin resistance in clinical isolates of E. coli.     

Relative contribution of target gene mutation and efflux to fluoroquinolone and erythromycin resistance, in French poultry and pig isolates of Campylobacter coli

Thirty-eight avian and swine French isolates of Campylobacter coli were studied for their mechanisms of co-resistance to fluoroquinolones and erythromycin. A Thr86Ile modification of GyrA, responsible for fluoroquinolone resistance, was found in all the strains. Two different levels of resistance to erythromycin (MIC of 8-16 or >/=256 mg/l) were observed. A A2075G mutation in the 23S rRNA genes was found only in the highly-resistant strains. Phe-Arg-beta-naphthylamide, an efflux pump inhibitor, potentiated erythromycin in all the strains examined but restored susceptibility only in the strains with a low-level of resistance. This suggests the involvement of efflux in intrinsic and in acquired low-level of resistance to erythromycin in C. coli.     

Modelling of tetracycline resistance gene transfer by commensal Escherichia coli food isolates that survived in gastric fluid conditions

Antimicrobial resistance (AR) is a major public health concern and a food safety issue worldwide. Escherichia coli strains, indicators of antibiotic resistance, are a source of horizontal gene transfer to other bacteria in the human intestinal system. A probabilistic exposure model was used to estimate the transfer of the AR gene tet(A). The acid resistance and kinetic behaviour of E.?coli was analysed as a function of pH to describe the inactivation of E.?coli in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), the major host barrier against exogenous micro-organisms. The kinetic parameters of microbial inactivation in SGF were estimated using GInaFiT, and log-linear?+?tail and Weibull models were found to be suitable for commensal and enterohaemorrhagic E.?coli (EHEC), respectively. A probabilistic exposure model was developed to estimate E.?coli survival in gastric pH conditions as well as gene transfer from resistant to susceptible cells in humans. E.?coli-contaminated retail foods for consumption without further cooking and gastric pH data in South Korea were considered as an example. The model predicts that 22–33% of commensal E.?coli can survive under gastric pH conditions of Koreans. The estimated total mean tet(A) transfer level by commensal E.?coli was 1.68?×?10^–4–8.15?×?10^–4 log CFU/mL/h. The inactivation kinetic parameters of E.?coli in SGF and the quantitative exposure model can provide useful information regarding risk management options to control the spread of AR.     

某院大肠埃希菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解某院大肠埃希菌的分布特点及其耐药性,指导临床合理应用抗菌药物。方法 对766株大肠埃希菌的分布及耐药率进行回顾性分析。采用法国生物梅里埃公司全自动细菌鉴定仪 VITEK2 compact进行菌株鉴定,采用K-B法进行药敏试验,按美国临床实验室标准化委员会2014年标准判读结果。结果 766株大肠埃希菌主要分离自尿液和痰液标本,分别占52.87%和13.84%;其中鉴定出产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌366 株,占大肠埃希菌总数的47.78%。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌(P<0.05)。结论 大肠埃希菌是泌尿道和呼吸道感染的常见病原菌,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的耐药率高,临床上应根据药敏合理使用抗菌药物。     

志贺菌主动外排系统对氟喹诺酮类抗生素耐药性的影响

目的 探讨主动外排系统AcrAB-TolC在志贺菌对氟喹诺酮类抗生素耐药性中的作用.方法 K-B纸片扩散法及MIC测定2009-2011年天津地区临床分离的144株志贺菌的药敏情况;加入泵抑制剂CCCP(羰基氰氯苯腙)检测耐药菌株对氟喹诺类抗生素敏感性的变化;应用定量PCR研究外排泵基因acrAB-tolC表达以探讨外排泵在菌株对氟喹诺酮耐药中的作用.结果 144株志贺菌中,共有5株志贺菌对环丙沙星等氟喹诺酮类抗生素耐药,均为福氏志贺菌.加入泵抑制剂后,5株志贺菌对5种氟喹诺酮类抗生素的MIC下降了4～16倍,而对照菌株对上述药物的MIC没有变化或仅下降至原值的1/2.实时定量PCR结果表明耐药菌株外排泵基因acrA、acrB和tolC的mRNA水平显著高于敏感野生株(P＜0.05).结论 本地区志贺菌临床株对氟喹诺酮类抗生素环丙沙星及氧氟沙星耐药率最高,为3.47％.AcrAB-TolC外排泵基因的高表达是导致志贺菌对氟喹诺酮类抗生素耐药的主要原因之一.     

天津地区大肠埃希菌临床株质粒介导的喹诺酮类耐药机制的研究

目的 了解天津地区临床分离的大肠埃希菌中qnr,aac(6')-Ib-cr及gepA基因的流行情况,分析阳性菌株感染的微生物学及临床特征.方法 从天津某三甲医院收集环丙沙星耐药(CPLX,MIC 4gg/mL)的大肠埃希菌共75株,采用PCR法检测gnrA,gnrB,gnrS,aac(6')-Ib及gepA基因,对aac(6'),-Ib基因阳性菌株用Fok I酶切确认aac(6')-Ib-cr基因,接合试验验证qnr的转移性.所有阳性菌株用PCR法检测p-内酰胺酶基因,并收集阳性菌株感染患者临床资料进行分析.结果 75株环丙沙星耐药的大肠埃希菌中共有18株(24%)携带qnr基因和(或)aac(6)-Ib-cr基因,其中gnrB,gnrS和aac(6')-Ib-cr检出率分别为5.3%,4%和21.3%,未检出gnrA和gepA o 5株qnr阳性菌株均接合传递成功.18株gnr1aac(6')-1b-cr阳性的大肠埃希菌中均检测出R-内酸胺酶基因.阳性菌株对喹诺酮类和头孢菌素类药物高度耐药且主要来源于泌尿系感染,感染患者均为中老年人.结论 天津地区临床存在qnr和aac(6')-Ib-cr阳性菌株的流行,这是首次在天津发现qnr介导的喹诺酮类耐药.     

淋病奈瑟菌的耐药性与喹诺酮耐药基因突变的相关性分析

目的 分析本地区淋病奈瑟菌临床菌株gyrA基因突变与喹诺酮类药物耐药的相关性.方法 采用琼脂稀释法检测37株淋病奈瑟菌临床菌株对6种抗生素的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),PCR法扩增淋病奈瑟菌临床菌株gyrA基因片段并测序.结果37株淋病奈瑟菌临床菌株对大砚霉素、头孢曲松、四环素、青霉素、氧氟沙星和环丙沙星的耐药率分别为0、...     

Complete nucleotide sequence of the gyrA gene of Helicobacter pullorum and identification of a point mutation leading to ciprofloxacin resistance in poultry isolates

To assess the molecular basis of nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistance in Helicobacter pullorum, the gyrA gene of H. pullorum CIP 104787T was sequenced. In addition, 9 isolates (2 susceptible to ciprofloxacin and resistant to nalidixic acid, 3 susceptible and 4 resistant to both antibiotics) were selected from 44 poultry isolates and the nucleotide sequences of their quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) were compared. The 2490 bp gyrA gene showed an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 829 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of gyrA showed>or=72% identity to Helicobacter hepaticus, Helicobacter pylori and Wolinella succinogenes. Moreover, >or=98% amino acid sequence identity was found comparing the QRDR of the H. pullorum type strain with the QRDRs of the aforementioned bacterial species. All ciprofloxacin-resistant poultry isolates showed an ACA-->ATA (Thr-->Ile) substitution at codon 84 of gyrA, corresponding to codons 86, 87 and 83 of Campylobacter jejuni, H. pylori and Escherichia coli gyrA genes, respectively. This substitution was functionally confirmed to be associated with the ciprofloxacin-resistant phenotype of poultry isolates. This is the first report describing the complete 2490 bp nucleotide sequence of H. pullorum gyrA and confirming the involvement of the Thr84Ile substitution of GyrA in ciprofloxacin resistance of H. pullorum.     

Mutations of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV in clinical isolates of fluoroquinolone-resistant Proteus mirabilis

The presence of fluoroquinolone resistance-associated mutations within the quinolone resistance-determining region of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV was investigated genetically in clinical isolates of Proteus mirabilis recovered from patients with urinay tract infections. Two isolates of fluoroquinolone-resistant P. mirabilis possessed the mutations in GyrA (Ser-83 --> Arg or Ile), GyrB (Ser-464 --> Tyr or Phe) and ParC (Ser-80 --> Ile). A novel mutation with Glu-87 --> Lys in GyrA, where suggested to be responsible for fluoroquinolone resistance, was identified. These results demonstrate that the presence of an additional mutation at Glu-87 in GyrA may contribute to high-level fluoroquinolone resistance, too.     

Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolates obtained from animals, foods and humans in Spain.

Antibiotic resistance was investigated in 474 Escherichia coli isolates recovered from animal faeces (broilers, pigs, pets, bulls and horses), human faeces (patients and healthy volunteers) and food products of animal origin. E. coli isolates (3260) recovered from human significant infectious samples were also included. There was a high frequency of nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin resistance in E. coli isolates from broilers (88, 38 and 40%, respectively), and from foods (53, 13 and 17%). High levels of resistance to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and tetracycline have been found in E. coli isolates from broilers, pigs and foods. These data raise important questions about the potential impact of antibiotic use in animals and the possible entry of resistant pathogens into the food chain.     

大肠埃希菌中Ⅰ类整合子耐药基因的分析

目的 对临床分离大肠埃希菌株携带的Ⅰ类整合子及相关耐药基因进行筛选和分析.探讨Ⅰ类整合子在大肠埃希菌耐药中的作用.方法 对43株大肠埃希菌临床分离株做药敏试验;采用PCR扩增、DNA测序、DNA序列比对的方法 对其携带的Ⅰ类整合子相关耐约基因进行分析.结果 43株大肠埃希菌分离株对10种抗菌药物的耐药率依次为亚胺培南4.7%、阿米卡星18.6%、头孢他啶、27.9%、头孢吡肟37.2%、头孢呋辛55.8%、复方磺胺甲嗯唑58.1%、妥布霉素74.4%、庆大霉素79.1%、头孢噻肟81.4%和哌拉两林83.7%.在43株大肠埃希菌分离株中有25株含有Ⅰ类整合子,其中18株携带整合子相关耐药基因,如介导对磺胺类和氨基糖苷类约物的耐药基因等;某些菌株携带的整合子相关耐药基因相同.结论 Ⅰ类整合子在大肠埃希菌中广泛存在,整合子相关耐约基因在该菌耐药性的形成和播散中发挥作用.