诱蚊诱卵器和光催化捕杀蚊蝇器在蚊虫调查中的应用

目的了解陕西省白纹伊蚊分布边界地区的蚊类种群及生态习性;评价诱蚊诱卵器和光催化捕杀蚊蝇器在蚊虫现场调查中的应用效果。方法2006年7-9月在3个调查点选择6种不同生境,布放诱蚊诱卵器以诱获白纹伊蚊成虫及卵;布放光催化捕杀蚊蝇器捕获各种成蚊。结果宝鸡、韩城市发现白纹伊蚊分布。诱蚊诱卵器调查平均诱蚊诱卵指数(MOI)为17.92;白纹伊蚊繁殖高峰期在8月,以山地林地MOI最高,为33.20。光催化捕杀蚊蝇器在黄陵、宝鸡、韩城市共捕获成蚊925只,分属5属8种,淡色库蚊为优势种,构成比为76.11%。淡色库蚊、骚扰阿蚊、三带喙库蚊在各种环境均有分布,三带喙库蚊在养殖耕种区分布较多。结论白纹伊蚊分布边界与历史资料一致。淡色库蚊、三带喙库蚊、骚扰阿蚊为上述地区主要蚊种。诱蚊诱卵器和光催化捕杀蚊蝇器现场应用效果良好。     

宝鸡市蚊类种群及分布的调查研究

目的调查宝鸡市蚊类种群构成及生态习性,为有效控制蚊虫提供科学依据。方法成蚊调查采用帐诱法、诱蚊灯法和诱蚊诱卵器法,蚊幼调查采用容器法,所采蚊虫带回实验室分类、鉴定、计数。结果宝鸡市区采获蚊虫4属7种,按蚊属2种、伊蚊属1种、库蚊属3种、阿蚊属1种;淡色库蚊和白纹伊蚊为优势种群。7~9月调查期间,蚊幼平均容器指数为49.92,成蚊帐诱密度为11.5只/人工小时,诱蚊灯诱蚊密度为1.01只/h,诱蚊诱卵器诱蚊指数为11.52%,白纹伊蚊密度高峰在8月,诱蚊指数为17.16%。成蚊密度山地林地最高,其次为特殊场所,养殖耕种区高于休闲活动区;城市居民区白纹伊蚊居多,农村居民区淡色库蚊居多。结论初步摸清了宝鸡市蚊类的种群构成和生态分布,为开展蚊虫防治提供了科学依据。     

上海口岸蚊虫与分种检索研究

目的了解上海口岸蚊虫种群和分布。方法灯诱法和捞勺法。结果2005—2007年间上海口岸共捕获蚊虫6属18种,其中按蚊属1种,伊蚊属3种,阿蚊属1种,库蚊属10种,曼蚊属1种,骚扰蚊属2种,背点骚扰蚊在上海首次捕获。广泛分布的有致倦库蚊、淡色库蚊、三带喙库蚊、中华按蚊和白纹伊蚊。结论致倦库蚊、淡色库蚊、三带喙库蚊、中华按蚊和白纹伊蚊是上海口岸可能骚扰人的常见蚊虫。     

宝鸡市陇县蚊虫种群调查研究

目的了解陇县蚊类种群构成及生态习性。方法对县区6类不同生态环境定时、定人、定点进行蚊虫孳生地及蚊幼虫、成虫密度监测。结果陇县城区采获蚊虫4属6种,淡色库蚊和三带喙库蚊为优势蚊种。7~9月间,蚊幼虫平均容器指数为52.02,房屋指数为55.45;成蚊帐诱法监测密度为8.85只/h,人工小时法监测密度为42.5只/h,诱蚊灯法监测密度为4.29只/h。成蚊密度农村居民区较高,骚扰阿蚊、三带喙库蚊主要分布在牛圈、室内,白纹伊蚊仅在轮胎堆放处等特殊场所分布。结论初步摸清了陇县蚊类的种群构成和生态分布,为开展蚊虫防治,预防虫媒传染病发生提供了科学依据。     

诱蚊灯法对温州市蚊类种群密度季节消长监测研究

目的 掌握诱蚊灯法监测蚊类种群密度季节消长的变化规律,为防制蚊虫提供科学依据.方法 于2007和2008年每年4-11月在监测点用诱蚊灯诱捕成蚊,分类鉴定.结果 两年内诱蚊灯法监测共诱捕成蚊7685只,主要有淡色库蚊、三带喙库蚊、中华按蚊、白纹伊蚊和骚扰阿蚊,2007和2008年的平均密度分别为4.06和3.46只/(灯·h),密度季节高峰期在5-7月,诱蚊灯法监测蚊虫密度季节高峰与人工小时法相近.结论 诱蚊灯法适用于家栖和半家柄蚊虫季节消长监测,对白纹伊蚊监测效果有限,诱捕持续时间可采用3 h或15 h.     

现场比较诱蚊诱卵器与传统幼虫监测效果的研究

目的比较诱蚊诱卵器与传统幼虫指数监测结果,分析它们之间的关系。方法于2004年3月至2005年11月在广东省佛山和揭阳市,在选定的试验现场随机从每5户家庭中选择1户布放1个诱蚊诱卵器,在医院、学校、机关事业单位、工厂和公园花圃的环境,按每25~50m距离布放1个诱蚊诱卵器。同时调查室内及室外或诱蚊诱卵器周围5m的积水容器和蚊虫孳生容器数。结果在居民住户、医院、学校、机关事业单位、工厂和公园花圃共布放14902个诱蚊诱卵器,有效回收14648个,捕获白纹伊蚊962只,致乏库蚊5只,白纹伊蚊占99.5%;诱蚊诱卵器阳性932个,诱蚊诱卵指数为6.36;诱蚊密度指数为1.03±0.89,每个诱蚊诱卵器捕获蚊虫数0~10只。同时调查14902个住户或单位(以诱蚊诱卵器为中心周围5m范围环境)的积水容器8537个,蚊虫阳性容器844个,布雷图指数为5.66,房屋指数为3.87,容器指数为9.89,可见相同环境开展调查,诱蚊诱卵指数是布雷图指数的1.12倍,是房屋指数的1.64倍,是容器指数的0.64倍。结论在社区登革热媒介监测中诱蚊诱卵指数和布雷图指数、房屋指数及容器指数存在正相关关系,且诱蚊诱卵指数与布雷图指数相接近。     

白纹伊蚊诱蚊诱卵器现场应用效果初步研究

目的为科学评价白纹伊蚊诱蚊诱卵器现场应用效果,探索适合于上海地区登革热媒介蚊虫———白纹伊蚊的监测方法。方法在2005年7~9月白纹伊蚊数量高峰季节,选择3个地区的居民小区、医院、学校、公园、单位等绿化地带,用诱蚊诱卵器与陶瓷容器或黑色塑料杯子,同步比较诱捕白纹伊蚊成蚊、卵的效果。结果在现场诱蚊诱卵器平均诱蚊指数达到29.58%,平均每个诱蚊诱卵器捕获1.48只白纹伊蚊成蚊,蚊虫进入诱蚊诱卵器后有2.91%的白纹伊蚊逃逸;诱蚊诱卵器投放后2、3、5、7 d内,诱蚊指数有很大的差异,χ2=126.134,P<0.001,诱蚊指数从投放后第2天的5.05%,增加到第5天的19.16%,第7天的31.29%;7~9月观察期间,9月诱蚊指数最高,达到了50.21%,χ2=56.21,P<0.001,而且平均诱蚊数也高于其他月份;诱蚊诱卵器的诱卵指数为31.42%,与配对同步比较的陶瓷容器或黑色塑料相比(35.64%),诱卵指数有一定差异,χ2=9.907,P<0.001,这种差异具有地区性;诱蚊诱卵器投放后第1天,产卵的雌性白纹伊蚊开始飞入,第5~6天为高峰,而产卵出现在第2天,第5~6天诱卵指数达到高峰。而同步的陶瓷容器或黑色塑料杯则在投放后第5~6天出现幼虫。结论现场试验初步证明,白纹伊蚊诱蚊诱卵器具有较好的诱蚊指数和诱卵指数,能够取代常规的白纹伊蚊监测手段。但是在具体应用时,需要进一步研究监测技术,配套措施以及评价标准的制定。     

北京口岸地区蚊虫监测报告

目的掌握北京口岸蚊虫的种类和季节消长,为蚊虫控制提供依据。方法成虫密度监测采用灯诱法和人帐诱法,幼虫密度监测采用勺捞法。结果共捕获成蚊14270只,经鉴定为4属6种,分别为中华按蚊、淡色库蚊、三带喙库蚊、白纹伊蚊、刺扰伊蚊和骚扰阿蚊;共捕获蚊幼虫114条,为淡色库蚊和凶小库蚊。淡色库蚊为北京口岸的优势蚊种,活动高峰为9月。结论北京口岸蚊虫控制宜采用综合治理策略。     

2006-2008年宁波市蚊虫季节消长调查与分析

目的 掌握宁波市蚊虫季节消长情况,为蚊虫防制提供科学依据.方法 采用人工小时法和灯诱法调查成蚊,定期观察积水容器蚊幼虫孳生情况.结果 2006-2008年室内共捕获成蚊7495只,密度指数为69.40只/人工小时,雌雄比为1:1.54;其中淡色库蚊占99.17%,白纹伊蚊、中华按蚊、三带喙库蚊分别占0.49%、0.20%、0.13%;成蚊密度高峰期分别为6-7月和10-11月.室内捕获栖息成蚊7886只,雌雄比为1:1.83;其中淡色库蚊占99.35%,白纹伊蚊、中华按蚊、三带喙库蚊分别占0.33%、0.14%和0.18%.城区放置诱蚊灯312个,捕获成蚊11 881只,雌雄比为1.09:1,平均密度指数为3.17只,(灯·h),公园、居民区、医院密度指数分别为6.27、2.10、1.16只/(灯·h),以公园密度指数最高;淡色库蚊为优势种,占90.60%,三带喙库蚊、白纹伊蚊、中华按蚊、其他蚊种分别占8.73%、0.36%、0.17%和0.14%;密度高峰期分别为6-7月和10-11月.农舍放置诱蚊灯71个,捕获成蚊3078只,雌雄比为4.76:1,平均密度指数为3.61只/(灯·h);三带喙库蚊为优势种,占73.91%,淡色库蚊、中华按蚊、白纹伊蚊分别占20.47%、3.54%、1.23%,其他蚊种占0.84%;密度高峰期为7-8月.采集幼虫(蛹)23 912条,平均1992.67条/个容器,白纹伊蚊、淡色库蚊分别占75.17%和24.42%,其他蚊种占0.41%;5-9月为密度高峰期.结论 宁波市蚊虫季节消长变化明显,要加强蚊虫孳生地的治理、灭蚊防蚊和疫苗接种工作,防治蚊媒传播疾病的发生.     

宝鸡市白纹伊蚊分布及其种群密度调查

目的了解宝鸡市区白纹伊蚊分布及其密度情况。方法作为中国疾病预防控制中心的白纹伊蚊西北边界调查的合作单位,根据《全国埃及伊蚊、白纹伊蚊分布及其带病毒情况调查方案》,幼虫用孳生地调查法,通过容器指数、房屋指数和布雷图指数计算密度;成蚊调查使用诱蚊诱卵器法、人诱法、帐诱法、诱蚊灯法。结果对市区7类不同生态环境进行蚊虫孳生地及蚊幼虫、成虫密度监测。孳生地共检查各类储水容器642个,阳性率为48.75%,容器指数为52.36,房屋指数为58.12,布雷图指数为71.73;成蚊调查连续3个月(7-9月)共布放诱蚊诱卵器625个,阳性率为12.52%,全部为白纹伊蚊;布蚊帐24帐次,密度为11.17只/人工小时,捕获蚊种以白纹伊蚊为主(76.12%);布放诱蚊灯16个,8、9月蚊虫密度分别为1.09和0.89只/(灯.h),捕获蚊种以淡色库蚊为主,占77.19%,白纹伊蚊占4.35%。结论白纹伊蚊在宝鸡市普遍存在,帐诱、人诱、诱蚊诱卵器调查均显示白纹伊蚊为我市优势蚊种;时间高峰均以8月份为发生最高,密度较高,我们应该重视对该蚊种的控制。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.