地震伤合并骨筋膜室综合征患者救治原则及体会

目的:探讨地震后发生骨筋膜室综合征(OCS)的危险因素和防治措施.方法:在325例地震伤病例中,有35例并发OCS,按其性别、年龄、伤后就诊时间、治疗过程及预后进行分析.结果:获救时间、诊治延误均是OCS发生的高危因素.35例地震伤并发OCS患者均行彻底切开减压,6例痊愈,2例遗留功能障碍,27例截肢.结论:对地震伤后OCS伤情高度重视和准确判断,早期诊断,及时充分减压,是地震伤并发OCS最主要的预防与治疗措施.     

VSD技术在毒蛇咬伤致骨筋膜室综合征中的应用

毒蛇咬伤是临床上常见的急症,毒蛇咬伤后发病急、变化快、并发症多,骨筋膜室综合征（os-teofascial compartment syndrome,OCS）就是其中最重要的并发症之一［1］。一旦形成OCS,可造成肢体坏死,甚至危及生命。近年来,负压封闭引流技术（vacuum sealing drainage,VSD）广泛应用于普通外科和骨科患者,并取得了较理想的疗效。作者将VSD技术应用于治疗毒蛇咬伤所致骨筋膜室综合征,取得了较好疗效。现将一组病例报告如下。     

地震伤并发挤压综合征的救治分析

目的 探讨地震后发生挤压综合征的危险因素和治疗措施. 方法 "5·12"汶川大地震发生后四川省人民医院收治的325例地震伤病例中,有35例并发挤压综合征,对其按性别、年龄、伤后就诊时间、治疗过程及预后进行比较分析. 结果 35例挤压综合征患者中,前臂受伤7例,小腿25例,手掌3例,其中合并急性.肾功能衰竭3例.伤后至入院时间6～92 h,平均49.3 h.35例均进行彻底切开减压处理,其中6例治愈,2例遗留肢体功能受限;27例术后发生肌群广泛坏死并发感染,最后行截肢处理,所有35例无死亡.挤压综合征发生率中,青少年(14岁以下25.8%)与成年人(14～59岁为8.0%)比较,差异具有统计学意义.就诊时间晚者(48 h后31.0%)OCS发生率明显高于早期就诊患者(48 h内3.5%). 结论 获救时间、诊治延误及年龄均是挤压综合征发生的高危因素.对地震伤后挤压综合征伤情高度重视和准确判断,早期诊断,及时充分减压,是对地震伤并发挤压综合征最主要的预防与治疗措施.     

手部挤压伤并发急性骨筋膜室综合征的处理

目的:探讨早期切开减压同时骨折内固定治疗手部挤压伤并发急性骨筋膜室综合征的疗效。方法:2002年1月至2006年12月,对43例手部挤压伤合并骨筋膜室综合征患者采取早期手术松解肌筋膜室,充分暴露内在肌减压,同时对有骨折的行内固定术,术后辅以早期康复锻炼。结果:43例病人随访时间2～18个月,按照中华医学会手外科学会手部功能评定试用标准评为优33例,良7例,差3例,总优良率93%。结论:早期切开减压(同时对有骨折的行内固定术)是治疗手挤压伤并发急性骨筋膜室综合征的一种疗效满意的方法,早诊断和早治疗可以提高手功能恢复。     

地震伤致骨筋膜室综合征56例治疗分析

目的：总结“5·12”地震中56例骨筋膜室综合征（OCS）早期诊断和治疗方法．以提高OCS的诊治水平。方法：对我科此次地震伤致骨筋膜室综合征56例的临床资料进行分析。结果：非手术治疗17例。手术治疗39例，其中截肢6例。结论：OCS临床以创伤后小腿多见，早期诊治能有效提高治愈率。     

骨筋膜室综合征166例观察及护理干预

目的：探讨骨筋膜室综合征（OCS）发生的危险因素、生理病理以及护理。方法：对166例OCS患者的患肢进行密切观察及护理，注意术前、术后的症状体征变化，预防和控制OCS的发生。结果：166例中有153例患肢功能恢复正常，13例采用保守治疗而治愈，12例有部分肌肉坏死，术后肌力不同程度减弱，1例患者因延误手术时机而截肢。结论：对高危患者早期监测骨筋膜室压力，发现异常及时切开减压是抢救OCS成功的关键。对OCS患者的预后，护士起着非常重要的作用。     

肢体深度烧伤并发骨筋膜室综合征的观察与护理

目的了解肢体环形深度烧伤的患者并发骨筋膜室综合征的护理措施。方法笔者总结了37例肢体环形深度烧伤并发骨筋膜室综合征患者,观察肢体发生肿胀、疼痛、循环等先兆症状、体征,倾听患者主诉,做到骨筋膜室综合征的早发现,早诊断,配合医生及时行焦痂切开减压术,术后进行严密观察伤口渗液及减张效果。结果本组病例无一例因并发骨筋膜室综合征而发生肢体坏死。结论对四肢环形深度烧伤的患者,护理人员应严密、细心地观察肢体的症状体征,能够及时发现并发骨筋膜室综合征的先兆症状,有效的环形焦痂切开减张术是预防肢体深度烧伤并发骨筋膜室综合征而引起肢体神经肌肉坏死的关键。     

负压封闭引流术在骨筋膜室综合征中的应用19例分析

目的 探讨负压封闭引流术在骨筋膜室综合征减压创面的疗效.方法 选择骨筋膜室综合征19例,切开减压,VSD材料覆盖减压创面,5～7 d后去除VSD材料,二期缝合切口或植皮.结果 本组伤肢肿胀消退快、无感染,去除VSD材料后,11例二期缝合切口,8例植皮,创面均愈合.结论 应用负压封闭引流术治疗骨筋膜室综合征,可以降低骨筋膜室压力、减少感染、促进创面愈合,是一种简单有效的治疗方法.     

负压封闭引流术在小腿骨折并骨筋膜室综合征的治疗作用

目的评价负压封闭引流技术（VSD）在小腿骨折并发骨筋膜间隙综合征的治疗作用。方法实验组选取40例骨折并发骨筋膜室综合征患者进行切开减压以及VSD治疗,对照组36例患者采用切开减压及传统换药治疗。结果实验组在感染发生率、截肢发生率、肿胀消退时间方面明显优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论VSD可以有效预防骨筋膜室综合征切口部位感染,促进切口愈合,降低住院成本,值得推广应用。     

骨筋膜室综合征的护理体会

骨筋膜室综合征是四肢骨筋膜室内的肌肉和神经组织因急性严重缺血而发生的不同程度的肌肉坏死与神经变性。若不及时诊断和处理 ,可迅速发展为坏死或坏疽 ,造成肢体残废 ,甚至危及生命。我科在 1998年共收治 10例此类患者 ,经精心治疗及护理 ,所有病例均痊愈出院。1　临床资料10例患者中男 7例 ,女 3例 ,最大年龄 69岁 ,最小 10岁 ,平均 2 5 2岁。其中发病于肌肉注射后 1例 ,骨折后绷带、石膏过紧 1例 ,其他 6例为外伤所致 ,平均住院 19 8日。2　护理体会2 1　骨筋膜室综合征的常见病因包括 :严重挫伤、挤压伤、烧伤、毒虫毒蛇咬伤、过于疲…     

Snake envenomation in a north Indian hospital

Methods: Retrospective case note analysis of all cases of snakebite admitted to the medical emergency from January 1997 to December 2001.

Results: Of a total of 142 cases of snakebite there were 86 elapid bites presenting with neuroparalytic symptoms and 52 viper bites having haemostatic abnormalities. Some 60.6% of the cases of snakebite occurred when the patient was asleep. Urban to rural ratio was 1:4.7 and male to female ratio was 4.25:1. Median time to arrival at our hospital after the bite was nine hours and mean duration of hospital stay was eight days. Twenty seven cases had acute renal failure and 75% of all elapid bites required assisted ventilation. Seventeen of 119 patients who received antivenom had an adverse event. The average dose of antivenom was 51.2 vials for elapid bites and 31 vials for viper bites. Overall mortality rate was 3.5%.

Conclusion: Snakebites are common in the rural population of developing countries. There is a need to educate the public about the hazards of snakebite, early hospital referral, and treatment.

     

以急性阑尾炎为表现的结肠癌的诊断与治疗

目的：分析表现为急性阑尾炎的结肠癌漏诊的原因，探讨及时诊断、治疗的措施。方法：对我院近10年收治的表现为急性阑尾炎的结肠癌27例I临床资料作回顾分析。结果：27例首次诊断急性阑尾炎(外院5例)，全部作阑尾切除，术中诊断结肠癌15例，12例作Ⅰ期结肠癌根治术，3例无法根治；漏诊12例(外院5例)，术后3天—6个月诊断结肠癌，8例作Ⅱ期结肠癌根治术，3例无法根治，1例放弃治疗。病理诊断：结肠癌26例，急性阑尾炎17例，慢性阑尾炎5例。26例治愈出院，1例放弃诊疗。随访9例，生存3年以上5例，生存5年以上4例。结论：对本病认识不足是漏诊的主要原因，提高认识、重视腹腔探查可提高诊断率，确诊后应及时Ⅰ期手术根治。     

1162例毒蛇咬伤患者救治的护理

目的 观察双黄蛇药散外敷治疗毒蛇咬伤致局部损害的效果.方法 选择符合条件的毒蛇咬伤患者1 162例,随机法分为对照组和观察组,两组患者给予毒蛇咬伤常规治疗,观察组给予局部外敷双黄蛇药散.比较两组患者局部组织肿痛消退时间、伤口坏死率和临床疗效.结果 观察组在局部组织肿痛消退时间、伤口坏死率和临床疗效均优于对照组,具有显著差异性(P<0.05).结论 黄蛇药散治疗毒蛇咬伤导致的局部组织损伤有很好疗效.     

A comparative study of the risk of malignancy index and the ovarian crescent sign for the diagnosis of invasive ovarian cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the value of the risk of malignancy index (RMI) and the ovarian crescent sign (OCS) in the diagnosis of ovarian malignancy. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study of women with ultrasonographic diagnosis of an ovarian cyst. The RMI was calculated in all cases using a previously published formula (RMI = U (ultrasound score) x M (menopausal status) x serum CA125 (kU/L)). A value > 200 was considered to be diagnostic of ovarian cancer. The OCS was defined as a rim of visible healthy ovarian tissue in the ipsilateral ovary. Its absence was taken as being diagnostic of invasive cancer. RESULTS: A total of 106 consecutive women were included in the study, of whom 92 (86.8%) had a benign ovarian tumor, five (4.7%) had borderline lesions and nine (8.5%) had an invasive ovarian cancer. The absence of an OCS diagnosed invasive ovarian cancer with a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI, 70-100%), specificity of 93% (95% CI, 86-96%), positive predictive value (PPV) of 56%, negative predictive value (NPV) of 100% and positive likelihood ratio (LR+) of 13.86 (95% CI, 6.79-28.29). This compared favorably with a sensitivity of 89% (95% CI, 57-98%), specificity of 92% (95% CI, 85-96%), PPV of 50%, NPV of 99% and LR+ of 10.78 (95% CI, 5.34-21.77), which were achieved using RMI > 200 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The RMI and the OCS are useful tests for discriminating between invasive and non-invasive ovarian tumors. The application of these tests in a sequential manner might improve the overall accuracy of ovarian cancer diagnosis.     

Suspected snakebite: One year prospective study of emergency department presentations

Aim: Snakebite is an uncommon, but potentially life‐threatening condition. The more common clinical scenario is suspected snake‐bite. Our aim was to characterise the epidemiology, diagnosis and management of patients with suspected snakebites. Methods: Prospective cohort study of patients presenting with suspected snakebites to a tertiary referral hospital serving a large rural region in tropical northern Australia where a standard admission protocol for suspected snakebites is used. Results: Of 70 suspected snakebite cases, there were 45 definite bites: three severe envenomings (two western brown snakes [Pseudonaja nuchalis] and one mulga snake [Pseudechis australis]); seven mild/moderate envenomings by other snakes, two non‐envenomings by identified P. nuchalis, five bites by identified non‐venomous snakes and 28 definite bites without envenoming. The remaining 25 cases were either suspected bites (8), unlikely bites (15) and two people hit by snakes. Definite snake‐bites occurred throughout the year, peaking in May and December. There were three severe envenomings (mainly coagulopathy), requiring antivenom treatment, but no deaths or major complications. Most patients had appropriate investigations. Of 47 venom detection kit swabs collected, 34 were not tested, venom was not detected in nine and was positive in the three envenomings with one false‐positive tiger snake. Whole blood clotting time was highly sensitive for procoagulant coagulopathy and envenoming in this study. Median length of time from the bite to discharge was 20 h (interquartile range: 12–27). Conclusions: The study shows that although suspected snakebite was common, severe envenoming occurred in less than 5% of cases. The study supports the proposition that a structured approach and admission policy of suspected snakebites leads to the appropriate management of severe envenoming, with no cases discharged early and no cases of non‐envenoming treated with antivenom.     

彩色多普勒超声多指标评价小腿急性骨筋膜室综合征的临床研究

目的 研究彩色多普勒超声(color Doppler ultrasound,CDU)在小腿急性骨筋膜室综合征(osteofascial compartment syndrome,OCS)诊断中运用的可行性及评估手术指征的价值.方法 前瞻性选取36例高度怀疑或确诊小腿急性OCS的患者,针刺法测量小腿前室压力.CDU重点观察小腿肌肉纹理回声、间室横切面积、胫前胫后动脉管腔内径及多普勒频谱变化,计算小腿前室横切面积扩大率、胫前动脉管径缩小率,与临床诊断及治疗措施作相关性研究.结果 (1)21例OCS患者小腿肌肉大范围(>1/2～2/3)肿胀,回声不均匀增强,肌纹理不清或消失,室内积液、血肿;(2)小腿中段水平前室横切面积扩大率及胫前动脉中段管腔内径缩小率增高;(3)胫前动脉频谱出现双期双向舒张期全反向波、双期单向单相波、单期单向单相波及类静脉频谱波.结论 CDU可运用于小腿急性OCS的诊断,以4项指标中符合任意3项作为诊断标准的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为86.4%、71.4%及80.6%;作为手术指征的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为94.7%、70.6%及83.3%.     

骨折内固定术后迟发感染致骨折不愈合24例分析

目的 探讨骨折内固定术后迟发感染所致骨折不愈合的危险因素、病原学诊断及处理方法 .方法 回顾性分析24例内固定术后骨折不愈合患者细菌学检查、临床表现及抗生素使用等临床资料.结果 24例迟发性感染骨折不愈合患者分离出病原菌22株,细菌检出率91.67%.革兰阳性球菌16株,革兰阴性杆菌6株.革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁敏感率100%,革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南敏感率100%.患者术后使用抗生素较普遍.结论 骨折不愈合患者革兰阳性球菌感染多于革兰阴性杆菌;除积极的外科治疗,应以细菌学报告为依据,及时进行合理有效的抗菌药物治疗.     

前臂急性骨筋膜室综合征38例临床分析

目的:探讨急性骨筋膜室综合征的早期诊断和提高治疗效果。方法:本组前臂急性骨筋膜室综合征38例中6例采用甘露醇治疗,5例行筋膜切开减压,22例行骨折切开复位内固定加切开筋膜减压,5例截肢。分析了治疗时机和疗效的关系。结果:发病后12h内获得正确治疗的12例中11例肢体功能恢复正常,1例留下缺血性肌挛缩,占8.33%;发病后12h～24h10例中有3例留下肢体缺血性肌挛缩,占30%;发病后24h～180h11例中有9例留下肢体缺血性肌挛缩,占81.82%;5例发病后36h～120h送至医院后见肢体呈紫黑色而行截肢术,其中2例因肾衰死亡。结论:治疗的效果关键在于早诊断、早治疗。要力争在发病后12h内获得正确治疗,对本症治疗宁可过早切开减压,也不可延误手术的时机。     

Therapeutic plasma exchange for envenomation: Is it reasonable?

Background and objectivesThe incidence of poisoning due to snakebite and Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF), referred to as ‘envenomation’, varies according to the region, and many deaths occur every year. Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is a method of extracorporeal blood purification that clears toxins and virus load from the circulation. Therefore, its use has been increasing recently in envenomation cases. However, there are a limited number of studies on poisoning due to snakebite and CCHF. In the present study, we share our TPE experience retrospectively in patients diagnosed with poisoning due to snakebite and CCHF between 2010 and 2019.Materials and methodsA total of 26 patiens, including 20 patients with poisoning due to snakebite and 6 CCHF patients were treated with TPE. Demographic data, clinical status, and outcomes of patients were recorded. Routine biochemical and hematologic laboratory parameters were analyzed before and after TPE. TPE was performed by using centrifugation technology via a central venous catheter. Fresh frozen plasma was used as replacement fluid.ResultsAn average of 3.95 (1-11) apheresis sessions were applied to patients poisoned due to snakebite, and 19 patients (95 %) were discharged in an average of 8.3 (1-17) days without any complications. None of the patients enrolled in the study lost their limbs. Only one patient died due to disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Six patients with CCHF who received 5 sessions of TPE on average were discharged successfully after an average of 6.5 days. No adverse events or complications were observed in any patient after TPE.ConclusionsTPE is a good alternative and a reliable method in treating envenomation cases who are refractory to supportive measures. TPE should be performed without delay in cases of poisoning due to snakebite and CCHF.