膝关节后交叉韧带的拉伸力学性质

目的：后交叉韧带在保持关节面的生理压力方面起着重要的作用。实验观察了新鲜成人尸体膝关节后交叉韧带的拉伸力学性质，拟为人工韧带材料的研制提供生物力学实验参数。方法：实验于2005-06／2006-06在吉林大学力学实验中心完成。实验所用10个标本均由北华大学解剖教研室提供，年龄20～30岁。标本于死者死亡后1．0～2．0h解剖取下后交叉韧带，每个标本切取2个试样，共20个试样，将试样夹持在自制的软组织专用夹具上，将夹具装在电子万能试验机上、下夹头内。驱动机器对试样施加拉应力，直至试样断裂。结果：得出拉伸最大载荷为（364．8±78．8）N、应力为（19．19±4．12）MPa、应变为（18．6±2．0）％，弹性模量为（267．5±35．4）MPa。对实验数据以多项式进行拟合，得出了后交叉韧带应力应变关系表达式如下：σ（ε）=0．00040-0.01611ε＋0．22816ε^2-0．41753ε^3＋0．80475ε^4结论：后交叉韧带具有良好的拉伸力学性能，其为黏弹性材料。     

人工韧带修复膝关节交叉韧带损伤

背景：以往治疗膝关节交叉韧带损伤的主要手段是移植重建,最常用的移植材料为自体的骨髌腱骨、半腱肌腱和股薄肌腱。但由于此类移植物存在取材区并发症及韧带化过程中的各种问题,近年来人工韧带的研究受到重视。目的：认识膝关节交叉韧带的结构及血供特点,以及膝关节交叉韧带损伤后人工韧带重建治疗机制与临床应用特点。方法：①分析膝关节前、后交叉韧带的组织结构,功能学特点以及血供差异。②分析膝关节前、后交叉韧带损伤的类型及生物力学机制。③分析修复膝关节交叉韧带损伤的材料学分类及特点。④分析人工韧带修复后影响关节稳定性的因素。结果与结论：修复膝关节前、后交叉韧带损伤时,择合适的重建物,使重建时过程简化,操作简单,能的双重建。应首先考虑到前、后交叉韧带的功能及血供情况,选重建材料的组织相容性较好,达到修复后的解剖与功     

髂股韧带与股骨头韧带的拉伸力学性质

背景:髂骨韧带和股骨头韧带损伤,通常要通过外科重建韧带的功能来达到韧带的平衡和稳定,如果韧带损伤面积大则需要人工韧带置换.目的:比较骼骨韧带和股骨头韧带的拉伸力学性质,为韧带缝合和研制人工韧带材料提供生物力学参数.设计、时间及地点:观察性实验,于2007-08-12/15在吉林大学力学实验中心完成.材料:髂股韧带和股骨头韧带各20个试样,长16 mm、宽8 mm、厚1.6～1.8 mm,由白求恩医科大学解剖教研室提供.方法:将标本两端装夹于软组织夹具中,夹具装夹于电子万能试验机上、下夹头内,驱动机器,以5 mm/min的速度对试样施加载荷,直至断裂.主要观察指标:标本的最大载荷、最大应力、最大应变和应力-应变曲线.结果:髂骨韧带组最大载荷为(240.40±29.81)N,最大应力为(17.65±2.26)MPa,最大应变为(16.44±2.48)%,弹性模量为(264.6±27.3)MPa;股骨头韧带组最大载衙为(216.15±20.00)N,最大应力为(15.88±1.47)MPa,最大应变为(14.40±1.28)%,弹性模量为(252.8±23.0)MPa.股骨头韧带的拉伸最大载荷、最大应力、最大应变、弹性模量小于髂骨韧带(P<0.05).结论:髂骨韧带各项力学性能指标显著大于股骨头韧带.     

LARS人工韧带重建与膝关节前、后交叉韧带运动损伤

目的:探讨LARS人工韧带在重建膝关节前、后交叉韧带的效果.方法:由第一作者应用计算机检索维普数据库(http://www.cqvip.com/)与LARS人工韧带重建膝关节前、后交叉韧带有关的文献,检索时限为2000-01/2010-02.检索关键词:LARS人工韧带,交叉韧带,重建.对资料进行初审,并查看每篇文献后的引文.纳入标准:①LARS人工韧带重建膝关节前、后交叉韧带的优势与不足.②LARS人工韧带重建膝关节前、后交叉韧带的临床应用效果.排除标准:重复研究或较陈旧文献.依据纳入排除标准共保留相关文献31篇.结果:LARS人工韧带重建膝关节前、后交叉韧带有关节镜下手术操作方便,手术时间短、创伤小,可早期从事运动,强度大,植入简单,固定可靠等优点;同时也存在医疗费用高,多数患者难以承受,影响临床广泛推广的不足.在临床应用效果来看,国内、外学者一致认为LARS人工韧带重建膝关节前、后交叉韧带应用效果非常好,远胜过其他重建方法.结论:建议对多发韧带损伤、韧带重建翻修或需早期活动的患者,应首选LARS人工韧带.     

同种异体肌腱材料重建膝关节后交叉韧带合并后外侧复合体损伤

背景:膝关节后交叉韧带合并后外侧复合体损伤重建中移植物的选择迄今仍存在争议。目的:观察异体肌腱材料应用于重建膝关节后交叉韧带并后外侧复合体损伤的效果。方法:经关节镜证实为膝关节后交叉韧带并后外侧复合体损伤患者15例,均使用山西省医用组织库提供同种异体肌腱,重建后交叉韧带并后外侧复合体,重建中尽量保留原后交叉韧带残迹,制备后交叉韧带胫骨及股骨隧道,引入修整后同种异体肌腱并挤压螺钉固定。结果与结论:重建后膝关节屈伸度较重建前明显改进(P<0.01),重建前后抽屉试验2+程度4例,4+程度11例,重建后后抽屉试验阴性8膝,后抽屉试验1+有6例,2+有1例,膝关节伸直位、屈曲30°位内翻试验均为阴性,显示关节的后移程度及稳定性较重建前有明显改善。重建后膝关节Lysholm功能评分重建前明显提高(P<0.01),随访期间未见膝关节排斥、感染等并发症。结果证实,同种异体肌腱重建膝关节后交叉韧带并后外侧复合体损伤不损伤正常的自身结构,修复效果满意。     

同种异体肌腱材料重建膝关节后交叉韧带合并后外侧复合体损伤

背景：膝关节后交叉韧带合并后外侧复合体损伤重建中移植物的选择迄今仍存在争议。目的：观察异体肌腱材料应用于重建膝关节后交叉韧带并后外侧复合体损伤的效果。方法：经关节镜证实为膝关节后交叉韧带并后外侧复合体损伤患者15例,均使用山西省医用组织库提供同种异体肌腱,重建后交叉韧带并后外侧复合体,重建中尽量保留原后交叉韧带残迹,制备后交叉韧带胫骨及股骨隧道,引入修整后同种异体肌腱并挤压螺钉固定。结果与结论：重建后膝关节屈伸度较重建前明显改进（P〈0.01）,重建前后抽屉试验2＋程度4例,4＋程度11例,重建后后抽屉试验阴性8膝,后抽屉试验1＋有6例,2＋有1例,膝关节伸直位、屈曲30°位内翻试验均为阴性,显示关节的后移程度及稳定性较重建前有明显改善。重建后膝关节Lysholm功能评分重建前明显提高（P〈0.01）,随访期间未见膝关节排斥、感染等并发症。结果证实,同种异体肌腱重建膝关节后交叉韧带并后外侧复合体损伤不损伤正常的自身结构,修复效果满意。     

膝关节后交叉韧带损伤对侧副韧带生物力学的影响

背景:目前对膝关节后交叉韧带损伤后的研究多集中于软骨、后外侧结构及关节的松弛度等方面。目的:观察后交叉韧带断裂对膝关节内、外侧副韧带生物力学的影响。方法:取12具正常成人新鲜尸体膝关节标本,在200N载荷下,测试膝关节屈曲0°,30°,60°,90°位时,内、外侧副韧带中点的应变,后将12具标本的后交叉韧带全部切断再进行相同的测试。结果与结论:膝屈曲0°和30°位时,后交叉韧带断裂前后内、外侧副韧带中点的应变均为压应变,且差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);膝屈曲30°~90°位时,内侧副韧带中点的应变随着角度增加而逐渐增大;膝屈曲60°和90°位时,后交叉韧带断裂后拉应变较断裂前明显增大(P<0.05),其中内侧副韧带中点的应变均为拉应变,而外侧副韧带中点的应变在后交叉韧带完整情况下膝屈曲60°时为压应变。说明后交叉韧带完全断裂对30°内的膝关节运动无明显影响,但是随着屈曲角度的增加,内、外侧副韧带受到的影响逐渐增大。     

膝关节后交叉韧带损伤对侧副韧带生物力学的影响

背景：目前对膝关节后交叉韧带损伤后的研究多集中于软骨、后外侧结构及关节的松弛度等方面。目的：观察后交叉韧带断裂对膝关节内、外侧副韧带生物力学的影响。方法：取12具正常成人新鲜尸体膝关节标本,在200N载荷下,测试膝关节屈曲0°,30°,60°,90°位时,内、外侧副韧带中点的应变,后将12具标本的后交叉韧带全部切断再进行相同的测试。结果与结论：膝屈曲0°和30°位时,后交叉韧带断裂前后内、外侧副韧带中点的应变均为压应变,且差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05）;膝屈曲30°~90°位时,内侧副韧带中点的应变随着角度增加而逐渐增大;膝屈曲60°和90°位时,后交叉韧带断裂后拉应变较断裂前明显增大（P〈0.05）,其中内侧副韧带中点的应变均为拉应变,而外侧副韧带中点的应变在后交叉韧带完整情况下膝屈曲60°时为压应变。说明后交叉韧带完全断裂对30°内的膝关节运动无明显影响,但是随着屈曲角度的增加,内、外侧副韧带受到的影响逐渐增大。     

膝关节人工交叉韧带材料的运动力学特征及临床应用评价

背景：交叉韧带损伤是膝关节常见的运动损伤,可引起膝关节的疼痛和关节不稳,常伴有关节松弛、半月板损伤等症状出现。目的：分析膝关节人工交叉韧带的特点以及在膝关节交叉韧带损伤治疗中的效果评价。方法：膝关节交叉韧带发生断裂时,需要通过外科方法重建韧带功能,应用生物材料进行交叉韧带的重建,可以使患者获得较少的病废,并且允许患者膝关节在治疗后立即活动,有利于患者的康复。交叉韧带的移植材料包括自体韧带材料、同种异体韧带材料和人工韧带材料。结果与结论：膝关节交叉韧带修复重建的自体材料有骨-髌腱-骨和半腱肌移植,骨-髌腱-骨移植的并发症较多,半腱肌与股薄肌腱取材后会影响关节的功能。异体韧带材料主要包括骨-髌腱-骨和股四头肌腱-骨,异体材料的不足之处是杀灭细菌和病毒不完全。人工交叉韧带材料分为永久性韧带材料、支架韧带材料和框架韧带材料,LARS人工韧带移植治疗交叉韧带损伤的疗效较为理想,与自体韧带移植的近期疗效相比,差异有显著性意义（P〈0.05）,与自体韧带移植的远期疗效比较无差异。无论是自体、同种异体还是人工韧带材料,每种材料都有各自的优缺点,需要根据患者的自身情况和病情来决定,人工韧带材料为交叉韧带移植提供了新的材料选择,随着生物材料学和生物医学工程学的发展,人工韧带材料一定会成为韧带材料的良好替代物。     

膝关节后交叉韧带伴后外侧复合体损伤的联合重建

目的评估关节镜下Inlay法及Larson法一期重建膝关节后交叉韧带伴后外侧复合体损伤的效果。方法自2006年11月至2009年11月,15例患者(15膝)经证实为后交叉韧带伴后外侧复合体损伤,其中交通伤8例,重物砸伤3例,摔伤2例,运动损伤2例。均于关节镜下Inlay法同种异体跟腱重建后交叉韧带,改良Larson法重建后外侧复合体,术前、末次随访时均记录膝关节后侧、后外侧不稳定程度,膝关节Lysholm功能评分。结果本组术后随访12～24个月,平均18.5个月,患者膝关节后侧、后外侧不稳定程度较术前明显改善;Lysholm膝关节功能评分由术前(57.33±6.26)分提高至随访时(86.67±3.50)分(P<0.01)。结论一期手术对后交叉韧带和后外侧复合体进行联合重建,有效恢复了膝关节后侧及后外侧稳定性,治疗效果满意。     

The role of the posterior cruciate ligament in total knee replacement

Total knee replacement (TKR) is a successful and reproducible operation with good long-term prosthesis survivorship and good or excellent functional outcomes: over 95% at 10 years. TKR is presently indicated also for younger patients (<55 years) suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, as well as posttraumatic and idiopathic arthritis. However, some controversies remain concerning surgical techniques. To date there has been no clear evidence that would indicate how best to deal with the posterior cruciate ligament at the time of TKR. The present study is a review of the latest literature, comparing kinematics, proprioception, range of motion, gait pattern, polyethylene wear, and survivorship of posterior stabilized and cruciate retaining knee prostheses.     

Biomechanical analysis of posterior cruciate ligament retaining high-flexion total knee arthroplasty

Background

High-flexion knee replacements have been developed to accommodate a large range of flexion (>120°) after total knee arthroplasty. Both posterior cruciate ligament retaining and sacrificing high-flexion knee designs have been marketed. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical performance of a cruciate-retaining high-flexion knee replacement. Furthermore, the mechanical behaviour of this high-flexion knee replacement was compared to both a cruciate-retaining conventional and a posterior-stabilized high-flexion knee replacement.

Methods

A finite element prosthetic knee model was developed to analyze the mechanical performance of the knee designs evaluated in this study. Polyethylene stresses and the amount of femoral rollback were studied during a squatting movement (flexion ? 150°).

Findings

During deep knee flexion, the cruciate-retaining high-flexion design demonstrated a lower peak tibio-femoral contact stress (74.7 MPa) than the cruciate-retaining conventional design (96.5 MPa). The posterior-stabilized high-flexion design showed the lowest peak tibio-femoral contact stress at the condylar articulation (54.2 MPa), although the post was loaded higher (77.4 MPa). The knee designs analyzed in this study produced a similar amount of femoral rollback during normal knee flexion (flexion ? 120°), whereas the cruciate-retaining designs showed a paradoxical anterior movement of the femoral condyles during high-flexion (flexion > 120°).

Interpretation

The current study demonstrates a cruciate-retaining high-flexion knee replacement produces a lower prosthetic load than a conventional cruciate-retaining replacement during deep knee flexion. Compared to a posterior-stabilized high-flexion design, the cruciate-retaining high-flexion design demonstrated an equivalent prosthetic loading along with an inferior amount of femoral rollback in the high-flexion range. Posterior cruciate ligament balancing is an important surgical aim for high-flexion knee arthroplasty.     

3D-快速梯度回波水激发序列探讨后交叉韧带损伤后膝关节软骨形态学改变

目的通过与健侧膝关节对照评价后交叉韧带损伤后膝关节软骨的形态学改变。方法选择后交叉韧带损伤患者30人(男15例和女15例)进行3D-快速梯度回波水激发序列扫描并比较患侧与健侧膝关节软骨的体积。结果后交叉韧带损伤后膝关节软骨总体积减低,二者之间存在统计学差异(P0.05);在男性组中后交叉韧带损伤膝关节软骨体积与对照侧均无统计学差异;在女性组中后交叉韧带损伤侧膝关节软骨与对照侧总体积、股骨外侧髁、胫骨外侧平台软骨体积改变具有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论女性在后交叉韧带损伤后软骨体积改变较男性显著,因此提示女性在后交叉韧带损伤后膝关节软骨形态学改变更敏感。     

Augmentation of a ruptured posterior cruciate ligament provides normal knee joint stability during ligament healing

OBJECTIVE: To identify an augmentation technique which would provide mechanical protection for the healing posterior cruciate ligament. DESIGN: Six human knee specimens were tested in vitro for posterior knee joint stability after augmenting the cut posterior cruciate ligament by six different techniques using a resorbable double strand Polydioxanone augmentation device. BACKGROUND: A fresh isolated rupture of the posterior cruciate ligament is often treated conservatively. Results have shown that it can heal, but ligament elongations occur frequently. Therefore a method is needed to provide posterior knee joint stability during ligament healing. METHODS: The effect of different femoral augmentation insertions on posterior knee stability was tested by recording the antero-posterior (AP) position of the tibia and the augmentation force. Testing was performed during flexion--extension cycles and under posterior shear loads. RESULTS: The insertion combination that proved to stabilize the joints best consisted of one augmentation strand leading along the antero-lateral posterior cruciate ligament fibres and inserting at the distal end of the Blumensaat line and one strand leading along the posteriormedial fibres and inserting in the middle of the Blumensaat line. AP translations similar to those occurring in healthy knee joints could be achieved. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to restore normal posterior knee joint stability by implanting a double strand augmentation device. This can help a posterior cruciate ligament to heal under non-elongated conditions.     

关节镜下LARS人工韧带移植重建后交叉韧带

目的:观察关节镜下应用LARS人工韧带重建后交叉韧带患者的膝关节功能恢复情况。方法:选择2005-01/2006-05在南方医科大学附属花都医院骨科行关节镜下LARS人工韧带重建的复杂后交叉韧带损伤患者6例,术前均知情同意并签字。所有重建手术均为二期手术。①先建立胫骨骨隧道。②然后建立股骨骨隧道。③关节镜监视下,将LARS人工韧带的“Y”形双束穿出前外与前内束股骨双隧道,分别于屈膝90°和30°位拉紧固定。术后3d开始被动活动,1周后行股四头肌主动锻炼。术后定期随访,膝关节功能评估采用Lysholm评分标准,包括8个方面:跛行、支撑、交锁、不稳、疼痛、肿胀、上下梯及下蹲。总分100分,分数愈高,膝关节功能恢复愈好。结果:6例患者均获得随访,无一例脱落,随访时间分别为7,7,10,10.4,12.8,14个月,平均10.2个月。所有患者术后膝关节不稳定症状消失,胫骨后坠征阴性,后抽屉试验阴性。患者术后的膝关节Lysholm功能评分显著高于术前(83.5±4.5,51.6±3.6,P<0.01)。结论:关节镜下LARS人工韧带重建后交叉韧带可以更好地恢复膝关节的稳定性,且创伤小,并发症少,疗效满意。     

Mechanoreceptors of the posterior cruciate ligament

The mechanical role of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments in the passive and functional stability of the knee joint has been well documented. Both these knee joint ligaments contain Ruffini, Pacinian, Golgi and free nerve endings with different capabilities of providing the central nervous system with information regarding movement and position as well as chemical events. The posterior cruciate ligament provides 95% of the restraining force to a posterior tibial displacement, is significantly stronger than the other knee ligaments, and sensory nerve endings are located in the tibia and femoral bone insertions. This report aims to review the anatomy and physiology of the various mechanoreceptors of the posterior cruciate ligament, placing special emphasis on their role in knee joint stability. It concludes that the posterior crude ligament may not only serve as a 'mechanical stabilizer' of the knee joint, but also probably has an important 'sensory function' that should be taken into account when dealing with injuries to it.     

Anatomy of the posterior cruciate ligament

The views on the structure of the posterior cruciate ligament presented in the literature are not uniform. They can be ranged from those that refer to the ligament as an indivisible structure to those that regard it as an increasingly complex structure consisting of a number of bundles. The divisions are based on criteria related to the attachments, arrangement and functions of the components of the posterior cruciate ligament. Some researchers also specify the role of the receptors of the ligament.     

Feasibility of point-of-care knee ultrasonography for diagnosing anterior cruciate and posterior cruciate ligament tears in the ED

ObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility of point-of-care knee ultrasonography (POCUS) compared with knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for diagnosing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) tears in patients with acute knee trauma.Material and methodsA prospective study was conducted in a tertiary hospital emergency department; acute (within 1-week) knee trauma patients with suspected ACL or PCL tear were recruited. Two POCUS performers (a board-certified emergency physician and a musculoskeletal radiologist) independently evaluated the ACL and PCL using POCUS. Findings were classified as normal appearance or ligament tear. Final radiology reports of knee MRI were used as the reference standard. We calculated the diagnostic values (sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy) for POCUS obtained by both POCUS performers. Kappa values (k) were calculated for inter-observer agreement between the two POCUS performers.ResultsSixty-two patients were enrolled. Compared with the reference standard, POCUS showed acceptable sensitivity (90.6–100%), specificity (90.0–97.7%), and accuracy (91.9–96.8%). Inter-observer agreement between the two POCUS performers was excellent (k = 0.853–0.903).ConclusionPOCUS demonstrates excellent precision as compared to MRI in the diagnosis of ACL and PCL tears. The findings of POCUS could be used for immediate diagnosis and further pre-operative imaging in patients with acute knee trauma.     

Anterior and posterior cruciate ligament injuries

Knee pain is a common complaint in the primary care setting, and ACL and PCL injuries are common causes of knee pain. Therefore, it is important for the primary care physician to be skilled in the diagnosis and initial management of these injuries and to be aware of potential associated knee injuries. By understanding the history, mechanism of injury, physical examination maneuvers, and imaging modalities related to ACL and PCL injuries, primary care physicians can prepare themselves to make an accurate diagnosis. Then they can counsel the patients on the available treatments, initiate conservative treatment if appropriate, and facilitate an effective referral to a primary care sports medicine physician or orthopedic surgeon.