嘉定区1992～2001年梅毒流行趋势分析

目的 :嘉定区梅毒流行趋势 ,为制定控制措施提供科学依据。方法 :对嘉定区 1992～ 2 0 0 1年报告的梅毒疫情资料采用趋势卡方检验进行分析。结果 :嘉定区 1992年前梅毒发病率一直为 0 ,1993年发病率为 0 .2 1/10万 ,之后持续增长 ,2 0 0 1年发病率为 2 6.73 /10万。梅毒在所有报告性病中所占比例逐年增加 (χ2 =88.5 9,P<0 .0 0 1)。女性病例构成逐年上升。结论 :1992～ 2 0 0 1年嘉定区的梅毒发病率逐年显著增加 ,必须尽快研究防制对策以控制梅毒疫情的蔓延     

1993～1998年合浦县梅毒流行病学调查

近年来 ,合浦县梅毒发病呈上升趋势 ,1993～1998年累计报告梅毒 3 53例 ,现将结果报告如下。1　资料来源　　收集合浦县 1993～ 1998年性病疫情季报表及性病 (梅毒病例 )报告卡进行统计分析。2　结果2 .1发病情况　自 1993年发现首例梅毒以来 ,至1998年底累计报告梅毒 3 53例 ,占同期性病总数的2 5.0 2 % ,平均年发病率为 6.80 / 10万 ,见表 1。2 .2　流行病学特征2 .2 .1　梅毒分期及性别分布 :在 3 53例梅毒患者中 ,一期梅毒 72例 ,占 2 0 .4 0 % ;二期梅毒 2 69例 ,占76.2 0 % ;三期梅毒 6例 ,占 1.70 % ;早期隐性梅毒 6例 ,占 1.70 %。…     

淮北市1995～2001年梅毒流行趋势分析

目的　分析淮北市梅毒的流行趋势 ,为制定防治对策提供依据。方法　对淮北市 1995～ 2 0 0 1年性病疫情报表中梅毒疫情资料进行收集整理 ,采用趋势卡方检验进行分析。结果　淮北市梅毒发病率从 1995年的 0 .11/ 10万上升到 2 0 0 1年的 3.79/ 10万 ,年平均增长速度为 80 .4 % ;梅毒在报告的 8种性病中所占比例逐年增加 ;在性别构成上 ,女性发病增幅上升趋势尤为明显。结论　应尽快制定有效的防治对策 ,突出重点人群、重点环节 ,控制梅毒疫情的蔓延 ,减少病例的发生     

余杭市1996～2000年淋病、梅毒疫情分析

分析 1996～ 2 0 0 0年期间余杭市淋病、梅毒发病的流行特征 ,探讨流行规律 ,为今后制定相应的防治措施提供科学依据 ,报告如下。资料来源1　余杭市 1996～ 2 0 0 0年法定传染病年报表。2　余杭市公安局人口资料。结　　果1　发病率　余杭市 1996～ 2 0 0 0年共报告发生淋病 2 2 6 4例 ,年发病率 5 7 5 1/ 10万 ;梅毒 332例 ,年发病率 8 4 3/ 10万 ,以早期梅毒为主 ,其中Ⅰ期占 6 0 4 9% ,Ⅱ期占 39 5 1%。淋病发病率 1997～ 1999年呈明显上升趋势 ,1999年最高为88 2 0 / 10万 ;梅毒报告发病率 1998年最高为 11 5 8/ 10万 ,见表 1。表 1　…     

非淋菌性尿道炎流行病学分析

为了解非淋菌性尿道炎 (NGU )流行病学特点和发病趋势 ,为制定防治策略、采取有效防治措施提供依据 ,现将吉林省 1993～ 2 0 0 2年NGU疫情分析如下。1　资料与方法资料来源于全省 9个市、州性病防治单位上报的《性病疫情报表》 ,人口资料来源于省统计局 ,采用全国性病疫情管理系统软件及EPIinfo软件进行统计分析。2　结果2 1　流行趋势 :1993～ 2 0 0 2年共报告NGU 1776 4例 ,发病率由 1993年的 0 2 1/ 10万上升至 2 0 0 2年的 18 98/ 10万 ,1993～ 1997年NGU发病率处于较低水平 ,平均发病率为 0 6 6 / 10万 ,自 1998、1999年进入…     

深圳市龙岗区疟疾发病率曲线拟合分析与预测

深圳市龙岗区建立初期 (1993～ 1995年 ) ,由于人口剧增等因素的影响 ,疟疾出现暴发流行 ,引起政府和卫生部门的高度重视。随着社会的发展及各项抗疟措施的落实 ,疟疾发病呈逐年大幅度下降趋势。在甲乙类传染病发病顺位中 ,疟疾发病率由 1993的第一位降至 2 0 0 0年的第八位 ,1993～ 2 0 0 0年累计发病 2 0 89例 ,占传染病发病总数的 10 77% ,年发病率最高为15 8 4 3/10万 ,最低为 1 4 6 /10万 ,平均发病率为2 9 6 3/10万。本文利用深圳市龙岗区疟疾疫情资料 ,对 1993～ 2 0 0 0年疟疾发病率进行曲线拟合 ,并对2 0 0 1年龙岗区疟疾发病率进…     

2005—2010年广东省育龄妇女人群中二期梅毒及隐性梅毒流行趋势分析

目的对广东省2005—2010年育龄妇女(15～49岁)人群中二期梅毒及隐性梅毒的流行趋势进行分析。方法对中国疾病监测信息报告管理系统中梅毒疫情报告数据进行统计分析。结果 (1)流行趋势:广东省育龄妇女人群隐性梅毒发病率自2005年的17.37/10万(病例数3 300例)增加至2010年的49.79/10万(病例数10 100例),平均年增长率为24.55%,χ2趋势检验结果显示呈快速递增状态(χ2=4.85,P=0.028);而二期梅毒呈轻度下降,年平均增长率为-2.42%(χ2=3.31,P=0.069)。(2)年龄分布:主要以25～35岁人群发病率较高,达85.45/10万～98.75/10万。(3)疫情上报医疗机构构成比:以综合医院为主,占60.86%;其次为妇幼保健院(14.26%)、皮肤病防治机构(10.32%);卫生院、社区卫生服务中心等基层医疗机构仅占1.66%。结论广东省育龄妇女人群中二期梅毒呈轻度下降,而隐性梅毒则呈快速增长趋势,提示应加大在育龄妇女中的梅毒筛查力度,同时还应进一步加强基层医疗机构的梅毒筛查能力建设,以控制育龄妇女人群中梅毒疫情的上升及母婴梅毒的传播。     

奉化市梅毒流行特征分析

为探讨奉化市梅毒的流行特征及趋势 ,对奉化市 1994～2 0 0 0年梅毒疫情资料进行流行病学分析 ,现将结果报告如下。1　材料与方法1.1　资料来源疫情资料来自我市各级医疗卫生单位上报的ＳＴＤ报告卡和法定传染病报告卡 ,每年对医疗单位的性病疫情报告进行抽查 ,漏报率 2 .36 %～ 4.2 6 % ,可认为我市性病疫情报告基本正确。人口资料来自奉化市统计局资料。1.2　梅毒监测按卫生部《性病防治管理办法》规定和浙江省性病监测方案进行。2　结果2 .1　发病率1994～ 2 0 0 0年底 ,奉化市共报告梅毒患者 36 4例 ,1994年报告发病率为 0 .6 2 /10万 ,…     

海南省近10年肝炎流行趋势分析

目的　研究海南省近 10年来病毒性肝炎的发病趋势及流行规律 ,为制定防治策略提供理论依据。方法　查阅法定传染病统计年报表、疫情汇编资料及疫情专题调查报告 ,进行系统的统计分析。结果　近 10年来病毒性肝炎年发病率波动在 4 3 4 1/ 10万～ 6 6 92 / 10万之间 ,呈现明显的递增趋势 ,于 1993～ 1994年和 1998～ 1999年出现两个流行高峰 ;以乙肝病例最多 ,占 5 3 6 4 % ,发病逐年上升 ;男性发病显著高于女性 ,性别比为 2 4∶1,3～ 8岁组为发病高峰 ,职业分布以农民为主 ,占 2 3 5 5 % ;全年肝炎病例分布较为均匀 ,而甲肝和丙肝呈现 3～ 8月发病较多 ,分别占5 8 6 3%和 6 0 5 5 % ;沿海地区发病显著高于内陆 ,发病率分别为 6 3 4 1/ 10万和 32 0 6 / 10万。结论　海南省病毒性肝炎发病呈上升趋势 ,未来预防工作应以沿海地区和青少年为主     

德州市德城区城乡1990～2003年病毒性肝炎流行特征分析

[目的 ]进一步探讨肝炎的流行规律及流行因素 ,制定有效防治对策。 [方法 ]对德州市德城区 1990～ 2 0 0 3年肝炎有关资料进行分析。 [结果 ] 1990～ 2 0 0 3年年发病率为 19 2 2 /10万～ 10 6 92 /10万 ,年均 3 5 64 /10万 ;病死率为0 17%。 1990～ 1997年发病率逐年下降 ,1998～ 2 0 0 3年为波浪式上升。各型肝炎中 ,乙肝占 61 0 1% ,甲肝占 2 6 61% ;年均发病率城区为 5 2 5 6/10万 ,农村为 17 49/10万。 [结论 ]德州市德城区肝炎发病呈下降趋势 ,1990～ 1993年以甲肝为主 ,1994年后以乙肝为主。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.