Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty

Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty designs have gained popularity over the last few years due to their satisfactory functional results in patients with cuff‐tear arthropathy and other difficult reconstructive shoulder problems. These semiconstrained prostheses improve stability and active elevation in the absence of a functional rotator cuff by coupling a spherical glenoid component with a concave humeral component and increasing deltoid tension. Understanding the anatomy of the shoulder is critical in order to ensure secure fixation of the glenoid component, explore uncemented options for humeral component fixation, and determine the ideal soft‐tissue tension to provide the best functional outcome without increasing the risk of complications. Key anatomic elements to be considered for the successful implantation of a reverse prosthesis include the orientation and size of the glenoid vault, the scapular regions with better bone stock (coracoid, spine of the scapula), the internal geometry of the humeral medullary canal, and the effects of reverse arthroplasty on the deltoid and brachial plexus. Clin. Anat. 22:172–182, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

临界肩关节角与退行性肩袖撕裂关系的临床研究

文题释义：肩袖：由起自肩胛骨的冈上肌、冈下肌、肩胛下肌、小圆肌包绕肱骨头形成一个袖套样结构。外伤和退行性变时,组成肩袖的肌腱会发生水肿、炎性病变甚至撕裂,是引起肩部疼痛和功能障碍的重要因素。 临界肩关节角：肩关节X射线片上肩胛盂上下骨边缘的连线与来自肩峰外下侧边缘的另一条线在肩胛盂下缘构成的夹角。临界肩关节角近年来成为研究的热点。背景：肩胛骨的解剖结构被发现与肩袖撕裂的发生有关,临界肩关节角可以反映肩胛骨的个体解剖学差异,近年来有研究发现临界肩关节角为肩袖撕裂的一项危险因素,但其在国人中对预测肩袖撕裂的诊断价值仍需进一步研究。 目的：分析临界肩关节角(CSA)在国人中是否也是肩袖撕裂的一项危险因素,临界肩关节角与肩峰指数和肩胛盂倾斜度相比较在退行性肩袖撕裂的风险水平。方法：收集2016年1月至2018年12月诊断为肩袖撕裂的患者32例作为肩袖撕裂组,其中男17例,女15例,年龄37-75岁,平均(54.7±9.2)岁;同时选取非肩袖撕裂患者34例作为对照组,其中男19例,女15例,年龄35-91岁,平均(53.6±11.8)。分别比较两组肩关节X射线片的临界肩关节角值、肩峰系数值以及关节盂倾角β角,并进行各参数相关性分析以及受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析,以确定截断值和曲线下面积。结果与结论：①肩袖撕裂组的临界肩关节角均值明显大于对照组(37.4° vs. 34.1°,P < 0.001);肩袖撕裂组肩峰系数值也明显大于对照组(0.72 vs. 0.68,P=0.007);但关节盂倾角β角和年龄在两组之间比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);②相关性分析中,各参数中仅有临界肩关节角与肩峰系数呈较高度正相关(r=0.848,P < 0.001),其余各参数两两之间不存在相关关系(P > 0.05);③受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析中,临界肩关节角和肩峰系数的曲线下面积分别为0.752和0.663,截止值分别为37.5和0.72。提示：在国人中临界肩关节角可能是退行性肩袖撕裂危险因素,且较肩峰指数有更高的退行性肩袖撕裂风险水平。 ORCID: 0000-0001-8369-4770(霍彦旭) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

不同类型肩袖损伤最佳治疗策略的选择及探讨

文题释义：肩袖：是覆盖于肩关节前方的肩胛下肌、上方的冈上肌和后方的冈下肌及小圆肌等肌腱组织的总称。肩袖位于肩峰及三角肌的下方,与关节囊紧密相连,其不仅可以维持肩关节的旋转和上举活动,还可将肱骨头稳定于关节盂上,对肩关节的活动和维持肩关节的稳定起着重要的作用。 肩袖损伤：因创伤或退行性病变导致部分或全层肩袖肌肉的撕裂,从而引起肩关节功能的减弱或消失,严重影响上肢的活动功能。 背景：目前对于肩袖损伤的治疗仍然是骨科临床研究中讨论的重点和热点,尽管肩袖损伤的治疗方式在不断创新和完善,但仍缺乏统一的标准和认识,且每种治疗方式存在不同的优缺点和适应证。 目的：总结归纳肩袖损伤不同治疗方式的适应证,旨在为骨科临床对于肩袖损伤治疗策略的选择提供更多的思路。 方法：以“rotator cuff tear,rotator cuff injury,therapeutic,treatment,therapies”等为检索词,检索1990至2019年在PubMed、Embase、The Cochrane Library、ClinicalKey数据库中发表的相关文献,剔除过于陈旧、不具有代表性以及与纳入标准不相符的文献,最终共纳入77篇文献进行分析总结。 结果与结论：①肩袖损伤的治疗大致可分为保守与手术治疗,其中手术治疗主要包括肩袖清创修补、上关节囊重建、肌腱移位、反肩置换、肩峰下球囊间隔术等,不同类型肩袖损伤在治疗方式的选择上有不同的适应证;②巨大肩袖损伤由于较高的手术失败率和术后再撕裂率,在临床的治疗上依旧是一个挑战,不过随着材料科学和组织工程学的迅猛发展,新的辅助治疗技术已经逐步应用于临床,并且已经成为肩袖损伤领域研究的热点。 ORCID: 0000-0002-4325-0064(赵第) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

Effects of shoulder abduction on the stiffness of supraspinatus muscle regions in rotator cuff tear

This study aimed to compare the effect of the load of the upper limb on the stiffness of supraspinatus muscle regions during isometric shoulder abduction in the scapular plane in healthy individuals and patients with a rotator cuff tear. Thirteen male patients were scheduled for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, and 13 healthy male individuals were recruited. The movement task involved 30° isometric shoulder abduction in the scapular plane. The tasks included passive abduction, abduction with half-weight of the upper limb (1/2-weight), and full weight of the upper limb (full-weight). The stiffness of the supraspinatus muscle (anterior superficial, anterior deep, posterior superficial, and posterior deep regions) was recorded using ultrasound shear-wave elastography. The stiffness of the anterior superficial region on the affected side was significantly lower than that on the control side for the 1/2-weight and full-weight tasks. The stiffness of the anterior deep, posterior superficial, and posterior deep regions was not affected. This is the first study that investigated the mechanical effects of different loads on different supraspinatus muscle regions in rotator cuff tear patients. Our results indicate that the anterior superficial region in rotator cuff tear patients was mainly responsible for reduced active stiffness. This might be because this region contributes to force exertion and exhibits atrophy in rotator cuff tears. Hence, the anterior superficial region could be a focal point of quantitative dysfunction evaluation of the supraspinatus muscle in the case of a rotator cuff tear.     

贫白细胞富血小板血浆注射修补肩袖全层撕裂：低、高浓度组的比较

文题释义：富血小板血浆：是将人体静脉血经过离心后得到的富含高浓度血小板的血浆,在其中加入凝血酶或者钙剂后可变为胶状物,因此也被称为富血小板凝胶。富血小板血浆含有大量的生长因子,如血小板源性生长因子、转化生长因子、胰岛素样生长因子等。不同浓度的贫白细胞富血小板血浆：富血小板血浆的主要成分为人体的静脉血中的血小板、白细胞、红细胞。贫白细胞富血小板血浆即其含有的白细胞远低于静脉血中的白细胞;与之相对应的有富白细胞富血小板血浆,其含有的白细胞远高于静脉血中的白细胞。由于富血小板血浆中含血小板浓度不同,所以可称血小板浓度不同的富血小板血浆为不同浓度的富血小板血浆。背景：近年来,越来越多的学者聚焦关节镜下肩袖修补联合富血小板血浆治疗肩袖撕裂,以期降低再撕裂率,改善患者预后。但由于富血小板血浆的剂型、激活状态、使用次数、使用时机及浓度等差异,各临床研究结果不一。目的：评估不同浓度贫白细胞富血小板血浆对接受关节镜下肩袖修补患者术后疼痛、肩关节功能和结构完整性的影响。方法：纳入2020年1-9月华北理工大学附属医院及唐山市第二医院收治的肩袖全层撕裂患者80例,采用随机数字表法分2组,对照组40例接受关节镜下肩袖修补手术;试验组40例接受关节镜下肩袖修补手术的同时,于肌腱下注入自体贫白细胞富血小板血浆约3 mL,其中低浓度组(n=20)注入贫白细胞富血小板血浆中的血小板浓度为(330.20±172.65)×109 L-1,高浓度组(n=20)注入贫白细胞富血小板血浆中的血小板浓度为(807.76±218.98)×109 L-1。比较各组目测类比评分、肩关节前屈上举及外展上举的活动度、肩关节功能评分及再撕裂率。结果与结论：①试验组术后12个月的目测类比评分低于对照组(P < 0.05),高浓度组术后14 d及1,3,6,12个月的目测类比评分低于低浓度组(P < 0.05),但是未达到最小临床意义变化值;②各组术后12个月的肩关节前屈上举及外展上举活动度比较差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05);③高浓度组术后12个月的美国肩肘外科评分高于低浓度组(P < 0.05),但是未达到最小临床意义变化值,其余组间肩关节功能美国肩肘外科评分、Constant-Murley评分、美国洛杉矶评分比较差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05);④术后12个月,各组间肩袖再撕裂率比较差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);⑤低浓度和高浓度贫白细胞富血小板血浆均无法改善肩袖全层撕裂患者术后的关节活动度、疼痛、功能和再撕裂率,因此,不推荐关节镜下肩袖修补术联合贫白细胞富血小板血浆治疗肩袖损伤,但是需要更多研究继续求证这一结论。https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2570-1690(白晓松)中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料;口腔生物材料;纳米材料;缓释材料;材料相容性;组织工程     

定向拉伸工艺对可吸收肩袖补片力学性能的影响

目的研究定向拉伸工艺对不同可吸收补片力学性能的影响,评价其作为肩袖损伤修复补片的潜力。方法采用定向拉伸工艺制备聚乳酸基材料的可吸收补片,设定不同的定向拉伸温度(50～80℃)和拉伸比(0. 5～4. 3),研究不同参数对不同材料可吸收补片力学性能的影响,同时对其热性能、结晶性能和表面形貌进行表征。结果定向拉伸温度和拉伸比可以调控可吸收补片的拉伸强度和拉伸应变、热性能、结晶性能和微观形貌。当拉伸温度分别为60、70、70℃,对应的拉伸比分别为3、3、4. 3时,聚-L-丙交酯-乙交酯的共聚物(PLGA)、聚-L-丙交酯-D,L-丙交酯的共聚物(PLDLLA)、聚-L-丙交酯-ε-己内酯的共聚物(PLC)最大拉伸强度分别为(74±7)、(97±6)、(107±8) MPa,大于犬类冈下肌腱的力学强度(40 MPa),但仅有PLDLLA补片的应变满足天然肩袖的柔韧性。结论定向拉伸工艺可以提高可吸收补片的力学性能,PLDLLA补片具有增强肩袖撕裂的潜力。     

中老年退行性肩袖撕裂患者肩峰指数、肩肱距离与年龄的相关性

文题释义：肩峰指数：肩关节正位X射线片关节盂外侧骨皮质平面至肩峰外侧缘与肩关节盂外侧骨皮质平面至肱骨头外侧缘平面的比值,代表了肩峰横向延展度,也反映肩峰对其下方组织的包容程度。肩肱距离：肩关节出口位X射线片(Y位片)肱骨头最上缘与肩峰下表面之间的距离。背景：退行性肩袖撕裂是影响肩关节活动的主要疾病之一,在临床工作中发现中年人的患病数明显增多。其中在肩关节X射线片检查中可以完成肩峰指数及肩肱距离的测量,这两个指标都被明确证实为肩袖撕裂的直接危险因素,主要表现在这两者异常时肩关节活动(尤其外展、上举)时于不同方位加重了肩袖的撞击、损伤、撕裂,但对于中年患者与老年患者之间两种指标是否存在差异且两种指标是否与患者年龄之间存在相关性有待进一步证实。目的：分析中、老年退行性肩袖撕裂患者的肩峰指数及肩肱距离之间是否存在差异,并分析两种指标是否与患者年龄存在相关性。方法：收集2019年4月至2022年6月就诊于陕西省人民医院骨科并诊断为退行性肩袖撕裂的患者64例、非肩袖撕裂患者63例,运用受试者曲线分析确定肩峰指数、肩肱距离的截断值及曲线下面积,按年龄与是否肩袖撕裂分为4组即中年肩袖撕裂组、中年对照组、老年肩袖撕裂组、老年对照组,比较各组患者肩峰指数、肩肱距离的差异以及2种指标与患者年龄之间的相关性。结果与结论：①肩峰指数的曲线下面积为0.710,肩肱距离的曲线下面积为0.706;截断值肩峰指数> 0.70,肩肱距离< 7.9 mm;②中年肩袖撕裂组的肩峰指数显著大于中年对照组(P=0.013),肩肱距离显著小于中年对照组(P < 0.001);老年肩袖撕裂组的肩峰指数显著大于老年对照组(P < 0.001),肩肱距离与老年对照组无显著差异(P > 0.05);中年肩袖撕裂组的肩峰指数与老年肩袖撕裂组无显著差异(P > 0.05),肩肱距离显著小于老年肩袖撕裂组(P < 0.001);③肩峰指数与年龄之间不存在负相关关系(r=-0.015,P=0.83);肩肱距离与年龄之间存在正相关关系(r=0.334,P < 0.001);④提示肩峰指数、肩肱距离都是退行性肩袖撕裂的危险因素,且中年肩袖撕裂患者的肩峰指数、肩肱距离皆异常于中年对照组,肩肱距离与退行性肩袖撕裂患者年龄之间呈正相关。https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9801-650X(冯敏)中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

Tissue characteristics in tendon-to-bone healing change after rotator cuff repair using botulinumneurotoxin A for temporary paralysis of the supraspinatus muscle in rats

We hypothesized that botulinumneurotoxin A (BoNtA) positively influences tissue characteristics at the re-insertion site when used as an adjuvant prior to rotator cuff repair. One hundred and sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to either a BoNtA or saline-injected control group. BoNtA or saline solution was injected into the supraspinatus muscle one week prior to repair of an artificially created supraspinatus tendon defect. Post-operatively, one subgroup was immobilized using a cast on the operated shoulder while the other had immediate mobilization. Histologically, the fibrocartilage transition zone was more prominent and better organized in the BoNtA groups when compared to the saline control group. In the immediately mobilized BoNtA groups significantly more collagen 2 at the insertion was detected than in the control groups (p?p?p?相似文献   

Biomechanical properties of the repaired and non-repaired rat supraspinatus tendon in the acute postoperative period

Purpose: The rat rotator cuff (RC) model is used to study RC pathology and potential treatment; however, native scar-mediated healing allows the rat RC to recover at 4–6 weeks but little is known about acute healing. This study characterized the properties of the repaired and non-repaired rat RC following surgical detachment. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight rats underwent surgical RC detachment and received surgical repair (Repair) or left unrepaired (Defect) to either 12 or 19 days. Healthy controls were obtained from contralateral limbs. Biomechanical properties were assessed using stress relaxation and failure testing and mechanical modeling performed using quasilinear viscoelastic (QLV) and structurally based elastic models. Histology and micro-magnetic resonance imaging were used to qualitatively grade tendon-to-bone healing. Results: Repair and Defect exhibited significantly inferior mechanical properties compared to Healthy at both time points. Repair had significant increases in peak, equilibrium, and ultimate stress, modulus, and stiffness and significant decreases in cross-sectional area, % relaxation, and QLV constant “C” between 12 and 19 days, whereas Defect showed no change. Conclusions: This study demonstrates acute differences in mechanical properties of the rat supraspinatus tendon in the presence and absence of surgical repair. Understanding the longitudinal recovery of mechanical properties can facilitate more accurate characterization of RC pathology or future treatments.     

Aggressive proximal tibio-fibular joint ganglion cyst after a total knee arthroplasty--a case report

Although the knee is a common location, a ganglion cyst arising from the proximal tibio-fibular joint (PTFJ) is relatively rarer. Unique diagnostic and management difficulties are encountered as these can extend into subcutaneous tissue, or spread along peroneal muscles and nerve, or erode adjacent bone. We report here a PTFJ ganglion cyst which was indolent for at least 12 years and then caused destructive and expansile changes in the fibula over a period of 6 years after a total knee arthroplasty (TKA), simulating a malignancy. Although no wear or foreign body reaction could be shown, this alarming progression of a PTFJ ganglion cyst in the fibula after the TKA is a noteworthy association, and has not been recognized and reported before. Awareness of such a lesion can aid in the diagnosis and prevent unnecessary aggressive management.     

人参皂苷Rg1干预小鼠巨大肩袖损伤后的肌肉退变

背景:肩袖肌退变(肌肉萎缩、纤维化和脂肪浸润)是肩袖撕裂后出现的常见问题,严重影响肩关节功能和手术预后。人参皂苷Rg1具有抗氧化、抗细胞凋亡、降血脂等生物效应,然而人参皂苷Rg1对肩袖损伤后肌肉退变的影响未见报道。目的:探讨人参皂苷Rg1对巨大肩袖损伤小鼠肌肉退变的影响。方法:将60只C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、人参皂苷Rg1低剂量组、人参皂苷Rg1高剂量组,每组15只。假手术组小鼠切开右肩皮肤后缝合,其余3组小鼠均行右侧肩关节肩袖损伤造模,模拟巨大肩袖撕裂手术切断冈上肌肌腱和肩胛上神经压迫。术后假手术组和模型组腹腔注射生理盐水0.5 mL;人参皂苷Rg1低、高剂量组予以腹腔注射人参皂苷Rg130,60 mg/kg,1次/d,共注射6周。末次注射后次日予以步态分析评估小鼠肢体功能,安乐死后取术侧冈上肌测量肌肉萎缩率、肌肉收缩力,肌肉组织进行油红O染色、Masson染色,RT-PCR检测萎缩、纤维化、脂肪浸润相关基因的表达。结果与结论:①与模型组相比,人参皂苷Rg1低、高剂量组爪印面积、步长显著增加(P<0.05);②与模型组相比,人参皂苷Rg1低、高剂量组肌纤维横截面积、冈上肌收缩力显著增加(P<0.05),湿肌质量减少比率、脂肪浸润面积比率、胶原纤维面积比率显著下降(P<0.05);③与模型组相比,人参皂苷Rg1低、高剂量组肌肉组织中萎缩、纤维化和脂肪浸润相关基因的表达显著下降(P<0.05);④人参皂苷Rg1低、高剂量组爪印面积、冈上肌收缩力、肌纤维横截面积无统计学差异(P>0.05),人参皂苷Rg1高剂量组其他指标均优于低剂量组(P<0.05);⑤结果说明,人参皂苷Rg1能显著减轻小鼠巨大肩袖撕裂后肩袖肌萎缩、纤维化和脂肪浸润,并有利于肌肉力量及肢体功能的改善。     

肩锁关节的脱位及修复重建

背景：目前临床认为Rockwood Ⅰ、Ⅱ型急性肩锁关节脱位应行非手术治疗,Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ型急性肩锁关节脱位应行手术治疗,但对Ⅲ型急性肩锁关节脱位的治疗方法仍存在争议。此外,肩锁关节脱位修复方法繁多,其中以喙锁韧带和肩锁韧带解剖重建以恢复肩锁关节生物力学为治疗趋势,在此形式下,肩锁关节及相关解剖结构被越来越多的学者所重视。 目的：综合分析肩锁关节脱位的修复重建现状。 方法：由第一作者检索至2014年5月为止PubMed数据(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed)、万方全文数据库(http://g.wanfangdata.com.cn/)有关肩锁关节解剖结构及脱位修复的文献,以“acromioclavicular,acromioclavicular joint dislocation,endobutton”为英文检索词,“肩锁关节脱位,解剖重建”为中文检索词,排除重复性研究。计算机初检得到1 632篇文献,最后保留43篇文献归纳总结。 结果与结论：肩锁关节脱位的修复方法多样,目前越来越趋向于解剖重建,包括肌腱移植、endobutton技术等,在此趋势下,对肩锁关节的基础研究被充分带动起来,但由于缺乏大样本、多中心的临床对照研究,目前肩锁关节脱位的最佳治疗方案仍然在不断探索中。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程全文链接：     

肩袖修补的生物力学研究进展

肩袖是维持肩关节运动与动态稳定的重要结构。肩袖损伤改变了其独特的生物力学作用,导致肩关节疼痛及活动障碍。尽管缝合技术与固定方法不断改进,术后再撕裂率仍然很高。理解正常肩袖的生物力学机制以及恢复损伤后肩袖的特殊生物力学作用,是预防再撕裂的关键。本文对近年来肩袖损伤修补的生物力学相关研究进行综述,以期为临床手术开展提供一定的理论指导。     

An anatomically based imaging sign to detect adventitial cyst derived from the superior tibiofibular joint

The origin for complex intraneural cysts remains controversial despite recent emerging evidence to support their articular origin. The coexistence of intraneural and adventitial cysts has been described due to the proximate neurovascular bundle, i.e., the articular (neural) branch and vessels at the joint capsule. To clarify the pathogenesis, anatomically based imaging patterns can be identified. This paper characterizes a common finding identified on MRI describing the adventitial component originating from the superior tibiofibular joint (STFJ). MRIs of patients with fibular (peroneal) (n = 24) and tibial (n = 7) intraneural ganglion cysts were reviewed. Eleven patients with fibular intraneural ganglion cysts were identified as having a coexisting adventitial component. In all cases, the adventitial cyst extended from the anterior portion of the STFJ, within the capsular vessels, and along the anterior tibial vessels. The reproducible anatomy permitted the identification of an imaging pattern: the "vascular U" sign, consisting of cystic anterior tibial vessels running through the interosseous membrane between the proximal tibia and fibula. This sign was seen on axial MR image(s) obtained at the level of the fibular neck in all cases. To generalize these findings, the rare tibial intraneural ganglion cysts (derived from the posterior aspect of the STFJ) were examined; two cases had coexisting adventitial cysts with visualization of the vascular U sign. This new imaging pattern can improve the identification of adventitial cysts at the level of the STFJ.     

Intra-articular treatment with corticosteroids increases apoptosis in human rotator cuff tears

Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate in vivo the level of apoptosis in human rotator cuff tears and the relationship it might have with tendon degeneration.

Methods: Rotator cuff biopsies from 19 male and female patients, ages between 38 and 68 years, with and without previous corticosteroid infiltrations were collected via arthroscopy. Biopsies from seven patients with healthy rotator cuffs were used as a control group. An in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay was performed to detect the level of apoptosis, which was expressed as a percentage of apoptotic cells (PAC).

Results: PAC in patients with corticosteroid infiltrations was 76.97 ± 16.99 in all tendon rupture zones, in non-infiltrated patients was 35.89 ± 22.96, whereas in control patients was 14.48 ± 8.15. Likewise, the tendency of PAC reveals that apoptosis in control and non-infiltrated groups was different and dispersed in all tear zones; while in corticosteroid treated patients, the tendency was similar in all rupture sites.

Conclusions: This investigation leads us to conclude that the administration of corticosteroid is associated with a higher amount of apoptosis at the insertion site of the rotator cuff (rupture edge).     

Ciliated hepatic foregut cyst: a rare but increasingly reported liver cyst

We report a case of a ciliated hepatic foregut cyst (CHFC) in the left lobe of the liver in a 42-year-old woman. To date, only 60 cases of these respiratory epithelial lined hepatic cysts have been reported since first described by Friedrich in 1857. CHFC are believed to be congenitally derived from the embryonic foregut and are considered benign lesions that are most often unilocular. Recently, however, there has been documented malignant transformation in these cysts. The majority of patients with a CHFC are asymptomatic and the cyst is usually an incidental finding during abdominal imaging studies or during surgical exploration. Interestingly, 85% of the total number of cases of CHFC have been reported within the last two decades. This recent rise in case reports is likely explained by greater detection because of the dramatic rise in the use of abdominal imaging. In our case, however, ultrasound failed to demonstrate any lesion within the liver and on computed tomography the cyst was more consistent with a soft tissue mass. Therefore, pathologic evaluation was necessary for the correct diagnosis of this liver lesion and to exclude malignancy.     

Epithelial inclusion cyst (epidermoid cyst) formation with epithelioid cell granuloma in an intrapancreatic accessory spleen

The histologic characteristics of a case of epidermoid cyst formation with an epithelioid cell granuloma that developed in intrapancreatic accessory spleen were investigated, with the aim of clarifying its origin as well as etiologic factors. The patient, a 48-year-old male, was found to have a cystic lesion in the tail of the pancreas and renal cell carcinoma (clear cell carcinoma) during a medical check up. The pancreatic mass appeared to be a so-called "mucinous tumor" on imaging, and combined resection of the body and tail of the pancreas and the spleen was performed together with a left nephrectomy. The lesion in the tail of the pancreas was then demonstrated to have accessory splenic tissue with cyst formation in its central region. The cystic wall was covered with stratified squamous epithelium and ductal epithelium with squamous metaplasia, and pancreatic islet cells were evident at various sites within the accessory spleen. Formation of epithelioid cell granuloma tissue was observed around the cysts. The epithelium of the cyst was positive for CA19-9 and negative for antibodies against mesothelial cells, whereas the pancreatic island cells were positive for insulin. These results suggested that cystic epithelium in the accessory spleen could be derived from pancreatic duct epithelium. Frequent recurrence of chronic inflammation and epitheloid cell granuloma formation may have resulted from an aberration of the ectopic remaining pancreatic tissue in the spleen.