内脏大神经切断术的应用解剖

目的:为内脏大神经切断术提供形态学基础。方法:对144侧内脏大神经进行解剖,观察其起止、行程和分支;测量其长度、直径和分支起点距腹腔神经节的距离以及在主动脉裂孔处内脏大神经距主动脉侧缘的距离。结果:94.4%的内脏大神经由来T5￣10交感神经节的纤维,4.2%的上界纤维起自T4交感神经节,1.4%的下界纤维起自T11交感神经节。内脏大神经长度为(49.3±20.49)mm,直径为(2.47±0.7)mm,在主动脉裂孔处左内脏大神经距主动脉左缘(3.01±2.94)mm,右内脏大神经距主动脉右缘(11.12±5.67)mm,在其行程过程中有35.4%的内脏大神经发出1￣3条分支。结论:在进行左内脏大神经切断术前,应先在CT或MRI下观察腹腔神经节的形状,根据其形状判断是否进行手术切断内脏大神经,术中在主动脉裂孔处腹主动脉左缘能寻找到大部分左内脏大神经,若不能找到,可在腹腔神经节外侧端背面寻找。     

Anatomy of thoracic splanchnic nerves for surgical resection

Thoracic splanchnic nerves conduct pain sensation from the abdominal organs around the celiac ganglion. Splanchnicectomy is the procedure used mainly for the control of intractable visceral pain. Forty-six human posterior thoracic walls were dissected. The formation pattern, course, and incidence of communication of the thoracic splanchnic nerves were investigated. The greater splanchnic nerves (GSNs) were formed by nerve branches from the T4-T11 thoracic sympathetic ganglia and the most common type was formed by T5-T9 (21.7%). The uppermost branches originated from T4-T9 while the lowermost branches emanated from the T7-T11. Two to seven ganglia contributed to the GSNs. In 54.3% of the specimens, at least one ganglion in the GSN-tributary ganglionic array did not branch to the GSN. The lesser splanchnic nerves (LSNs) were formed by the nerve branches of the T8-T12 thoracic sympathetic ganglia and the most common type was formed by T10 and T11 (32.6%). One to five ganglia were involved in the LSNs. The least splanchnic nerves (lSNs) were composed of branches from the T10-L1 thoracic sympathetic ganglia and the most common type was composed of nerve branches from T11 and T12 or from T12 only (each 30.4%). One to three ganglia were involved in the lSNs. In 54.3% of the specimens, interconnection between the GSNs and the LSNs existed, bringing the possible bypass around the transection of the GSNs. The splanchnic nerves that appear in textbooks occurred in a minority of our specimens. We provided expanded anatomical data for splanchnicectomy in this report.     

腹腔镜下腹腔神经节阻滞术的临床解剖

目的:为腹腔镜引导下腹腔神经节阻滞术提供解剖学基础。方法:解剖人体标本腹腔神经节,观测腹腔神经节的形态、各径及其周围的标志性结构以及神经节与周围毗邻结构的位置关系;探究左、右侧腹腔神经节在以腹腔干中心点建立的三维直角坐标系中的位置(X,Y,Z)。结果:左侧腹腔神经节上下径1.73 cm、左右径1.75 cm、前后径0.38 cm;至贲门右缘4.04 cm、幽门上缘5.79 cm、角切迹上缘3.85 cm、胰上缘1.67 cm、脾静脉上缘1.64 cm;三维直角坐标系坐标为(1.35,-0.03,1.19)cm,易在脾动脉后方附近找到。右侧腹腔神经节上下径1.30 cm、左右径1.52 cm、前后径0.27 cm;至贲门右缘5.48 cm、幽门上缘5.68 cm、角切迹上缘4.90 cm、胰上缘3.04 cm、脾静脉上缘2.41 cm、距肝门静脉内侧缘1.81 cm、距下腔静脉内侧缘1.00 cm;三维直角坐标系坐标为(1.38,0.10,0.99)cm,易在肝总动脉后方附近找到。结论:腹腔镜直视下阻滞左、右侧腹腔神经节,应分别以腹腔干两侧脾动脉和肝总动脉后方为标志寻找。手术时注意保护神经节周围毗邻脏器,防止损伤重要血管和神经。     

The anatomy of the infrarenal lumbar splanchnic nerves in human cadavers: implications for retroperitoneal nerve‐sparing surgery

Injury to the nerves of the aortic‐ and superior hypogastric plexuses during retroperitoneal surgery often results in significant post‐operative complications, including retrograde ejaculation and/or loss of seminal emission in males. Although previous characterizations of these plexuses have done well to provide a basis for understanding the typical anatomy, additional research into the common variations of these plexuses could further optimize nerve‐sparing techniques for retroperitoneal surgery. To achieve this, the present study aimed to document the prevalence and positional variability of the infrarenal lumbar splanchnic nerves (LSNs) through gross dissection of 26 human cadavers. In almost all cases, two LSNs were observed joining each side of the aortic plexus, with 48% (left) and 33% (right) of specimens also exhibiting a third joining inferior to the left renal vein. As expected, the position of the LSNs varied greatly between specimens. That said, the vast majority (98%) of LSNs joining the aortic plexus were found to originate from the lumbar sympathetic trunk above the level of the inferior mesenteric artery. It was also found that, within specimens, adjacent LSNs often coursed in parallel. In addition to these nerves, 85% of specimens also demonstrated retroaortic LSN(s) that were angled more inferior compared with the other LSNs (P < 0.05), and exhibited a unique course between the aorta/common iliac arteries and the left common iliac vein before joining the superior hypogastric plexus below the aortic bifurcation. These findings may have significant implications for surgeons attempting nerve‐sparing procedures of the sympathetic nerves in the infrarenal retroperitoneum such as retroperitoneal lymphadenectomies. We anticipate that the collective findings of the current study will help improve such retroperitoneal nerve‐sparing surgical procedures, which may assist in preserving male ejaculatory function post‐operatively.     

The pattern of the thoracic splanchnic nerves as they pass through the diaphragm

The formation and structure of the greater, lesser, and least thoracic splanchnic nerves is highly variable in their intrathoracic as well as their subdiaphragmatic portion. Splanchnicectomies for pain control of otherwise intractable upper abdominal pain and other surgical procedures are dependent on the detailed knowledge of the anatomy of these nerves and their variations. Many commonly used anatomical illustrations depict the passage of the thoracic splanchnic nerves through the diaphragm uniformly as three nerves penetrating the crura in three separate locations along a rough superoinferior line. As this pattern does not correspond with our own sporadic observations, we performed a series of dissections to study the exact anatomy of this area. Dissections of 24 donors revealed that the most common pattern of diaphragmatic passage of these three nerves is through a single location in each crus. From this crural passageway, the three nerves then diverge to reach their targets, with the greater thoracic splanchnic nerve bending anteriorly at nearly 90° to enter the posterolateral edge of the celiac ganglion. Modern anatomical illustrations should depict these most common patterns of the subdiaphragmatic portion of the thoracic splanchnic nerves and mention the great variability of their formation and structure. Clin. Anat. 22:809–814, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Pathways of anesthetic from the thoracic paravertebral region to the celiac ganglion

Communication between the lower thoracic paravertebral region and the celiac ganglion through the retrocrural space was investigated. After dye was injected into the endothoracic fascia in the lower thoracic paravertebral region at the T11 level, its spread to the celiac ganglion was examined in fifteen cadavers. The dye reached the celiac ganglion in nine cadavers (60%) by passing through the retrocrural space, along the greater and lesser splanchnic nerves and through the split in the crus of the diaphragm through which the splanchnic nerves traveled. In the remaining six cadavers, dye spread toward the ganglion along the crus of the diaphragm. In three living subjects the spread of a radio-opaque dye injected in the same manner was studied using 3D-computed tomography. This study confirmed that the radio-opaque dye traveled toward the celiac ganglion along the crus of the diaphragm. From our results we suggest that a fluid communication may exist between the lower thoracic paravertebral region and the celiac ganglion in cadavers and in living humans and that clinicians should be aware of this possible route of spread when administering lower thoracic paravertebral anesthesia.     

Role of the splanchnic nerves in regulation of maximal glucose transport in the kidneys

Glomerular filtration is reduced in the kidney on the side of the stimulated splanchnic nerve but maximal glucose reabsorption is unchanged. After demedullation of the adrenals, splanchnic nerve stimulation increases filtration in the contralateral kidney without changing maximal glucose transport. Adrenergic fibers of the splanchnic nerve have no direct action on maximal glucose transport in the kidneys.Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR A. A. Vishnevskii [deceased].Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 82, No. 7, pp. 778–780, July, 1976.     

Histological verification of the prehypogastric and ovarian ganglia confirms a bilaterally symmetrical organization of the ganglia comprising the aortic plexus in female human cadavers

The aortic plexus is a network of sympathetic nerves positioned along the infrarenal abdominal aorta. Recently, we characterized the aortic plexus and its ganglia (inferior mesenteric, left/right spermatic, and prehypogastric ganglion) in males; however, the literature minimally describes its anatomy in females. In the present study, we conducted the first histological examination of the left and right ovarian ganglia, while also investigating whether females, like males, exhibit a prehypogastric ganglion. The ganglia were dissected from embalmed (n = 32) and fresh (n = 1) human cadavers, and H&E staining was used to confirm the presence of a left ovarian ganglion in 31/31 specimens, a right ovarian ganglion in 29/29 specimens and a prehypogastric ganglion in 25/28 specimens. Comparable to the topographic arrangement in males, there is a bilateral organization of the ganglia comprising the aortic plexus in females. More specifically, the left and right ovarian ganglia were positioned in close relation to their respective ovarian artery, whereas the prehypogastric ganglion was positioned within the right cord of the aortic plexus, contralateral to the inferior mesenteric ganglion. Using immunohistochemistry, it was shown that all ganglia from the fresh cadaver stained positive for tyrosine hydroxylase, thereby confirming their sympathetic nature. Having provided the first topographical and histological characterization of the ovarian and prehypogastric ganglia in females, future studies should seek to determine their specific function.     

内脏小神经的解剖学观察

目的为内脏小神经研究提供形态学基础。方法对64侧内脏小神经进行解剖,观察其起止、行程;测量其长度、直径,测量内脏小神经在主动脉裂孔处距主动脉侧缘的距离和与内脏大神经之间的距离。结果89.1%的内脏小神经由穿T9~11交感神经节的节前纤维组成,96.9%内脏小神起自1~2个胸交感神经节,65.6%的内脏小神经穿膈中间脚与内侧脚之间进入腹腔,18.8%的内脏小神经穿膈中间脚与外侧脚之间进入腹腔。内脏小神经的长度为60.29±20.11mm,直径为1.38±0.92mm,在主动脉裂孔处左内脏小神经距主动脉左缘9.43±4.94mm;右内脏小神经距主动脉右缘16.46±4.4mm;内脏小神经与内脏大神经之间的距离为5.23±4.29mm。结论在进行内脏大神经切断术时,同时进行内脏小神经切断术是可行的,术后效果会更好。     

男性盆丛神经的观察及其临床意义

目的：直肠癌扩大根治术是提高术后生存率，减少癌细胞转移的重要术式，但其术后排尿和性功能障碍并发症较多，其原因是术中损伤了盆丛神经。本文对盆丛的研究可为改进直肠癌扩大根治术，降低并发症，提高生存质量，提供解剖学资料。方法：用３０侧男性盆腔标本，通过冰醋酸松解剥离方法，对盆丛的起源、组成和分支分布进行了详细观测。结果：盆丛长径为４１．６±７．３ｍｍ，宽径２９．８±８．５ｍｍ。盆丛又继续形成直肠丛、膀胱丛和前列腺丛，三个次级丛参与管理排尿功能和性功能。结论：手术中如能对盆丛及其次级丛神经加以保护，免受或减少损伤，可防止或减少术后并发症的发生。     

Anatomical bases of the transhiatus approach to the greater splanchnic nerve

Summary The level of origin and mode of constitution of the greater splanchnic nerve and its relations in the posterior mediastinum were studied. The aim of this work was to identify the anatomical basis of the transhiatus approach to the right and left greater splanchnic nerves. The azygos venous system was seen to be the main anatomical relation of these nerves. The results of this study should allow the surgeon to perform total bilateral neurotomy.

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Bases anatomiques de l'abord trans-hiatal des nerfs grands splanchniques

Résumé La hauteur et le mode de constitution des nerfs grands splanchniques ainsi que leurs rapports dans le médiastin postérieur ont été étudiés pour préciser les bases anatomiques de l'abord trans-hiatal des nerfs grands splanchniques. Le système veineux azygos constitue le rapport essentiel. Le but de ce travail est de permettre une neurectomie bilatérale complète.

     

A morphometric study of the celiac trunk and review of the literature

The anatomy of the celiac trunk and its branches was examined in 77 adult human cadavers of Caucasian (Hellenic) origin. The celiac trunk followed the normal pattern, namely trifurcation to the common hepatic, splenic, and left gastric arteries, in 90.9% of the dissections (70/77). Two different types of trifurcation were observed: (a) a true tripod when the celiac trunk ended in a complete trifurcation (74.0%, 57/77) and (b) a false tripod when the three arteries did not have a common origin (16.9%, 13/77). Such a clear predominance of the true tripod is not reported elsewhere. Anatomic variations were found in 9.1% (7/77). Bifurcation of the celiac trunk into splenic and left gastric artery (splenogastric trunk) was observed in one specimen (1.3%), whereas the common hepatic artery emerged directly from the aorta. Absence of the celiac trunk was also found in two individuals (2.6%). The celiac trunk presented additional branches (lumbar and inferior phrenic arteries) in 5.2% (4/77). The median level of origin of the celiac trunk was at the upper third of L1 (22.7% to 17/75). The total length of the celiac trunk ranged from 1.1 to 5.0 cm, whereas the mean length was 2.8 cm (standard deviation = 0.80 cm, standard error of mean = 0.09 cm) irrespective of the existence of variations. The mean length of the celiac arteries which formed a false tripod was found to be larger than those of the arteries which formed a true tripod but only a weak statistically significant difference was established (P = 0.073). Clin. Anat. 26:741–750, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Classical and nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy: an evaluation of the risk of injury to the autonomous pelvic nerves

Radical hysterectomy represents the treatment of choice for FIGO stage IA2–IIA cervical cancer. It is associated with several serious complications such as urinary and anorectal dysfunction due to surgical trauma to the autonomous nervous system. In order to determine those surgical steps involving the risk of nerve injury during both classical and nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy, we investigated the relationships between pelvic fascial, vascular and nervous structures in a large series of embalmed and fresh female cadavers. We showed that the extent of potential denervation after classical radical hysterectomy is directly correlated with the radicality of the operation. The surgical steps that carry a high risk of nerve injury are the resection of the uterosacral and vesicouterine ligaments and of the paracervix. A nerve-sparing approach to radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer is feasible if specific resection limits, such as the deep uterine vein, are carefully identified and respected. However, a nerve-sparing surgical effort should be balanced with the oncological priorities of removal of disease and all its potential routes of local spread.

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Electronic Supplementary Material The french version of this article is available in the form of electronic supplementary material and can be obtained by using the Springer Link server located at .

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Hystérectomie radicale classique et avec préservation nerveuse: évaluation des risques de lésion des nerfs végétatifs pelviens

Résumé L'hystérectomie radicale est le traitement de choix pour les cancers du col utérin de stade IA2–IIA de la Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie Obstétrique (FIGO). Cette intervention comporte plusieurs séquelles graves, telles que les dysfonctions urinaires ou ano-rectales, par traumatisme chirurgical des nerfs végétatifs pelviens. Pour mettre en évidence les temps chirurgicaux impliquant un risque de lésion nerveuse lors d'une hystérectomie radicale classique et avec préservation nerveuse, nous avons recherché les rapports entre le fascia pelvien, les structures vasculaires et nerveuses sur une large série de sujets anatomiques féminins embaumés et non embaumés. Nous avons montré que l'étendue de la dénervation potentielle après hystérectomie radicale classique était directement en rapport avec le caractère radical de l'intervention. Les temps chirurgicaux à haut risque pour des lésions nerveuses sont la résection des ligaments utéro-sacraux, des ligaments vésico-utérins et du paracervix. L'hystérectomie radicale avec préservation nerveuse est possible si des limites de résection spécifiques telle que la veine utérine profonde sont soigneusement identifiées et respectées. Cependant une chirurgie de préservation nerveuse doit être mise en balance avec les priorités carcinologiques d'exérèse du cancer et de toutes ses voies potentielles de dissémination locale.

     

Main trajectories of nerves that traverse and surround the tympanic cavity in the rat

To guide surgery of nerves that traverse and surround the tympanic cavity in the rat, anatomical illustrations are required that are topographically correct. In this study, maps of this area are presented, extending from the superior cervical ganglion to the otic ganglion. They were derived from observations that were made during dissections using a ventral approach. Major blood vessels, bones, transected muscles of the tongue and neck and supra and infrahyoid muscles serve as landmarks in the illustrations. The course of the mandibular, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and hypoglossal nerves with their branches, and components of the sympathetic system, are shown and discussed with reference to data available in the literature. Discrepancies in this literature can be clarified and new data are presented on the trajectories of several nerves. The course of the tympanic nerve was established. This nerve originates from the glossopharyngeal nerve, enters the tympanic cavity, crosses the promontory, passes the tensor tympani muscle dorsally, and continues its route intracranially to the otic ganglion as the lesser petrosal nerve after intersecting with the greater petrosal nerve. Auricular branches of the glossopharyngeal and of the vagus nerve were noted. We also observed a pterygopalatine branch of the internal carotid nerve, that penetrates the tympanic cavity and courses across the promontory.     

Morphological changes in ganglia of the celiac plexus following major abdominal operations

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