Outcomes and alternative techniques for device closure of the large secundum atrial septal defect.

Outcomes of device closure of large and small secundum atrial septal defects (ASDs) as related to rim anatomy with the Amplatzer atrial septal occluder were compared. Rim adequacy (> or = 5mm) of the anterior, inferior, posterior, and superior rims was determined using transesophageal echocardiography. Balloon-stretched defect size defined patients into two groups: group 1, < or = 25 mm (n = 138); group 2, > 25 mm (n = 34). Rim deficiency (n = 62) was more frequent in group 2 compared to group 1 (50% vs. 33%; P = 0.07), especially inferior rim deficiency (35% vs. 2%; P = 0.005). Device deployment was successful in group 1 and group 2 (100% vs. 91%; P = 0.007). Unsuccessful deployment was associated with an ASD of > 25 mm (P = 0.007) and inferior rim deficiency (P = 0.001). At first follow-up (54 +/- 16 days), right ventricular systolic pressure had improved in both groups (P < 0.001). Closure of a large ASD associated with a lack of support in the inferior rim may warrant alternative strategies to position the device successfully.     

改良肺静脉释放法在小儿房间隔缺损介入封堵术中的应用

目的探讨改良控制肺静脉释放法(双盘张开顺序法)操作技术经验在常规方法无法顺利堵闭的小儿房间隔缺损(arterial septal defect,ASD)病例中提高介入操作成功率和减少并发症的作用。方法当遇到房间隔缺损较大,边缘条件不佳时,应用改良控制肺静脉放置双盘装置封堵器法堵闭儿童ASD病例182例,男70例,女112例,年龄2～14(3.8±1.6)岁,体重9～48(22±11)kg。释放封堵器时先将左心房伞在左上肺静脉轻轻伸出,在左心房伞受肺静脉血管限制未完全张开时,迅速将右房伞在右心房侧打开,使左心房伞受重力和牵拉作用自动滑入左心房张开,左、右心房伞在房间隔两侧迅速成型站稳。堵闭术后1,3,6个月和1,3,5年进行持续临床追踪及随访,用超声复查。结果采用改良方法治疗房间隔缺损成功率为98.4%(179/182),而改良前组成功率为68%(110/160)。差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);用超声复查:肺静脉最高流速术前为:(0.5±0.2)m/s,术后:(0.6±0.2)m/s(P>0.05),堵闭术前后无明显变化。所有病例术后X线胸片无肺淤血改变。结论本项技术改良能明显提高介入治疗小儿ASD操作成功率,扩展手术适应证。未发现肺静脉梗阻等并发症。     

房间隔瘤并发继发孔房间隔缺损的介入治疗评价

目的:评价房间隔瘤（ASA）并发继发孔型房间隔缺损（ASD）介入治疗的临床效果。方法:全组21（男8,女13）例,年龄9～56（24士14）岁。经临床、心电图、X线及经胸超声心动图（TTE）检查诊断为ASA并发继发孔型ASD。TTE检查ASA均膨入右心房,测量ASD最大直径12～28（19±7）mm。其中单孔ASD13例,多孔ASD8例,孔间距离1～7mm者7例,12mm者1例。结果:21例均一次封堵成功,技术成功率100%。所用封堵器的直径为16～40（25±8）mm。8例多孔ASD,有7例置入1个封堵器直接封堵多个缺损孔,1例（两个缺损孔之间距离为12mm）分别用18mm和12mm两个封堵器封堵。术后即刻TTE检查显示16例获完全闭合,5例有少或微量残余分流,完全堵闭率76%（16/21）。术后3d复查TTE2例（10%）有微量残余分流。1～6个月复查19例（90%）心脏大小恢复正常,2例（10%）并发心房纤颤患者心脏不同程度的缩小,1例有微量残余分流。1年后随访12例,无封堵器移位及其他并发症。结论:介入治疗房间隔瘤（ASA）并发继发孔型ASD具有操作简便、安全、技术成功率高及封堵效果好等优点。     

Transcatheter closure of large atrial septal defects in 18 patients

PURPOSE: This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of transcatheter closure of large atrial septal defects (ASD). METHODS: Eighteen patients diagnosed as ostium secundum defect with a diameter of 30-40 mm were enrolled in this study. With the guidance of echocardiography and fluoroscopy, the Amplazter occlusion devices were implanted percutaneously through the femoral vein. RESULTS: A small residual left-to-right shunt was detected with echocardiography immediately postprocedure but resolved after 1 week. The occlusion devices remained in proper position, and there was no residual shunt at 1- and 29-month follow-ups. Cardiac function and atrial sizes improved significantly as compared with the preclosure states. CONCLUSIONS: Transcatheter closure of large atrial septal defects with the Amplazter occlusion device is feasible, safe and effective.     

Late complete atrioventricular block after closure of an atrial septal defect with a gore septal occluder (GSO™)

Temporary intermittent complete heart block (CHB) occurred the day after interventional closure of an ASD with a 30 mm Gore Septal Occluder (GSO?) in a 2 years and 11‐month‐old female. CHB disappeared without further treatment and stable sinus rhythm recovered within 3 days. Only short episodes of 2nd degree AV‐block (Wenckebach periodicity) at rare intervals were documented in Holter‐monitors the following 2 months. Eleven months after device implantation the patient suffered from long lasting episodes of CHB. Surgical removal of the device resulted in incomplete recovery of AV‐conduction. Histopathological work‐up of the explanted GSO showed complete endothelialization of the device and regular scar formation. One year after surgery, the child had sinus rhythm during daytime but needed VVI‐pacing while sleeping. Young age, inferior localization of the defect, and use of a large device have been individual risk factors for CHB in this patient. Clinical course and histologic findings indicate that mechanical compression was the only cause for CHB. The cumulative number of reports of CHB after use of different ASD‐devices supports the recommendation to postpone the intervention in asymptomatic patients to preschool‐age. Early removal of a pushing device may increase the chance of complete recovery from CHB. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

国产双盘封堵器封堵儿童继发孔房间隔缺损与外科手术的对照研究

目的探讨国产房间隔缺损封堵器经导管封堵继发孔房间隔缺损的安全性、有效性和临床可行性,并与同期外科手术治疗的病例作相关对照。方法2003年1月2005年12月,78例自愿选择应用国产封堵器封堵房间隔缺损的患儿与90例同期进行外科手术治疗的患儿进行治疗前后的对比,对相关检测指标、手术成功率、并发症、手术时间和住院时间、治疗费用作对照分析,治疗后定期随诊超声心动图和心电图。结果两组患儿在年龄、体质量、术前肺动脉压力、右心室舒张末内径、封堵成功率和手术成功率、手术死亡率差异无统计学意义。介入治疗组随访332个月,外科组随访624个月均无严重并发症,病死率均为0%。结论国产封堵器封堵继发孔房间隔缺损安全、成功率高,短中期疗效确切,在适应征允许范围内,可替代外科手术治疗。     

Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects in children with a hypoplastic right ventricle.

The efficacy and safety of device closure of atrial defects in children with complex congenital heart disease and a hypoplastic right ventricle have not been detailed. The objective of this study was to determine the clinical impact and outcomes of a staged surgical catheter-based management strategy. A retrospective analysis of 17 children with a hypoplastic right ventricle who had undergone cardiac catheterization and attempted device occlusion of an atrial defect was undertaken. Clinical data, anatomical diagnoses, previous surgeries, and interventions were noted. The clinical course and echocardiographic findings were compared before and after defect closure (6 +/- 4 months of follow-up). Nine children had pulmonary atresia with an intact ventricular septum, six had Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve, and two had isolated right ventricular hypoplasia. The mean age at defect closure was 6.6 +/- 3.4 years. Under general anesthesia, closure of the atrial defect was undertaken after initial temporary test occlusion. The Qp:Qs ratio before closure was 1.1 +/- 0.4. Oxygen saturation improved in all children from 91% +/- 1% to 98% +/- 1% (P < 0.0005). Mean right atrial pressure increased from 9 +/- 3 to 11 +/- 4 mm Hg after closure, but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.2). Follow-up revealed an increased right ventricular length (P = 0.009) and Z-score (P = 0.02), although no significant increase in the diameter of the tricuspid valve annulus was observed in children with pulmonary atresia. Right ventricular systolic pressures or systolic function did not change significantly during follow-up (P = 0.5 and 0.29, respectively). Exercise tolerance improved in all children and clinical evidence of right ventricular decompensation was absent. Catheter closure of atrial defects in children with a hypoplastic right ventricle is well tolerated, safe, and effective as a treatment strategy in the staged management.     

房间隔瘤并发继发孔型房间隔缺损介入封堵术的临床评价

目的:评价房间隔瘤(ASA)并发继发孔型房间隔缺损(ASD)介入封堵术的可行性、安全性和疗效.方法:16例(男4例,女12例),年龄12～66(30.6±14.1)岁.经临床、心电图、X线及经胸超声心动图(TTE)检查诊断为ASA并发继发孔型ASD.TTE检查ASA均膨入右心房, ASD最大直径10～32(17.1±10.4)mm.其中单孔ASD 14例,双孔ASD 2例,孔间距离均小于7 mm.结果:16例均一次封堵成功,成功率100%.所用封堵器的直径为16～42(28.5±6.99)mm.2例双孔ASD中,置入1个封堵器直接封堵2个缺损孔.术中TTE监测检查示15例完全闭合, 1例有少量残余分流.术后3 d复查TTE示均无残余分流;6个月、1年后复查示9例心脏大小恢复正常, 均无残余分流,无封堵器移位及其他并发症.结论:介入封堵治疗ASA并发继发孔型ASD是可行、安全的, 可获得良好的封堵效果.     

Transcatheter closure of a traumatic ventricular septal defect using an amplatzer™ atrial septal occluder device

A relatively rare occurrence, the incidence of ventricular septal defect (VSD) complicating penetrating cardiac trauma has been reported at 4.5%. Closing such defects may be challenging especially in an unstable patient where cardiopulmonary bypass may exponentially increase the surgical risk. In such patients, catheter‐based device closure is a reliable and effective alternative. We describe case of a 30 year old man who presented with a stab wound to his anterior mediastinum. His injuries involved laceration to right and left ventricles and a VSD. His lacerations were repaired on a beating heart and the VSD was not addressed due to patient hemodynamic instability. The VSD was semi‐electively closed using a 24 mm Amplatzer? device as the patient demonstrated significant left to right shunt. Post‐device closure, the patient developed hemolysis attributed to an intra‐ device residual leak. The hemolysis resolved without any complications by conservative medical management. At latest follow‐up the patient is in NYHA functional class I–II . © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Aortic sinus-left atrial fistula after interventional closure of atrial septal defect.

A 3-year-old boy underwent interventional closure of an atrial septal defect using an Amplatzer septal occluder. After 4 weeks, an aortic sinus-to-left atrial fistula was detected by echocardiography in an asymptomatic child. The device was surgically explanted with fistula and atrial septal defect closure. Follow-up was uneventful.     

Electrocardiographic changes and arrhythmias following percutaneous atrial septal defect and patent foramen ovale device closure

Objectives: To compare pre‐ and post‐procedure electrocardiograms (ECGs) in a large cohort of patients after percutaneous closure of atrial septal defect (ASD) and patent foramen ovale (PFO). Background: Percutaneous device closure of ASD or PFO is commonplace. Conduction and rhythm anomalies associated with percutaneous device placement have been reported. Methods: We reviewed records for all patients who underwent percutaneous device closure of ASD or PFO at our institution from 1999 to 2008. Pre‐procedure ECG and Holter studies were compared to available short term (<2 months after placement) and intermediate follow‐up (>2 months) ECG or Holter. Results: Pre‐ and post‐procedural ECGs were available in 610 patients (305 females, average age 50 ± 18.1 years, range 1–91 years, 384 PFO, 184 ASD, 42 with multiple defects, mean device size 16 mm, range 5–38 mm). We report an incidence of 5.2% (32/610) of arrhythmias in the 4 months following device placement, including 29 patients with atrial tachyarrhythmias (ATs, 22 fibrillation, 7 flutter), 1 with junctional tachycardia, and 2 with heart block. Among other findings, the average P‐wave duration was increased on intermediate follow‐up as compared to early follow‐up (P < 0.001). Development of new‐onset 1st degree AV Block after the procedure was associated with an increased risk of ATs post‐procedure (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: We report a low risk of clinically significant post‐procedure arrhythmias after device placement. Clinically significant heart block occurred in only two patients (0.3%). Changes in several markers of atrial conduction were found, suggesting an effect of device closure on intra‐atrial conduction. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Transcatheter atrial septal defect closure: modified balloon sizing technique to avoid overstretching the defect and oversizing the Amplatzer septal occluder.

The objective of this study was to evaluate a new technique of sizing atrial septal defects (ASDs) for transcatheter device closure. ASD closure using the Amplatzer septal occluder (ASO) device is commonly performed. Complications, including arrhythmias, pericardial effusions, and perforations, may be related to oversizing ASDs and choosing larger devices. Two methods were used to size ASDs using a compliant balloon. In some patients, the balloon was inflated until a waist was visible [(+)waist]; in others, only until no shunting was demonstrable by echocardiogram [echo; (-)waist]. The device was selected and implanted using standard procedure and echo guidance. One hundred seventeen patients underwent secundum ASD closure with an ASO device. There were 43 patients in the (-)waist group and 74 in the (+)waist group. All devices were implanted successfully. The initial echo ASD diameter was larger in the (-)waist group compared to the (+)waist group (P = 0.01). There was a smaller difference between the initial echo and balloon-sized ASD diameters in the (-)waist group (P < 0.02). ASO device size implanted (in mm greater than echo ASD diameter) was smaller in the (-)waist group (P < 0.01). There were 0/43 complications in the (-)waist group and 5/74 in the (+)waist group. The complete closure rate was the same in both groups. Sizing an ASD by inflating a compliant balloon just until shunting is eliminated, and not until a waist is visible, results in less overstretching of the ASD and selection of a smaller ASO device, achieving similar closure rates and potentially fewer complications.     

Combined percutaneous pulmonary valvuloplasty and atrial septal defect closure for pulmonary valvular stenosis and associated secundum atrial septal defect in an adult.

Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty is the treatment of choice for congenital pulmonary valve stenosis, and percutaneous closure of secundum atrial septal defects has become a promising alternative to surgery in selected patients. We report a case of combined percutaneous pulmonary valvuloplasty and secundum atrial septal defect occlusion in an adult patient.     

Defect closure in the lipomatous hypertrophied atrial septum with the amplatzer muscular ventricular septal defect closure device: A case series

Variations in the anatomy of the atrial septum can confound the transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects and patent foramen ovale. While lipomatous hypertrophy of the atrial septum is not frequently encountered, attempts to use standard atrial septal occlusion devices in such patient can lead to malapposition and continued shunt. Some operators have suggested that atrial septal hypertrophy is a relative contraindication to transcatheter‐based closure techniques. We present a novel technique exploiting the features of the Amplatzer muscular ventricular septal defect occluder to treat atrial septal defects in the setting of lipomatous hypertrophy of the atrial septum in two patients. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Intra‐arterial thrombolysis of central retinal artery occlusion following percutaneous atrial septal defect closure

Use of percutaneous devices for atrial septal defect (ASD) closure is growing, given the minimally invasive nature and the long‐term durability of this approach. The reported rate of thrombus formation after catheter closure is 1.2%. Thrombotic risk varies according to closure device and Dacron‐covered nitinol Amplatzer devices carry a 0‐0.3% rate of thrombus formation; but central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is rarely implicated as an adverse event. Herein, we report the first successful intra‐arterial thrombolytic treatment of CRAO developing after ASD closure via Amplatzer device. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

经胸B超指导Amplatzer封堵器在治疗成人房间隔缺损中的应用

目的　评价经胸B超 (TTE)指导Amplatzer封堵器治疗成人继发孔型房间隔缺损 (ASD)的价值。方法　 30例ASD行Amplatzer封堵术的患者 ,年龄 13～ 6 5岁 ,平均 (32± 15 )岁 ,术前及术中采用TTE指导封堵 ,术后即刻及术后 1个月 ,3个月分别行TTE检查评价治疗效果。结果　 2 4例 (80 % )患者术前和术中直接采用TTE指导封堵成功 ,总有效率为 80 % ;5例 (16 7% )患者术前加做食管B超(TEE)选择适应证 ;1例 (3 3% )患者术中加做TEE指导封堵成功。术中未发生任何重要并发症 ,无急症手术病例。术后即刻TTE彩色多普勒显示 2例 (6 7% )存在微 /少量残余分流 ,术后 1月TTE显示30例患者的ASD完全闭合 ,封堵器形态、位置良好 ,未对毗邻结构产生影响 ,且未见封堵器移位及ASD再通。结论　TTE可用于指导大多数ASD患者行经导管Amplatzer封堵器治疗。     

国产镍钛记忆合金房间隔封堵器的实验研究

目的:通过外科创建的房间隔缺损动物模型评价国产镍钛记忆合金封堵器的封堵效果和组织学反应。方法:将犬房间隔造口建立房间隔缺损动物模型后,利用国产镍钛记忆合金房间隔封堵器进行封堵,术后4h、15h、1、2、3个月分别进行大体解剖和光镜、电镜检查。结果:5只犬成功建立了动物模型并1次封堵成功,完成4h～3个月随访。动物生长发育正常,无严重并发症出现。15d～3个月大体解剖可见封堵器与房间隔组织紧密嵌合,表面完全被一层半透明、光滑的新生组织所覆盖,光镜及透射电镜检查证实为内皮样细胞。结论:国产镍钛记忆合金封堵器封堵外科创建的房间隔缺损动物模型是可行的。     

国产房间隔缺损封堵器的实验研究

目的　通过外科手术创建的房间隔缺损动物模型评价国产心健TM 房间隔缺损封堵器介入治疗的可行性、安全性、有效性。方法　体外循环下 ,在幼猪的房间隔剪一个缺损口形成房间隔缺损 (ASD)动物模型 ,7d后行房间隔缺损封堵术。术后进行超声心动图、大体解剖、扫描电镜和透射电镜检查。结果　共 8只猪建立了房间隔缺损模型并进行封堵术 ,封堵器放置的成功率为 10 0 % ,超声心动图随访无残余分流 ,动物生长发育正常 ,无严重并发症出现。 1～ 6个月大体解剖可见封堵器与房间隔组织紧密嵌合 ,表面被一层白色半透明组织覆盖 ,电镜证实为内皮组织。结论　国产心健TM 房间隔缺损封堵器关闭外科手术创建的ASD模型可行、安全、有效     

Echocardiographic aspects of percutaneous atrial septal defect closure in adults

Echocardiography plays an integral role in the diagnosis and management of atrial septal defects. With percutaneous closure of secundum defects becoming widespread, transoesophageal echocardiography in particular has assumed an important role in patient selection, as well as being central to the device deployment procedure, and an important tool in patient follow up.