Screening for Down's syndrome in the North East Thames region

The suggested strategies for a screening programme for Down's syndrome by maternal serum alpha fetoprotein concentration were examined and tested on the experience of the North East Thames Regional. Screening by maternal serum alpha fetoprotein concentration may be used to identify pregnancies at increased risk, but this is useful only in women aged over 32 whose collective risk is greater than one in 200. The absolute probability of carrying babies with Down's syndrome for individuals in this high risk group can then be calculated and used to decide whether further diagnosis by amniocentesis is desired.     

妊娠中期母血清唐氏综合征三联筛查4 680例与不良妊娠结果分析

Currentlythetriplemarkerscreenoffetoprotein(AFP),unconjugatedestriol(uE3)andhumanchori onicgonadotropin(hCG)testcandetectapproximately60%(58%-82%)ofthepregnanciesaffectedbytri somy21,withafalsepositiverateofabout5%-10%[1].Currentlyprenatalscreeningforfeta…     

孕中期胎儿唐氏综合征筛查报道分析

目的初步分析孕妇血清标记物甲胎球蛋白和绒毛膜促性腺激素β亚基对胎儿唐氏综合征的产前筛查作用。方法采用时间分辨免疫荧光法，检测15～20周6d孕妇血清AFP和F—β—HCG浓度，结合孕妇年龄、孕周、体重，利用计算机软件，计算胎儿患唐氏综合征的风险率。结果筛查1614例孕妇，检出DS高危82例，占受检人数的5．1％；开放型神经管缺陷高危8例，占受检人数0．5％；18-三体高危2例，占受检人数0．1％；假阳性率为5％。结论检测孕中期孕母血清AFP和β-HCG两项指标进行产前筛查，对发现胎儿先天缺陷、预防唐氏综合征有重要作用。     

孕早期Down综合征(DS)的产前筛查

目的 :探讨孕早期Down综合征 (DS)的产前筛查。方法 :时间分辨荧光免疫法 (TRFIA)对孕 8～ 13周的 5 43 3例孕妇血清中 β hCG、PAPP A2两项血清标记物进行检测 ,比较分析 8例DS胎儿母血清与 184例对照病例血清中两种标记物水平。结果 :DS组母血中 β hCG、PAPP A平均值分别为 2 .3 1MoM和 0 .42MoM ,与对照组差别有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;β hCG、PAPP A两项指标联合筛查 ,DS的阳性检出率为 75 % ,假阳性率为8.3 5 %。结论 :孕早期 β hCG、PAPP A两联标记物筛查DS可以达到孕中期三联标记物筛查效果。     

母血清生化二联、三联标记物筛查胎儿唐氏综合征

目的 用母血清生化标记物筛查胎儿唐氏综合征(Down’s syndrome,DS)等先天异常。方法 应用孕妇血清指标和时间分辨荧光免疫分析法对本院1996年11月-2001年3月在本科产前检查的2886例孕妇进行DS胎儿筛查。对高危孕妇作羊腹腔穿刺或早孕绒毛取材以得到胎儿染色体。对应用的指标捡出率及假阳性率进行分析。结果 共捡出11例DS,8例无脑儿;DS检出率3．8‰。结论 妊娠相关血浆蛋白A(PAPP-A)筛查胎儿DS有很好的价值并能使产前诊断时期提前,甲胎蛋白 游离人绒毛膜促性腺激素(AFP freeβ-HCG)可用于检测DS和胎儿异常。     

孕中期唐氏综合征血清学筛查的经济效益评价

目的 从临床及卫生经济学的角度探讨孕中期唐氏综合征产前筛查的意义.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测12 720名孕龄为14～20周的中国孕妇的血清甲胎蛋白(AFP)、绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-hCG)水平,结合孕妇的年龄、孕周等关键参数,计算唐氏综合征的风险系数,并对高危人群进行产前诊断.结果 761例唐氏综合征筛查高危妊娠妇女中,诊断唐氏综合征患儿7例;11 959例唐氏综合征筛查低危妊娠妇女中,诊断唐氏综合征2例.筛查成本为495 023元,安全指数为0.28.结论 采用ELISA法检测孕妇血清AFP和β-hCG的方法成本低、安全性高,是适合中国国情的唐氏综合征产前筛查方案.     

The prevention of Down's syndrome in the south western region of England 1975-1985

Cytogenetic prenatal screening for Down's syndrome in the South West Region of England from 1975 to 1985 was reviewed. The use of amniocentesis increased, and for the years 1981 to 1985 averaged 29.4% of women 35 years or over at their estimated date of delivery. 58 pregnancies were terminated after karyotyping of amniotic fluid cells confirmed trisomy 21. 385,440 live births were born in the region, 452 with Down's syndrome, giving a live birth incidence of 1 in 853. The effective impact of prenatal screening was calculated at an overall 8.3% reduction in Down's syndrome live births, but for the years 1981 to 1985 this rose to 11.3%. In spite of the introduction of new prenatal screening programmes that are not reliant solely on maternal age, it is predicted that substantial numbers of children with Down's syndrome are likely to be born each year. Adequate medical facilities will still be required for the survivors.     

Down's syndrome in South Australia.

In a survey of Down's syndrome in South Australia, 921 persons, both living and deceased, were identified; 717 individuals with the disorder were living in South Australia. Cytogenetic confirmation of the diagnosis had been made in 774 cases. From 1955 to 1977, the over-all incidence of Down's syndrome at birth was found to be 1.175/1000 live births. The incidence of Down's syndrome was significantly lower over the last five years of this period than for the first 18 years; thus it appears that the incidence of Down's syndrome in South Australia is falling. Analysis of maternal age changes with time has not revealed any changes to the maternal age-specific rates for Down's syndrome, although the rate for mothers aged 25 years or younger appears to be falling. The proportion of Down's syndrome babies born to women aged 35 years or more has decreased from 65.7% for those born before 1950 to 30.4% for those born from 1975 to 1977; similarly, the median maternal age has fallen from 37.12 years to 28.25 years. Regression analyses of maternal age rates for Down's syndrome by single years have produced figures suitable for genetic counselling. A plea is made that Down's syndrome should become a notifiable condition.     

早、中孕期整合筛查唐氏综合征

目的 评估早、中孕整合筛查唐氏综合征的效果,提供高效率唐氏综合征筛查方案.方法 4237例孕妇,年龄≥18周岁,平均为25.98岁,分别于早孕(11～13周+6d)采用时间分辨免疫荧光法(DELFIA)测定孕妇血清游离β人绒毛膜促性腺激素(Free-βhCG),妊娠相关蛋白A(PAPPA),B超测定胎儿颈部透明带厚度(NT)值,中孕(15～20周+6d)采用DELFIA测定孕妇血清βhCG,甲胎蛋白(AFP),利用风险计算软件,分别计算同一患者早孕期风险、中孕期风险、整合风险;高风险?照 (＞1/270)患者进行羊水穿刺和脐静脉穿刺诊断;出生结局进行电子网络跟踪随访.结果 4237例孕妇中筛查高风险者为早孕期98例、中孕期241例、早中孕期整合101例,以上3者筛查出的唐氏综合征分别是2、3、4例,检出率分别为50%、75%、100%,检出效率分别为1∶50、1∶80、1∶25.结论 整合筛查比早孕期筛查、中孕期筛查要优越,在较低的假阳性情况下有较高的检测率,并可减少孕妇侵入性穿刺;提高早孕筛查效率需要高水平的B超诊断技术和发展多种B超联合诊断方法.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the effect of first and second-trimester integrated screening so as to provide an efficient screening protocol for Down's syndrome. Methods Using the dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluorescent immunoassay (DELFIA), the freeβhCG (beta human chorionic gonadotropin),PAPP-A (pregnancy associated plasma protein-A) and NT (nuchal translucency) value of type B ultrasound were assayed in the pregnancy serum during the first trimester(11-13W+6d)and free βhCG and AFP (alpha fetoprotein) during the second trimester(15-20W+6 d). By the risk calculation software, the risks during both trimesters and their integrated risk were calculated for each patient respectively. Amniocentesis and venepuncture were employed for diagnosing the high-risk patients(＞1/270). Electronic network follow-up was carried out after delivery. Results In a total of 4237 pregnant women, 98 were found to carry a high risk during the first trimester, 241 during the second trimester and 101 during the integrated screening respectively. And 2, 3 and 4 cases were diagnosed with Down's symptom at a detection rate of 50%, 75% screening is superior to either the first or second-trimester screening, With a lower false positive rate and a higher detection rate, it reduces the chance of invasive puncture. Advanced type B ultrasonic technology is needed to improve the first-trimester diagnostic efficiency and to develop a better integrated screening protocol.     

孕妇血清标记物在中孕筛查中的应用

目的 :通过对孕妇血清标记物甲胎蛋白 (AFP)和人绒毛膜促性腺激素 ( β -HCG )测定来筛选缺陷儿。 方法 :用放射免疫法对 6 2例孕 14～ 2 3周妊娠妇女上述标记物连测 3次 ,每次隔 12～ 14d ,以两次异常为高危个体。每例筛查者跟踪至胎儿出生后。结果 :在筛查中发现了 1例先天愚型和 1例无脑儿。结论 :上述两种血清标记物可以作为神经管缺陷和先天愚型筛查的一项常规方法     

Maternal serum screening for Down syndrome in a teaching hospital in Hong Kong

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Prenatal screening in Jewish law.

Although prenatal screening is routinely undertaken as part of a woman's antenatal care, the ethics surrounding it are complex. In this paper, the author examines the Jewish position on the permissibility of several tests, including those for Down's syndrome and Tay-Sachs disease, the latter being especially common in the Jewish community. Clearly, the status of the tests depends on whether termination of affected pregnancies is allowed, and contemporary rabbinical authorities are themselves in dispute as to the permissibility of terminating affected pregnancies. The nature of these arguments is examined and the author concludes that there are grounds on which the full range of prenatal screening is permitted in Jewish law.     

辅助生育与自然妊娠孕妇早期唐氏筛查结果的对照研究

目的比较采用辅助生育技术受孕与自然受孕者孕早期唐氏筛查各项指标及筛查假阳性率的差异。方法选取2012年1月—2014年3月在该院进行早期（10~13＋6w）唐氏筛查的IVF孕妇1 600例,筛选同期孕周、年龄、体重等因素相匹配的自然受孕孕妇16 000例为对照组,入选孕妇均为单胎。抽血前B超明确孕周并测量NT,测血清学标志物PAPP-A、fβ-h CG的水平,比较两组各指标中位数的差异及筛查假阳性率。结果各孕周段两组孕妇PAPP-A Mo M值均〈1.0,IVF组孕妇PAPP-A Mo M值低于相应孕周的对照组。两组各孕周段fβ-h CG Mo M值均在1.0左右,相应孕周间比较差异无统计学意义。两组孕妇NT水平差异无统计学意义。IVF组21三体筛查阳性率为13.40%,显著高于对照组10.19%。两组失访率均在8%左右。其中,IVF组206例21三体高风险孕妇中84.5%进行了染色体核型分析,确诊2例;对照组935例中71.5%接受穿刺,确诊15例。两组确诊率相当。IVF组筛查假阳性率为14.69%,明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（χ2=7.50,P=0.006）。结论IVF技术的使用会降低早期唐氏筛查血清标志物PAPP-A的浓度,因此增加胎儿21三体检出的假阳性率,建议引入适当的校准系数进行风险评估。     

江西省中北部地区孕中期唐氏综合征筛查血清标志物中位数的构建

目的：建立江西省中北部地区孕中期唐氏综合征(Down’s syndrome,DS)产前筛查血清学标志物中位数数据 库。方法：采用时间分辨免疫荧光法对57 548例孕15~20+6周孕妇进行甲胎蛋白(AFP)、游离绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-hCG) 和游离雌三醇(uE3)血清学三联筛查,应用LifeCycle 4.0软件进行风险评估。使用SAS 9.2软件进行模型筛选,构建江西 省中北部地区孕中期DS筛查人群中位数拟合方程,采用新构建的中位数系统重新评估人群患DS风险,并评估其适用 性。结果：江西省中北部地区中位数与内置中位数分布不同,差异有统计学意义(Z=2.201,P=0.028),经模型筛选, 三联指标中位数与孕龄的关系采用加权回归模型拟合,三联指标中位数倍数(MoM值)与体重的关系采用倒数模型, 拟合效果好;新构建的中位数系统较内置系统检出率由62.75%提高到72.55%,假阳性率由5.84%降低至4.94%。结论： 新构建的江西省中北部地区孕中期中位数系统适用于本地区筛查,各地区应建立自己的血清标志物中位数系统以提 高筛查效率。     

四川地区21 723例早孕期唐氏综合征筛查报告

  目的  比较分析采用不同筛查方案对四川地区早孕期孕妇进行唐氏综合征产前筛查的筛查效率,探寻早孕期高效的唐氏综合征筛查方案。  方法  回顾性分析2011年1月至2017年12月于四川大学华西第二医院产前诊断中心接受早孕期血清学生化指标联合胎儿颈项透明层（NT）厚度筛查的单胎妊娠孕妇的结果。根据接受羊膜腔穿刺胎儿染色体检查的染色体结果及未接受羊膜腔穿刺的孕妇电话随访结果,了解胎儿染色体情况。比较分析孕妇年龄、NT厚度、血清学生化指标筛查、联合筛查这4种筛查方案对早孕期唐氏综合征的筛查效率。  结果  符合纳入标准的21 723例孕妇中,确诊唐氏综合征33例,18-三体综合征19例,性染色体异常4例及其他染色体异常8例。早期联合筛查唐氏综合征检出率72.73%,假阳性率2.49%;18-三体综合征检出率73.68%,假阳性率0.39%。对唐氏综合征而言,当假阳性率为5%时,以孕妇预产期年龄为筛查指标时,检出率为15.15%;以NT厚度为筛查指标时,检出率为57.58%;以早孕期血清学生化指标作为筛查方案时,检出率为60.61%;以早孕期联合筛查作为筛查方案时,检出率为87.88%。  结论  4种筛查方案中,早孕期联合筛查能够有效筛查出唐氏综合征胎儿,对其他染色体异常也有良好的筛查效果,是早孕期较好的产前筛查方案。     

唐氏综合征的产前筛查进展

唐氏综合征是临床上最常见的一种染色体畸形。临床上常用的血清学筛查指标有甲胎蛋白、绒毛膜促性腺激素、游离雌三醇、妊娠相关蛋白A、抑制素A、妊娠特异性β1糖蛋白,胎儿有核红细胞、游离胎儿DNA及RNA。目前常采用血清学联合筛查。超声测量颈部透明层及胎儿鼻骨也可作为筛查手段。如何提高筛查的灵敏度及探寻更准确的方法是当前研究的热点。     

孕妇体重，孕周因素对产前筛查血清学指标的影响

目的探讨孕妇体重,孕周对孕中期唐氏综合征（DS）产前筛查血清学指标的影响。方法对2371例孕中期（15～22周）孕妇血清进行3项指标检测,利用统计软件CurveExpert1．3拟合出随着不同体重,孕周3项指标中位数变化的曲线。结果AFP,FE3随着孕周升高,ThCG随着孕周降低,3条曲线的相关系数,分别为0．998,0．999,0．990。AFP,ThCG随体重上升而下降,曲线的相关系数分别为0．995,0．930。FE3在体重组之间无差别,方差分析P〉0.05。结论不同体重,孕周3项指标中位数变化的曲线,对唐氏筛查高风险的统计具有一定的影响因素。     

Informed choice of pregnant women in prenatal screening tests for Down's syndrome

BACKGROUND: Although maternal serum screening (MSS) for Down's syndrome has become routinely available in most obstetric clinics in many countries, few studies have addressed the reasons why women agree to undergo the MSS test. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to describe the circumstances in which MSS was offered to pregnant women and their reasons for undertaking it. METHODS: Participant observation and in depth interviews were used in this study; specifically, the experiences of women who had a positive result for MSS and who then followed this up with amniocentesis were examined. The interviewees were twenty six mothers aged between 22 and 35 years. The interviews were audio taped and transcribed for analysis. The results were analysed by the constant comparative method. RESULTS: This study identified the reasons on which pregnant women appeared to base their decisions when undergoing MSS. The reasons were first, the recognition that the procedure was a prenatal routine procedure; second, the need to avoid the risk of giving birth to a baby with Down's syndrome, and third, a trust in modern technology and in the professional authorities. CONCLUSIONS: This study offers insights into the informed choice made by women with a positive MSS result. The reasons for undergoing MSS might help health professionals and policy makers to reflect on their practice and this may, in turn, improve the quality of prenatal care during MSS.     

Partial spontaneous regression of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case with high concentrations of serum lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive alpha fetoprotein

Spontaneous regression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rare. There are few reports discussing spontaneous regression associated with serum lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive alpha fetoprotein (AFP-L3). We describe a case of HCC with a high level of AFP-L3, which showed a rapid increase in alpha fetoprotein (AFP) concentration after partial spontaneous regression, and which was then treated successfully. A 71-year-old woman suffering from chronic hepatitis C underwent surgical resection for HCC. Preoperative concentrations of AFP fluctuated; subsequent to a transient decrease, a rapid increase in AFP was observed. AFP-L3 concentration was extremely high. The resected tissue consisted of encapsulated moderately differentiated HCC, subcapsular coagulation necrosis, and chronic active hepatitis. The postoperative course was uneventful. At present, 24 months after diagnosis, no symptoms or signs of tumor recurrence or metastasis have been observed. Although the precise etiology of the spontaneous regression in this patient is not known, we speculate that spontaneous regression of tumor cells with high malignant potential may be related to arterial involvement and insufficient blood supply.     

血清学筛查联合胎儿非整倍体产前无创基因检测临床应用价值的研究

目的探讨孕期血清学筛查联合无创性产前胎儿染色体非整倍体基因检测的临床应用,提高染色体疾病的检出率,降低出生缺陷。方法孕期适时机会血清学筛查23039例。采用时间分辨免疫荧光法检测,血清学联合二联筛查早孕9-13＋6周,妊娠相关蛋白PAPP-A和游离β-HCG,中孕15-20＋6周三联筛查甲胎蛋白AFP、游离β-HCG、游离E3检测激素水平,应用Multicalc软件评估风险值,21-三体风险分割值1：270,≥1：270为高风险,1：270~1：500临界风险。18三体风险分割值1：350,≥1：350为高风险,1：350-1：800为临界风险值。结果筛查出高风险1546例,占6.71%,临界风险值3257例,占14.17%,无创产前诊断2842例占59.17%,介入性产前诊断550例占11.54%。产前诊断确诊胎儿染色体异常共27例,其中非整倍体19例,占0.39%,其他染色体异常8例,占0.16%,知情告知签字不落实产前诊断发生出生缺陷7例,调查表明临界风险选择无创样本例数占59.17%,羊水样本例数占11.54%,无创检测高风险数经羊水再次核型分析一致性达100%。结论血清学产前筛查联合无创产前胎儿非整倍体DNA检测可提高产前诊断效率,特别对临界风险值瓶颈线的突破起关键性作用,降低胎儿染色体非整倍体病率快捷、安全,较介入性产前诊断易于接受、推广,是今后发展的必然趋势。