异氟醚对大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨异氟醚对大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤的脑保护作用。方法 32只雄性SD大鼠,280～320 g,随机分为四组,假手术组:仅分离血管,不留置线拴;脑缺血组:缺血前吸入纯氧30min行2h大脑中动脉栓塞(MCAO);0.9％和1.5％异氟醚组:分别在MCA0前吸入0.9％和1.5％异氟醚30 min。监测缺血/再灌注期间鼓膜温度变化,测定再灌注22 h和70 h时脑梗死体积及再灌注22h时光、电镜的病理改变。结果 缺血侧鼓膜温度较非缺血侧明显降低,最大温差达0.78℃±0.35℃。异氟醚轻度缩小再灌注22 h和70 h时的脑梗死体积,且1.5％异氟醚对再灌注70 h时梗死体积百分比减小的效果优于0.9％异氟醚。光、电镜结果提示异氟醚能减轻局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤对神经元、线粒体和内皮细胞的损害。结论缺血前吸入0.9％和1.5％异氟醚对大鼠局灶性脑缺血,再灌注损伤,可产生一定程度的保护作用。     

吸入性麻醉药异氟醚对大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 研究异氟醚预处理对大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤的可能保护机制.方法 采用四动脉结扎法建立大鼠脑缺血模型.分别在缺血前随机分为假手术组、直接脑缺血/再灌注组、吸入2 h 1.5 MAC异氟醚脑缺血/再灌注组和吸入纯氧2h脑缺血/再灌注对照组,全脑缺血15 min后再分别复灌3 d和5 d.复灌3 d的大鼠断头取海马进行JNK3的免疫印迹和免疫沉淀;复灌5 d的大鼠用焦油紫染色法检测海马CA1区的细胞.结果 复灌3 d后,缺血前吸入1.5 MAC异氟醚组的大鼠组其JNl.的活性明显低于直接缺血对照组和吸入纯氧对照组(P<0.05);复灌5 d后,缺血前吸入1.5 MAC异氟醚可有效降低大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞的死亡(P<0.05).结论 1.5 MAc异氟醚对大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤有确切的保护作用;JNK信号通路可能介导了异氟醚对缺血性脑损伤的保护作用.     

乳化异氟醚预处理对兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响

挥发性麻醉药异氟醚亦可以静脉方式给药,为异氟醚应用提供便利的给药方式,并可产生良好的麻醉作用[1].吸入异氟醚预处理可减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤[2,3],而静脉注射异氟醚预处理能否发挥器官保护作用有待进一步探讨.     

七氟醚对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的评价七氟醚对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法雄性SD大鼠24只，随机分为假手术组、损伤组、七氟醚组，每组8只。采用大脑中动脉线栓法阻断前脑血供3h、再灌注24h制备大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤模型。七氟醚组于再灌注前30min经面罩吸入七氟醚（呼气末浓度维持1．0MAC，持续30min）。再灌注24h时用Zea Longa评分法进行神经功能缺陷评分，并测定体重。再灌注24h时用原位末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶标记法测定纹状体神经细胞凋亡，计算神经细胞凋亡密度，并用免疫组织化学法测定纹状体PKCγ蛋白的表达。结果与缺血前比较，再灌注24h时损伤组体重减轻（P〈0．01）；与假手术组比较，再灌注24h时损伤组和七氟醚组神经功能缺陷评分及神经细胞凋亡密度增加，七氟醚组纹状体PKCγ表达降低；与损伤组比较，七氟醚组神经功能缺陷评分、纹状体神经细胞凋亡密度降低，PKCγ表达增加（P〈0．05或0．01）。结论吸入1．0MAC七氟醚对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤产生保护作用，其机制与上调纹状体PKCγ蛋白表达有关。     

再灌注期吸入异氟醚对不同程度大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的 探讨再灌注期吸入异氟醚对不同程度全脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护效应及其机制。方法 将42只雄性 SD 大鼠随机分为假手术组(n=6)、复苏组(n=18)及对照组(n=18)，后两组又分为缺血10min、15min、20min 三个时间点，每个时间点6只大鼠，建立大鼠清醒全脑缺血模型。复苏组于再灌注开始后立即吸入1.4%异氟醚30min 进行复苏。收集清醒、缺血及再灌注后微透析标本，测定谷氨酸递质浓度。并进行运动功能双盲评定。双盲记数海马 CA1区核完整的锥体细胞及凋亡细胞的百分率。结果 与对照组相比，复苏组缺血再灌注早期海马组织谷氨酸递质浓度降低(P<0.05)；全脑缺血15min 复苏组的运动功能评分升高(P<0.05)；全脑缺血10、15、20min 对照组和复苏组海马神经细胞凋亡率均低于假手术组(P<0.05)；全脑缺血10、15min 复苏组海马 CA1区神经细胞凋亡率降低(P<0.05)。结论 再灌注早期吸入异氟醚具有脑保护作用，其机制与促进脑缺血期间过度释放的谷氨酸递质于再灌注期的吸收有关。     

七氟醚后处理对局灶性脑缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的评价在缺血后期及再灌注早期吸入不同浓度的七氟醚行后处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用及其剂量依赖性。方法雄性SD大鼠50只,随机分为空白对照组、吸氧组和0.5、1.0、1.5MAC七氟醚后处理组,每组10只。采用大脑中动脉线栓法阻闭(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)120min后再灌注72h制备局灶性脑缺血模型。各七氟醚后处理组于再灌注即刻的前20min和后10min给予不同浓度七氟醚吸入。再灌注后的24、48和72h行神经功能评分(NDS),并于最后一次评分后测定脑梗死容积比。结果0.5、1.0和1.5MAC组的脑梗死容积比分别为0.39±0.03,0.31±0.03和0.24±0.03(P<0.05),明显小于对照组0.53±0.05(P<0.05)。吸氧组为0.51±0.05,与对照组比差异无统计学意义。各个时间点七氟醚后处理组NDS明显优于对照组和吸氧组。结论在局灶性脑缺血-再灌注的缺血后期和再灌注早期吸入0.5、1.0和1.5MAC七氟醚行后处理均具有脑保护作用,并呈现剂量依赖性。     

七氟醚后处理对大鼠脑缺血-再灌注时氧化应激和炎症反应的影响

目的评价七氟醚后处理对大鼠脑缺血-再灌注时氧化应激及炎症反应的影响,以探讨其脑保护机制。方法健康雄性清洁级SD大鼠36只,12~14周龄,体重220~260g,采用随机数字表法分为假手术组(Sham组)、脑缺血-再灌注组(IR组)和脑缺血-再灌注+七氟醚后处理组(SPC组),每组12只。制备大鼠脑缺血-再灌注损伤模型,缺血30min后再灌注24h。Sham组不阻塞大脑中动脉;IR组:建立脑缺血-再灌注损伤模型;SPC组于再灌注即刻给予2.6%七氟醚吸入15min。再灌注末处死各组大鼠,断头取出脑组织。采用Western blot法检测Iba-1和HO-1蛋白含量;并测定脑组织中活性氧(ROS)含量,丙二醛(MDA)、TNF-α、IL-1β浓度和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。结果 IR组和SPC组脑皮质Iba-1蛋白含量明显高于Sham组(P0.05),SPC组Iba-1蛋白含量明显低于IR组(P0.05)。与Sham组比较,IR组和SPC组ROS含量和MDA、TNF-α、IL-1β浓度明显升高,SOD活性和HO-1蛋白含量明显降低(P0.05)。SPC组ROS含量和MDA、TNF-α、IL-1β浓度明显低于IR组,SPC组SOD活性和HO-1蛋白含量明显高于IR组(P0.05)。结论七氟醚后处理能抑制脑缺血-再灌注时诱发的小胶质细胞激活,减轻脑组织氧化应激及炎症反应,从而减轻脑缺血-再灌注损伤,发挥其脑保护作用。     

七氟醚预处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的观察七氟醚预处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血一再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法32只雄性SD大鼠随机均分为四组,假手术组：仅分离血管,不留置线栓;Sevol、Sevo2和对照组：分别在缺血前吸入2％、3％七氟醚和纯氧30min。用左颈内动脉尼龙线线栓法使大脑中动脉阻闭120min,拔出尼龙线恢复再灌注。观察再灌注24h后神经功能损害改变并评分,然后处死动物取大脑行2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑（TTC）染色以测量脑梗死体积。结果缺血-再灌注损伤后对照组大鼠神经功能损害较Sevol和Sevo2组更明显（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。缺血-再灌注损伤24h后Sevo1组和Sevo2组脑梗死体积和梗死体积百分比,较对照组减小（P〈0．01）。结论缺血前吸入2％、3％七氟醚对大鼠局灶性脑缺血-再灌注损伤可产生保护作用。     

Shh/Gli1信号通路在异氟醚后处理减轻大鼠脑缺血-再灌注损伤中的作用

目的评价Shh/Gli1信号通路在异氟醚后处理减轻大鼠脑缺血-再灌注损伤中的作用。方法清洁级健康雄性SD大鼠44只,6~8周龄,体重220~280 g,采用随机数字表法将其分为四组:假手术组(S组)、缺血-再灌注组(IR组)、缺血-再灌注+异氟醚后处理组(ISO组)和环巴胺+缺血-再灌注+异氟醚后处理组(CYC组),每组11只。采用线栓法栓塞大脑中动脉90 min、再灌注24 h制备脑缺血-再灌注损伤模型。ISO组大鼠在再灌注即刻吸入1.5%异氟醚。CYC组大鼠在缺血前30 min腹腔注射Shh/Gli1信号通路特异性抑制剂环巴胺10 mg/kg。再灌注24 h后,所有大鼠进行神经行为学评分,采用TTC法测定脑梗死体积,HE染色和尼氏染色观察病理学改变,TUNEL染色观察海马CA1区细胞凋亡,免疫荧光和Western blot法测定Shh和Gli1蛋白含量。结果与S组比较,IR组、ISO组和CYC组大鼠神经行为学评分明显升高,脑梗死体积明显增大,坏死和凋亡细胞明显增多,组织病理学损伤严重,Shh和Gli1蛋白含量明显增加(P<0.05)。与IR组比较,ISO组神经行为学评分和脑梗死体积明显降低,坏死和凋亡明显减少,组织病理学损伤明显减轻,Shh和Gli1蛋白含量明显增加(P<0.05)。与ISO组比较,CYC组神经行为学评分明显升高,脑梗死体积明显增大,坏死和凋亡细胞明显增多,组织病理学损伤明显加重,Shh和Gli1蛋白含量明显减少(P<0.05)。结论 Shh/Gli1信号通路激活参与了异氟醚后处理减轻大鼠脑缺血-再灌注损伤的过程。     

七氟醚后处理对大鼠脑缺血-再灌注损伤的抗炎作用

目的观察七氟醚后处理对大鼠脑缺血-再灌注(IR)炎症反应的作用。方法 40只Wistar大鼠被随机分为五组:S组大鼠分离血管但不阻断大脑中动脉,术后90min给予1.0MAC的七氟醚30min。IR组阻断大脑中动脉90min,在再灌注初期给予氧气30min。PS1、PS2、PS3组均阻断大脑中动脉90min,在再灌注初期分别给予0.5、1.0、1.5MAC的七氟醚30min。再灌注24h时采集股动脉血样,测定血清TNF-α、IL-10、IL-1β浓度。结果与S组比较,IR组大鼠的血清TNF-α和IL-1β浓度明显升高,而IL-10浓度明显降低(P0.05)。与IR组比较,PS1、PS2和PS3组血清TNF-α和IL-1β浓度明显降低,IL-10浓度明显升高(P0.05),并且随着七氟醚吸入浓度的增加,其作用不同程度地增强(P0.05)。结论七氟醚后处理对于缺血-再灌注大鼠可实现脑保护作用,并缓解血清炎症因子的变化。     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.

     

Instrumented ligamentotaxis and stabilization of compression and burst fractures of dorsolumbar and mid-lumbar spines

Background:

Controversy continues regarding the best treatment for compression and burst fractures. The axial distraction reduction utilizing the technique employing the long straight rod or curved short rod without derotation to reduce fracture are practised together with short segment posterolateral fusion (PLF). Effects of the early postoperative mobilization without posterolateral fusion on reduction maintenance and fracture consolidation were not evaluated so far. The present prospective study is designed to assess the effectiveness of i) reduction and restoration of sagittal alignment, ii) no posterolateral fusion on the reduced, fractured vertebral body and injured disc, iii) fracture consolidation and iv) the fate of the unfused cephalad and caudal injured motion segments of the fractured vertebra.

Materials and Methods:

The study includes 15 Denis burst and two Denis type D compression fractures between T₁₂ and L₃. The lordotic distraction technique was used for ligamentotaxis utilizing the contoured short rods and pedicle screw fixator. Three vertebrae including the fractured one were fixed. The patients after surgery were braced for ten weeks with activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. The patients were evaluated for change in vertebral body height, sagittal curve, reduction of retropulsion, improvement in neural deficit. The unfused motion segments, residual postoperative pain and bone and metal failure were also evaluated.

Results:

The preoperative and postreduction percentile vertebral heights at, zero (immediate postoperative), at three, six and 12 months followup were 62.4, 94.8, 94.6, 94.5 and 94.5%, respectively. The percentages of the intracanal fragment retropulsion at preoperative, and postoperative at zero, 3, 6 and 12 months followup were 59.0, 36.2,, 36.0, 32.3, and 13.6% respectively.The preoperative and postreduction percentile loss of the canal dimension and at zero, three, six and 12 months were 52.1, 45.0, 44.0, 41.0 and 29% respectively suggesting that the under-reduced fragment was being resorbed gradually by a remodeling process. The mean initial kyphosis of 33° became mean 2° immediately after reduction and mean 3° at the final followup. The fractured vertebral bodies consolidated in an average period of ten weeks (range 8-14 weeks). The restored disc heights were relatively well maintained throughout the observation period. All paraparetic patients recovered neurologically. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis for compression and burst fractures utilizing the short contoured rod derotation technique and the instrumented stabilization of the fractured spine are found to be effective procedures which contribute to the fractured vertebral body consolidation without recollapse and maintain the motion segment function.     

Principles and Practice of Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration

There is growing interest in the convective dialysis therapies, hemofiltration (HF) and hemodiafiltration (HDF). Both require dialysis membranes which are highly permeable to solutes as well as fluid, and in both cases large volumes of ultrafiltration are the condition for convective transport. In HDF the convection is combined with diffusion, and as a consequence, maximum clearance over the entire molecular weight spectrum is achieved. Optimal forms of HDF provide urea clearance 10–15% higher than the corresponding diffusive mode. The larger the solute, the greater is the impact of convection, and β₂-microglobulin (β₂m) levels may be up to 70% reduced. Traditional postdilution HF provides high clearance of medium sized and large molecules. Satisfactory clearance of small solutes requires blood flows in excess of 500 ml/min. With access to practically unlimited volumes of substitution solution through on-line ultrafiltration, predilution HF can now be used. This increases the clearance of small solutes to an acceptable range. For HDF as well as HF, large patient populations consistently treated for longer periods of time are needed to make valid outcome comparisons with other therapies.     

Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumours arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. These tumours may be identified incidentally, as part of a work-up for multiple endocrine neoplasia or following haemodynamic surges during unrelated procedures. Advances in perioperative management and improved management of intraoperative haemodynamic instability have significantly reduced surgical mortality from around 40% to less than 3%. Surgery is the definitive treatment in most cases and laparoscopic resection where possible is associated with improved outcomes. Anaesthetic management of PPGL cases represents a unique haemodynamic challenge both before and after tumour resection. In this article we describe the physiology of these tumours, their diagnosis, preoperative optimization methods, intraoperative anaesthetic management and management of postoperative complications.     

骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因与治疗

目的探讨骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因、报肯治疗的方法与设果。方法对1990年7月～2004年12月间收治的107例骨折不愈台、54例骨折延迟愈合2例先天性胫骨骨不连进行回顾性研究，分析原因，随访治疗结果。18例延迟愈合行保守治疗，本组其他145例行手术治疗，结果除2例先天性胫骨骨不连外，其余161例的成因中均有医源性因素。10例失去随访，153例平均随访17（6-28）个月，骨折均获骨性连接，愈合时间平均10（6-14）个月，肢体功能恢复良好，结论医源性技术缺陷是骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的主要原因，针对各种不同因素进行合理治疗可获得满意效果。     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist, and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.