头颈外科

20050006枕下经颈颈静脉突入路达颈静脉 孔区的显微解剖研究/刘庆…//中国耳鼻咽喉 颅底外科杂志.2004,10(3).132～135 目的:研究一期切除颈静脉孔区复杂性肿瘤的 微创手术入路。方法:选择经10%福尔马林固人头 颈标本10具,显微镜下模拟枕下经颈颈静脉突入 路的手术操作,逐层显露颈静脉孔区,研究该区显微 解剖特征及显露范围。结果:该入路直接沿乙状窦、 颈内静脉的移行方向显露颈静脉孔区结构,其中后 颅窝可经枕下显露,颞下窝藉寰椎与下颌升支间的 自然间隙显露。通过切除颈静脉突和迷路下骨质分 别自后、外、下和上方显露静脉孔。头侧直…     

不同手术入路对颈静脉孔区显露程度的比较研究及其临床应用价值探讨

目的比较各颈静脉孔区手术入路的显露范围,为选择恰当的手术入路切除不同范围的颈静脉孔区病变提供解剖依据。方法成人头颈标本6具随机分为A、B、C三组,每组2具尸头。其中A组应用颈侧入路、B组分别采取鼓室底入路和改良鼓室底入路、C组分别选择A型颞下窝入路及改良A型颞下窝入路进行颈静脉孔区解剖,比较各手术入路对颈静脉孔区及其周围解剖区域的显露程度。结果颈侧入路对颈静脉孔的颅外部分及咽旁间隙显露良好;鼓室底入路在颈侧入路的基础上进一步显露乳突、乙状窦垂直臂、颈静脉球、颈静脉孔神经部;A型颞下窝入路又在鼓室底入路的基础上扩大显露外耳道深部、中耳腔及岩骨段颈内动脉垂直段;改良鼓室底入路和改良A型颞下窝入路很好地弥补了鼓室底入路和A型颞下窝入路对乙状窦水平臂和颈静脉孔血管部显露不足的缺陷。结论不同颈静脉孔区手术入路对颈静脉孔区的显露程度各不相同。以此为依据,根据颈静脉孔区病变的范围选择手术入路对有效显露和切除病变,减少结构和功能破坏具有现实的指导意义。     

不同手术入路对颈静脉孔区的显露程度及其临床应用价值探讨

目的比较各颈静脉孔区手术入路的显露范围,为选择恰当的手术入路切除不同范围的颈静脉孔区病变提供解剖学依据。方法成人头颈标本6具随机将标本分为A、B、C三组,每组2具尸头。其中A组应用颈侧入路、B组依次采取鼓室底入路和改良鼓室底入路、C组依次选择Ⅰ型颞下窝入路及改良Ⅰ型颞下窝入路进行颈静脉孔区解剖,比较各手术入路对颈静脉孔区及其周围解剖区域的显露程度。结果颈侧入路对颈静脉孔的颅外部分及咽旁间隙显露良好;鼓室底入路在颈侧入路的基础上进一步显露乳突、乙状窦垂直段、颈静脉球、颈静脉孔神经部;Ⅰ型颞下窝入路又在鼓室底入路的基础上扩大显露外耳道深部、中耳腔及岩骨内颈内动脉垂直段;改良鼓室底入路和改良Ⅰ型颞下窝入路很好地弥补了鼓室底入路和Ⅰ型颞下窝入路对乙状窦水平段和颈静脉孔血管部显露不足的缺陷。结论不同颈静脉孔区手术入路对颈静脉孔区的显露程度各不相同。以此为依据,根据颈静脉孔区病变的范围选择手术入路对有效显露和切除病变,减少结构和功能破坏具有现实的指导意义。     

颈静脉孔的显微外科解剖研究

目的研究颈静脉孔的硬脑膜结构和孔内神经、血管结构的行程及形态特征。方法显微镜下模拟枕下极外侧入路、颈-乳突入路和Fisch颞下窝入路的手术操作，研究10例福尔马林及乳胶灌注头颈标本颈静脉孔的显微解剖特征。结果在颈静脉孔的颅内开口，舌咽神经与迷走、副神经间被纤维或骨性结构隔开。在颈静脉孔内，脑神经行于颈静脉球上方的内侧，舌咽神经位于最前方，所有神经束均可用显微外科技术分开，副神经的脑根同脊髓根一起进入颈静脉孔后又加入迷走神经。颈静脉球及临近颈内静脉接受来自乙状窦、岩下窦、椎静脉丛、舌下神经管静脉丛、髁导静脉及岩斜下静脉的静脉回流。结论颈静脉孔的颅内开口可分为岩部、颈内部(或神经部)和乙状窦部．颈静脉孔内脑神经的不同神经纤维束在整个行程中彼此独立，副神经仅由脊髓根构成。     

枕下经颈-颈静脉突入路切除颈静脉孔肿瘤临床初探

目的探讨枕下经颈-颈静脉突(STJP)入路切除颈静脉孔肿瘤的临床价值及适用范围。方法回顾总结2000年1月以来经STJP入路手术的14例颈静脉孔肿瘤病人的临床资料及术后随访情况。结果14例颈静脉孔肿瘤中,1例局限于颈静脉孔区;5例向颅内发展;其余8例虽肿瘤主体位于颅内,但部分瘤体长至颅外,其中2例跨枕大孔进入颈椎管上部,6例呈哑铃型长出至颈静脉孔外口处,后者中有2例向前累及颈动脉鞘。手术全切除10例,近全切除1例,次全切除3例。无1例发生术后脑脊液漏。术后1例病人出现短期患侧眼外展麻痹和面神经不全损害(HBⅢ级),余13例(92.9%)无新增脑神经损害表现。除1例病人失访外,其余病人均随访3~60个月,随访时术前原脑神经损害均已逐渐恢复或代偿,无1例残留吞咽困难。结论STJP入路显露范围较广泛,操作简便,不破坏迷路,无需轮廓化面神经管,对颅底结构破坏较少,适用于切除主体向颅内发展为主的颈静脉孔肿瘤。     

经迷路下-颈静脉突入路切除颈静脉孔区神经鞘瘤

目的回顾经迷路下-颈静脉突入路手术切除颈静脉孔区神经鞘瘤的病例，探讨该入路的临床价值。方法回顾总结2例经迷路下-颈静脉突入路手术切除的颈静脉孔区神经鞘瘤的临床资料，并复习相关文献。结果2例肿瘤均得到完全切除。术后1例患者出现短暂轻度的后组脑神经损害及面神经不全损害表现（House Brackmann Ⅱ级）；1例患者原先后组脑神经损害表现改善，无面神经损害表现，听力保留；术后均无脑脊液漏发生。术后随访6个月，2例患者面神经或后组脑神经损害均逐渐恢复或代偿，无肿瘤复发。结论经迷路下-颈静脉突入路操作简便，能在保护迷路的基础上充分暴露颈静脉孔区，适用于主体位于颈静脉孔内并向颅内脑池明显扩展的神经鞘瘤的手术切除。     

颅颈交界区的显微外科解剖研究

目的　研究颅颈交界区的显微外科解剖 ,评价寰椎横突 (TPA)在颅颈交界区病变手术中的定位意义。方法　成人头颈标本 10例 ,男 8例 ,女 2例 ,红色乳胶灌注颈总动脉和椎动脉。手术显微镜下 (× 3～× 2 0 )逐层显露颅颈交界区结构 ,明确不同解剖结构与TPA的位置关系。结果　颅颈交界区所有重要的解剖结构均可以TPA为参照标志予以明确。二腹肌后腹位于其浅层。TPA的后方为枕下三角 ,枕下三角内有椎动脉、椎静脉丛和C1神经通过。头侧直肌起始于TPA的上表面 ,止于枕骨颈静脉突的下表面 ,可作为确定颅外颈静脉孔、茎乳孔的解剖标志。茎突位于TPA的前方 ,颈内静脉、迷走神经、副神经、舌下神经穿行于茎突与TPA之间 ,颈内动脉位于颈内静脉的前内侧。结论　TPA是颅颈交界区病变手术的重要外科解剖标志 ,利用这一标志有助于明确此区域重要的解剖结构 ,避免术中不必要的损伤     

内镜辅助下枕下远外侧髁后入路颈静脉孔区的应用解剖

目的:将神经内镜应用于远外侧入路,为内镜辅助下枕下远外侧手术治疗颈静脉孔区病变提供形态学基础。方法:模拟枕下远外侧入路,应用神经内镜及手术显微镜对10例4%多聚甲醛固定的成人头颈部标本和10例成人颅骨标本的颈静脉孔区进行显微解剖和观测。结果:骨性颈静脉孔形态、大小多变。在保留枕髁和颈静脉结节的前提下,可以充分显露颈静脉孔内外口。颈静脉孔区的血管与神经关系复杂。结论:熟悉颈静脉孔区的显微解剖有利于术中保护重要的神经和血管。应用神经内镜技术,可在不磨除枕髁和颈静脉结节的情况下对颈静脉孔区结构进行良好地显露。     

颞下-耳前颞下窝入路对颈静脉孔区显露程度的定量研究

目的 定量研究颞下-耳前颞下窝入路各手术步骤对颈静脉孔区的显露程度,为临床个体化的选择手术入路,保护重要结构功能提供可靠的解剖依据.方法 选择经10%福尔马林固定的成人头颈湿标本6具(12侧),模拟颞下-耳前颞下窝入路,并分成连续的五个步骤,用脑立体定向仪测定各步骤对颈静脉孔区的显露面积,用游标卡尺测量颈内动脉垂直段的显露长度.结果 颞下岩前入路对颈静脉孔区的显露面积为(370.86±123.46)mm2,切除颞下颌关节,移位颈内动脉后显露面积显著增加(P<0.05).向前移位颈内动脉后,对颈内动脉前壁、侧壁的显露分别增至(13.69±4.54)mm和(12.64±3.84)mm,与切除颞下颌关节间存在显著差异(P<0.05).结论 颞下-耳前颞下窝入路自侧前方显露颈静脉孔区,前移颈内动脉后可显露颈静脉孔前缘,并显著增加对岩斜坡区和颈内动脉垂直段的显露.     

颞下窝A型入路的显微解剖研究

目的通过观察颅骨标本颈静脉孔及周围重要结构和在尸头标本上模拟颞下窝A型入路,获得相关的国人解剖学数据,为临床应用提供参考。方法选取10例颅骨标本测量颈静脉孔大小及与周围重要结构间距离;应用10例尸头标本对颞下窝A型入路的相关结构进行显微解剖研究和测量。结果 1颈静脉孔外口距茎突根（4.17±1.99）mm、距茎乳孔（6.06±1.71）mm、距舌下神经管（2.41±1.23）mm;2面神经鼓室段长度（9.66±1.41）mm、乳突段长度（16.08±2.15）mm、面神经锥段距外半规管（1.08±0.41）mm;3颈静脉球距面神经乳突段（6.56±1.81）mm、距后半规管弓峰下缘（3.67±1.27）mm;4岩骨内颈内动脉垂直段长度（10.36±2.31）mm、水平段长度（19.41±2.02）mm;5后半规管弓峰下缘距寰椎横突（31.22±1.93）mm、乙状窦垂直臂距下颌关节（19.17±1.51）mm、乳突尖距岩尖（53.91±4.82）mm。结论颞下窝A型入路可充分暴露颞下窝后部及迷路下区特别是颈静脉孔区,适用于切除迷路下区及颈静脉孔周围病变。     

A Hearing Preservation Technique for the Resection of Extensive Jugular Foramen Tumors

Objective To describe a modified surgical approach for patients who maintain hearing function with jugular foramen tumors that extend to the posterior cranial fossa and the neck. Study Design A retrospective review of 6 patients with jugular foramen tumors that were resected by a combined suboccipital and infralabyrinthine–transcervicomastoid approach. Methods A combined suboccipital and infralabyrinthine–transcervicomastoid approach is characterized as follows: 1) There is no ablation of ear structures except the infralabyrinthine mastoid bone; the auricle is retracted anteriorly while preserving the bony wall and skin of the ear canal. 2) After superficial parotidectomy, a limited length of nerve VII from the intratemporal vertical segment is rerouted to divisions of the parotid portion. 3) The tumor is removed along with the internal jugular vein and sigmoid sinus, then the extended intracranial mass is resected through an additional suboccipital approach. Results Five of the 6 patients had complete removal of all gross tumors. There were no major complications or mortalities. The preoperative levels of hearing were preserved in 5 of the 6 patients. Favorable facial function in the immediate postoperative period was noted in 4 of the 6 patients. Incomplete paralysis of 2 patients recovered eventually. Conclusion We propose that a combined suboccipital and infralabyrinthine–transcervicomastoid approach to the jugular foramen can provide sufficient exposure to resect most dumbbell‐shaped tumors, and it could be the initial treatment of choice for patients with remnant hearing.     

远外侧经髁入路解剖标志的应用研究

目的对枕下远外侧经髁入路的解剖标志进行观测,以指导临床应用。方法模拟临床手术过程,在显微镜下对15例成年国人灌注头颅标本进行解剖观测。结果椎动脉从寰椎横突孔穿出后进入枕下三角内,走行在寰椎侧块的椎动脉沟内,被寰椎后弓的骨膜紧密包绕,覆盖丰富的椎静脉丛;颈静脉结节和枕髁阻碍了脑桥延髓腹侧的术野。结论游离椎动脉会增加出血和创伤的风险,一般情况下不予采用。颈静脉结节和枕髁的磨除有利于增大操作空间和视野,是否磨髁及其磨髁的多少应根据病变的性质和位置来决定,磨除颈静脉结节时勿损伤后组脑神经,术中均需行脑神经监测。     

Surgical management of jugular foramen meningiomas: a series of 13 cases and review of the literature

OBJECTIVE: Primary meningiomas occurring within the jugular foramen are exceedingly rare lesions presumed to originate from arachnoid-lining cells situated within the jugular foramen. The objective of this study is to analyze the management and outcome in a series of 13 primary jugular foramen meningiomas collected at a single center. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Quaternary referral otology and skull base private center. METHODS: Charts belonging to 13 consecutive patients with pathologically confirmed jugular foramen meningioma surgically treated between September 1991 and May 2005 were examined retrospectively. The follow-up of the series ranged from 12 to 120 (mean, 42.8 +/- 27.5) months. RESULTS: Four (28.5%) patients underwent single-stage tumor removal through the petro-occipital transigmoid (POTS) approach. In two patients with preoperative unserviceable hearing, a combined POTS-translabyrinthine approach was adopted. Two patients underwent a combined POTS-transotic approach because of massive erosion of the carotid canal. A modified transcochlear approach type D with posterior rerouting of the facial nerve and transection of the sigmoid sinus and jugular bulb was performed in two patients with a huge cerebellopontine angle tumor component with extension to the prepontine cistern together with massive involvement of the petrous bone and middle ear and encasement of the vertical and horizontal segments of the intrapetrous carotid artery. In one patient with evidence of a dominant sinus on the site of the tumor, a subtotal tumor removal via an enlarged translabyrinthine approach (ETLA) was planned to resect the intradural component of the tumor. Two patients in our series underwent a planned staged procedure on account of a huge tumor component in the neck. One of these patients underwent a first-stage infratemporal fossa approach type A to remove the tumor component in the neck; the second-stage intradural removal of the tumor was accomplished via an ETLA. The last patient underwent a first-stage modified transcochlear type D approach to remove the intradural tumor component followed by a second-stage transcervical procedure for removal of the extracranial component. Gross total tumor removal (Simpson grade I-II) was achieved in 11 (84.6%) cases. Subtotal removal of the tumor was accomplished in two patients. Good facial nerve function (grades I and II) was achieved in 46.1% of cases, whereas acceptable function (grade III) was achieved in the remaining cases 1 year after tumor removal. Hearing was preserved at the preoperative level in all four patients who underwent surgery via the POTS approach. After surgery, no patient recovered function of the preoperatively paralyzed lower cranial nerves. A new deficit of one or more of the lower cranial nerves was recorded in 61.5% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical resection is the treatment of choice for jugular foramen meningiomas. Among the various surgical techniques proposed for dealing with these lesions, we prefer the POTS approach alone or combined with the translabyrinthine or transotic approaches. Despite the advances in skull base surgery, new postoperative lower cranial nerve deficits still represent a challenge.     

Schwannomas of the parapharyngeal space and jugular foramen

Schwannomas or neurilemmomas are among the most common neoplasms occupying the parapharyngeal space, yet only 107 cases have been previously reported. Neurilemmomas involving the jugular foramen are extremely rare. Only 55 cases have been reported in the world literature. The neoplasm occurred in the parapharyngeal space in three of our patients and in the jugular foramen in another patient. Of the tumors located in the parapharyngeal space, the nerve of origin in one of them was the glossopharyngeal, which is extremely rare. Adequate exposure for complete excision of parapharyngeal space tumors is best obtained through an external incision and should not be attempted transorally. In the jugular foramen case, the neoplasm arose from the vagus nerve high in the neck and extended intracranially in a “dumbbell” shape into the posterior cranial fossa. Total removal was successfully accomplished in one stage, by using a subtotal temporal bone resection — upper neck — posterior cranial fossa approach. Surgical removal is the treatment of choice. Schwannomas rarely recur following complete excision.     

Clinical Presentation and Management of Jugular Foramen Paraganglioma

Objectives

Jugular foramen paraganglioma is a locally invasive, benign tumor, which grow slowly and causes various symptoms such as pulsatile tinnitus and low cranial nerve palsy. Complete surgical resection is regarded as the ideal management of these tumors. The goal of this study is to identify the clinical characteristics and most effective surgical approach for jugular foramen paraganglioma.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of 9 jugular foramen paraganglioma patients who underwent surgical resection between 1986 and 2005 was performed. Clinical records were reviewed for analysis of initial clinical symptoms and signs, audiological examinations, neurological deficits, radiological features, surgical approaches, extent of resection, treatment outcomes and complications.

Results

Most common initial symptom was hoarseness, followed by pulsatile tinnitus. Seven out of 9 patients had at least one low cranial nerve palsy. Seven patients were classified as Fisch Type C tumor and remaining 2 as Fisch Type D tumor on radiologic examination. Total of 11 operations took place in 9 patients. Total resection was achieved in 6 cases, when partial resection was done in 3 cases. Two patients with partial resection received gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS), when remaining 1 case received both GKS and two times of revision operation. No mortality was encountered and there were few postoperative complications.

Conclusion

Neurologic examination of low cranial nerve palsy is crucial since most patients had at least one low cranial nerve palsy. All tumors were detected in advanced stage due to slow growing nature and lack of symptom. Angiography with embolization is crucial for successful tumor removal without massive bleeding. Infratemporal fossa approach can be considered as a safe, satisfactory approach for removal of jugular foramen paragangliomas. In tumors with intracranial extension, combined approach is recommended in that it provides better surgical view and can maintain the compliance of the patients.     

乙状窦后入路切除颈静脉孔区哑铃形肿瘤

目的 探讨颈静脉孔区哑铃型肿瘤的手术入路及治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析采用枕下乙状窦后入路切除4例颈静脉孔区哑铃型肿瘤的临床资料。结果 肿瘤全切除3例，大部切除1例，无手术死亡及严重并发症。结论 经乙状窦后入路可以安全切除哑铃型颈静脉孔区肿瘤。术中应注意保护好后组颅神经。     

Anomalies of transverse and sigmoid sinuses associated with contracted jugular foramina

Variations of the durai venous sinuses may present puzzling diagnostic and operative problems in the presence of thrombophlebitis. Such variations in sinuses of the posterior cranial fossa are usually associated with contracted jugular foramina and a small internal jugular vein. In the present study 214 sides of the bases of the macerated skulls were examined for the contracted jugular foramen and associated anomalies of the durai venous sinuses. In ten sides (4.67%) out of these an anomaly of the durai sinus of the posterior cranial fossa was found (two of right side and eight of left side). Out of these one case of right side was associated with the absence of groove for both transverse and sigmoid sinuses. All other cases were associated with the absence of groove for transverse sinus alone on the abnormal side. In seven cases out of these the jugular foramen was contracted on the abnormal side. The embryological basis and clinical significance of the anomalies of transverse and sigmoid sinuses is discussed here.