我国肺动脉栓塞误诊调查分析

目的：了解我国肺动脉栓塞（PE）误诊的现状，提高对PE的诊断意识。方法：通过中国生物医学献数据库（CBMdisc）检索1980年1月至2001年6月发表的与PE误诊有关的病例研究报告37篇，对被误诊的310例PE患的误诊疾病、临床表现、危险因素及辅助检查等进行了回顾性调查研究。结果：PE患涉及内科、外科、妇产科、儿科等，被误诊疾病达24种，前5位依次是：冠心病63例次（19.9%）、肺炎44例次（13.9）、原发性肺动脉高压33例次（10.4%）、心肌病22例次（7.0%）、胸膜炎21例次（6.6%）。结论：PE是一个人们认识不足的疾病，应予以重视，加强鉴别诊断能力，减少误诊发生。     

肺动脉栓塞7例误诊分析

肺动脉栓塞 (PE)为一种常见的心肺疾病 ,在美国每年发病人数为 65 0 0 0 0人 ,约占急性心肌梗死发生率的 1/2 ,是脑卒中发生事件的 3倍 ,但此病误诊率较高 ,容易贻误抢救时机 ,现将7例曾误诊为其他疾病的PE分析如下。1　临床资料1.1　一般资料　确诊为PE的 10例病人曾被误诊者有 7例 (男5例 ,女 2例 ) ,年龄 3 3岁～ 76岁 ,平均年龄 5 1.6岁。PE确诊依据 :①选择性肺动脉造影示肺动脉阻塞或充盈缺损 ;②同位素肺通气灌注扫描 :病灶部位血流缺失 ,而通气正常或接近正常。1.2　误诊疾病　 7例曾被误诊的PE病人中 ,被误诊为肺炎 1例 ,胸膜…     

小肺动脉栓塞临床诊断经验1例

临床资料患者男性，44岁。入院前1个月无诱因觉胸骨后阵发性隐痛，伴轻微胸闷、气短。入院前1周夜间从睡眠中憋醒，胸痛、恶心、呕吐、出汗和全身乏力，急送当地医院。心电图示窦性心动过速，电轴右偏，I、V1导联呈RS型。CPK636IU/L，疑诊“急性心内膜下心肌梗塞”。经吸氧、静滴硝酸甘油及肝素抗凝治疗后症状逐渐缓解。数日后大便时再次出现上述症状。此后，患者自觉活动耐量明显降图1核素肺灌注扫描示左肺下舌段、前基底段和后基底段放射性分布稀疏至缺损图2肺通气扫描示双肺无放射性分布稀疏及缺损低。查体：血压17．3／1kPa（30／7…     

肺动脉栓塞16例分析

肺动脉栓塞 (简称肺栓塞 )在我国并非少见 ,其临床表现无特异性 ,易误诊及漏诊 ,该病不经治疗死亡率高 ,诊断明确并经治疗后 ,死亡率明显下降。我院自 2 0 0 0年 1月至 2 0 0 3年 1月收治肺栓塞 16例 ,现报道如下。一、临床资料 :所有患者由临床表现、心电图、血清D 二聚体、血气分析、超声心动图提示并最终经同位素肺灌注扫描或核磁共振 (MRI)肺动脉造影证实[1 ] 。 16例中 ,男 6例 ,女 10例 ,年龄 32岁～ 78岁 ,平均 6 3 9岁± 12 5岁。临床表现为渐进性劳累性胸闷、气促 10例 (伴咳嗽、咯血 4例 ) ,突发胸闷、气促 5例 (伴胸痛 4例 ) …     

肺动脉栓塞的防治进展

近年来,肺动脉栓塞的防治取得了很大的进展,本文从多种治疗方法对肺栓塞的防治作一综述。     

25例肺动脉栓塞的诊治分析

肺动脉栓塞（pulmonary embolism PE）是内源性或外源性栓子堵塞肺动脉及分支引起肺循环障碍的一种临床综合征。PE临床表现多样，且缺乏特异性，漏诊、延诊及误诊率极高。若未及时诊治，病死率较高，所以PE的早期诊断和及时治疗至关重要。本文对25例肺动脉栓塞病例进行回顾性分析。     

肺动脉栓塞35例诊治体会

目的提高肺动脉栓塞（PE）的诊治水平。方法回顾性分析经我院经64层螺旋CT肺动脉造影确诊的35例住院PE患者的临床资料。结果35例患者中下肢深静脉血栓者占45．71％、吸烟者占20．0％、慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）者占14．29％;主要表现为呼吸困难（94．29％）、心动过速（54．29％）、晕厥（22．86％）、胸痛（20．00％）;辅助检查中82．86％的患者D-二聚体升高（〉0．5μg／L）;心电图示V1～V3导联T波倒置（40．00％）、S1Q3T3（22．86％）。35例经抗凝（其中10例溶栓治疗）治疗均好转出院。结论提高对PE的警惕性,早期识别PE的临床特点、尽早行螺旋CT肺动脉造影检查,一旦确诊及时行抗凝和溶栓治疗是降低PE误诊、漏诊、病死率的关键。     

老年急性肺动脉栓塞21例诊治体会

急性肺动脉栓塞(PTE)是直接威胁患者生命的危急重症之一,已成为我国常见心血管病[1],在美国也是公认的三大致死性心血管疾病之一[2],发病率有逐年增加趋势.由于PTE临床表现不典型,症状、体征缺乏特异性,常常与其他心肺疾病混淆,尤其是老年患者极易漏诊误诊,有的甚至误诊为冠心病、心衰.本文回顾分析21例老年PTE患者临床资料,旨在提高对老年肺栓塞的诊断意识及治疗水平.     

慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压的误诊分析

目的：为提高对慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压（CTEPH）的认识和诊断。方法：回顾性分析72例慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压患者中,65例在院外被误诊为其它心肺疾病的临床资料。结果：院外误诊率为90．28％,共误诊97例次（有的患者曾误诊多种疾病）,误诊的情况为原发性肺动脉高压22例次（22．68％）、冠心病18例次（18．56％）、先天性心脏病16例次（16．49％）、心肌炎10例次（10．31％）、心肌病9例次（9．28％）、风湿性心脏病5例次（5．15％）、心包炎2例次（2．06％）及肺部疾病15例次（15．46％）。结论：CTEPH误诊率极高,临床医师应提高对CTEPH的认识,减少误诊。     

Diagnosis and treatment of acute pulmonary embolism

Novelties include the introduction of sPESI, a simplified index of pulmonary embolism severity, and hs-cTnT as a new biomarker, already in use in clinical practice.Another novelty is the term unstable pulmonary embolism characterized by either the presence of cardiogenic shock or the need for ventilatory support.The main new information is the evidence of a large US study of treatment of unstable pulmonary embolism reporting a 67% reduction in overall mortality of unstable patients when treated with thrombolytic treatment when compared with the anticoagulation in the same unstable patients.The reduction was obtained across all age groups as well as in comorbid patients.Results of the above study clearly show that, in the absence of absolute contraindications, all unstable APE patients, including the elderly and comorbid patients, should be treated with thrombolysis.By contrast, the comparison of thrombolytic and anticoagulation therapy in the treatment of submassive pulmonary embolism in the PEITHO trial provided unconvincing results, perhaps because of the low mortality rates of the whole group of 1004 patients.Also reported are data from a US study of embolectomies. Caval filter insertion reduced the mortality rates in all analyzed groups. Based on the facts, it is believed another appropriate indication is that of temporary caval filter insertion in patients with severe massive APE, in whom recurrence of pulmonary embolism from pelvic veins has not been ruled out by CT venography.Hemodynamically stable patients should be treated with LMWH or unfractionated heparins, or rivaroxaban or apixaban.At the end of hospitalization a control echocardiography and calculation of residual pulmonary vascular obstruction on a perfusion scan should be performed.     

Diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary embolism.

Since PE is the result of DVT, predominantly of the lower extremities, prevention of DVT in patients who are at high risk is important. Regimens including Coumadin, heparin, and physical intervention have all been beneficial. In the presence of pulmonary symptoms, especially when risk factors for DVT are present, an imaging diagnostic work-up is indicated. Ventilation/perfusion scans and duplex scans of the lower extremities will be diagnostic in most cases. Pulmonary angiography should be performed when there is diagnostic uncertainty. Heparin followed by Coumadin is the mainstay of therapy. Fibrinolytic therapy is reserved for cases requiring medical thromboembolectomy. In patients for whom anticoagulation is contraindicated and in patients who have PE while on therapy, the inferior vena cava should be interrupted with a transvenously inserted filter.     

Diagnosis and treatment of subsegmental pulmonary embolism

Subsegmental pulmonary embolism (SSPE) affects the 4th division and more distal pulmonary arterial branches. SSPE can be isolated or affect multiple subsegments, be symptomatic or incidental (unsuspected) and may or may not be associated with deep vein thrombosis. Symptoms, clinical risk scores and biomarkers are less sensitive for diagnosing SSPE compared to more central pulmonary embolism. The diagnosis is confirmed using radiological imaging, predominately computed tomographic pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) or ventilation/perfusion scanning. The increasing utilization of CTPAs may have resulted in overdiagnosis driven by smaller pulmonary emboli. There is insufficient evidence of improved mortality or reduced venous thromboembolism recurrence with anticoagulation treatment for SSPE however, the major and clinically significant haemorrhage risks are well described. As the resolution of diagnostic imaging has improved, we may be viewing the natural physiological filtering process performed by the lungs that may not require treatment.     

Diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary embolism in the elderly

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a difficult diagnosis in patients of all ages, but more so in the elderly. Nonspecific symptoms and laboratory results are often misattributed to common diseases or to age itself, and can delay or even deter the diagnosis and treatment of PE. Advanced age is sometimes mistakenly seen as a contraindication to anticoagulation and thrombolysis. Together, these factors contribute to the higher morbidity and mortality associated with PE in the elderly than in younger patients. This article reviews the risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of PE as it applies to the elderly.     

Diagnosis and treatment of acute pulmonary embolism in 2010

Diagnostic approaches in acute pulmonary embolism include evaluation of clinical likelihood, D-dimers, echocardiography and spiral CT angiography and pulmonary scintigraphy. Determination of D-dimers is only meaningful in patients with low or intermediate clinical likelihood. It is safe not to initiate anticoagulation treatment (or to discontinue such treatment) in patients with low clinical likelihood of acute pulmonary embolism and negative D-dimer test (only if methods with 99-100% sensitivity are used). Duplex sonography and pulmonary scintigraphy are only necessary at the centres with a first generation spiral CT and not those with multidetector devices. Investigations in normotensive patients should include echocardiography that should also include assessment of the right ventricular function using echocardiography and determination of biomarkers of pulmonary embolism. Right ventricular dysfunction together with elevated troponins identifies a normotensive group at an increases risk. Highly sensitive troponin T (hsTnT) appears to be particularly valuable. Echocardiography reading might the decisive factor for treatment initiation in patients with massive acute pulmonary embolism. Negative or unclear echocardiography finding warrants spiral CT angiography (CTA). Ventilation/perfusion scan or pulmonary arteriography are recommendable in patients with unclear CTA finding and patients with high clinical likelihood of pulmonary embolism and negative CTA finding. A combination of CTA and CTV also appears useful as it increases the overall sensitivity of the investigation and enables imaging of pelvic veins. Thrombolytic treatment is indicated in haemodynamically unstable patients, patients with a high risk of a massive pulmonary embolism associated with cardiogenic shock or hypotension (systolic pressure below 90 mmHg or a decrease in systolic pressure by > 40 mmHg) or symptoms of acute right-sided heart failure. Thrombolytic treatment is also indicated in pulmonary embolism not receding following heparin treatment, in recurring or expanding pulmonary embolism, in the presence of thrombi in the right heart and in patients with right-to-left shunting through patent foramen ovale. This treatment should also be considered in patients with submassive pulmonary embolism associated with a dysfunction of the right ventricle and increased troponins, and particularly in patients lacking even a relative contraindication of thrombolytic treatment. A thrombolytic of choice is alteplase. Embolectomy or catheterization should be used if thrombolytic treatment is contraindicated or ineffective. Long-term monitoring of massive and submassive acute pulmonary embolism is highly recommended. Low molecular weight heparins or unfractioned heparin or fondaparinux are used in haemodynamically stable patients.     

肺结核并发肺栓塞的诊断与治疗

目的探讨肺结核并发肺栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE)的诊断与治疗方法。方法分析2002年6月—2005年6月诊治的5例肺结核并发PE病例的临床资料。结果5例患者肺结核并发PE后,咳嗽、咳痰、发热加重,并出现胸闷、胸痛、心悸、呼吸困难,查体为呼吸急促、心动过速。经多普勒超声心动图、螺旋CT肺动脉造影检查明确PE诊断。5例确诊时间均已超过溶栓时间,其中1例转外科手术治疗后应用抗凝药物治疗,余4例均给予抗结核治疗同时抗凝治疗。其中1例未坚持服用抗凝药物,2年后再次复发PE抢救无效死亡,余4例病情好转。结论肺结核可并发PE,因临床症状类似,易延误诊断,错过溶栓时间,PE诊断以影像学检查为主,抗凝治疗是最佳治疗方法。     

Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism

Accurate diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is essential to minimize morbidity and mortality caused by failure to treat when necessary or by inappropriate treatment. Because clinical symptoms and signs are nonspecific, it is impossible to prove the diagnosis solely on clinical grounds. The diagnosis requires high level of suspicion, estimation of the pretest clinical likelihood of embolism, and judicious use of objective investigations (scintigraphy, computed tomography, or angiography) to confirm or refute the suspicion. The choice of tests depends on the availability of these tests, the hemodynamic state of the patient, and the presence of other cardiopulmonary diseases. Despite the availability of most accurate tests, pulmonary embolism will continue to be missed if not first considered by the physician.     

Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is often unrecognized or misdiagnosed because of the lack of specificity of clinical signs and symptoms. PE shares many of the clinical features of pneumonia and is therefore often unrecognized in elderly patients who present with low-grade fever, modest leukocytosis, and pulmonary infiltrates. Assessment of clinical risk factors increases the usefulness of diagnostic tests. The accuracy of diagnosis is improved if specific tests are performed. Ventilation-perfusion lung scans, noninvasive or contrast venography, and pulmonary angiography increase the likelihood of correct diagnosis. Since pulmonary angiography is a relatively low-risk procedure, it should be performed in most patients suspected of having PE who have nondiagnostic lung scans and negative lower extremity venous studies.