隐匿性慢性乙型肝炎一例

隐匿性慢性乙型肝炎容易出现漏诊,且尚无明确的治疗方案,对于乙型肝炎系列属于抗-HBe阳性、抗-HBc阳性、抗-HBs阳性、HBsAg阴性、HBeAg阴性的患者,应进行进一步的鉴别诊断。本文结合1例隐匿性慢性乙型肝炎患者的临床资料进行分析,探讨其发生机制,并总结经验教训。     

注射乙肝疫苗血清抗-HBs阳性再感染HBV二例报告

病例1,患者女,25岁,于1998年体检时血清HBV标志物(HBsAg、抗-HBs、HBeAg、抗-HBe、抗-HBc)为阴性,经注射基因工程乙肝疫苗后出现抗-HBs阳性,后复查2次均为抗-HBs阳性,于2000年2月份体验时发现抗-HBs阳性、HBeAg阳性、抗-HBc阳性,肝功能正常,同年3月再次复查结果相同,患者无任何相关症     

HBsAg与抗-HBs同时阳性的慢性乙型肝炎患者临床特点分析

目的分析HBsAg与抗-HBs同时阳性的现象及其临床特点,并探讨其产生的原因。方法收集2011年2月-2014年2月东南大学附属第二医院体检者2260例,其中被诊断为慢性乙型肝炎的患者830例。采用化学发光微粒子免疫分析法筛选HBsAg与抗-HBs同时阳性的患者188例,分为HBeAg阳性组(n=101)和HBeAg阴性组(n=87)。同时选取200例HBsAg阳性、抗-HBs阴性者作为对照,其中HBeAg阳性组80例,HBeAg阴性组120例。检测HBV血清学标志物、肝功能、病毒载量并结合临床进行分析。计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验。结果 HBV血清学标志物在HBsAg与抗-HBs双阳性情况下共有5种模式,其中以HBsAg、抗-HBs、HBeAg及抗-HBc阳性,且抗-HBe阴性多见,占47.9%(90/188),肝功能指标总异常率为69.1%(130/188),HBV DNA总阳性率为56.9%(107/188)。HBeAg阳性的2组HBV DNA均存在高水平复制,其中HBsAg与抗-HBs双阳性组HBV DNA阳性率与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.632,P0.05);HBeAg阴性组中,HBsAg与抗-HBs双阳性组HBV DNA定量1×105IU/ml的比例与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=10.740,P0.05)。对HBV S区进行测序分析发现,测序的80例HBsAg与抗-HBs双阳性患者中有27例患者的HBV S区发生变异,突变率33.7%,且S区变异位点主要有P29L、S61L、P62L、I126T/S、Q129N、M133K、F134L、G145R/K、L175S和L186H等。结论 HBsAg与抗-HBs同时阳性者在乙型肝炎患者中有一定比例,其主要原因可能是病毒株变异所致。这种情况并不代表疾病好转,且抗-HBs出现并不一定能完全有效清除HBsAg,病毒DNA往往存在持续复制,需引起重视。     

HBeAg阴性乙型肝炎未经治疗表面抗原转阴并发展至肝硬化肝癌行肝移植1例

<正>患者,男性,37岁,无饮酒史,查体发现抗-"小三阳"[乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙型肝炎e抗体(抗-HBe)、乙型肝炎核心抗体(抗-HBc)阳性10余年,曾多次就诊于北京某三甲医院,复查HBV DNA均阴性、肝功能正常,未进行抗病毒治疗。2009年再次复查:乙肝两对半:HBsAg 155.00(+)、抗-HBs0.00m IU/mL(-)、HBeAg 0.19(-)、抗-HBe 0.02(+)、抗-HBc0.08(+);HBV DNA100拷贝/mL;肝功能:丙氨酸氨基转     

抗-HBs联合抗-HBe对HBsAg/HBeAg/抗-HBc阳性患者HBeAg血清学转换的预测价值

目的 建立HBsAg/HBeAg/抗-HBc阳性(以下简称“大三阳”)+抗-HBe阳性模式患者HBeAg血清学转换预测模型，并验证其预测价值。方法 选取2018年4月1日—2022年8月1日于长江大学附属荆州医院行乙型肝炎血清标志物和HBV DNA定量检测的乙型肝炎患者6 055例，根据不同乙型肝炎血清学指标模式分为5组：HBsAg阴性组、HBsAg/抗-HBe/抗-HBc阳性组、大三阳+抗-HBe阳性组、大三阳+抗-HBs阳性组和大三阳组。分析不同乙型肝炎血清学指标模式的特点及不同组别中HBeAg水平的差异。非正态分布的多组连续性变量组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验。计数资料组间比较采用χ²检验。采用线性回归分析不同组别HBeAg水平差异。采用Logistic回归筛选独立影响因素，获得最优预测因子。通过受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)验证预测效能。使用R Studio4.2.1建立预测模型并验证。结果 与大三阳模式相比，大三阳+抗-HBe阳性、大三阳+抗-HBs阳性模式患者HBeAg水平均降低(P值均<0.01)。多因素Logistic回归...     

乙型肝炎相关性肝衰竭患者HBV DNA低水平复制及特异性抗体表达的临床意义

目的探讨乙型肝炎相关性肝衰竭患者血清HBV DNA低水平复制及HBV特异性抗体表达的相关因素及临床意义。方法收集2008年6月至2013年12月于天津市第二人民医院住院治疗的391例乙型肝炎相关性肝衰竭患者及394例慢性乙型肝炎患者的病历资料。比较乙型肝炎相关性肝衰竭与慢性乙型肝炎患者HBV DNA表达的不同及影响因素分析。根据HBV血清学标志物(HBV M)特异性表达的不同将肝衰竭患者分为特异性抗体阳性(指抗-HBs、抗-HBe和抗-HBc同时阳性)和特异性抗体阴性(无抗-HBs、抗-HBe和抗-HBc同时阳性)2组,分析2组患者HBV DNA水平的变化和生存情况。组间比较采用独立样本t检验或MannWhitney秩和检验,计数资料比较采用χ2检验。结果乙型肝炎相关性肝衰竭患者HBV DNA水平低于慢性乙型肝炎组,差异有统计学意义(Z=-16.469,P0.05);HBeAg阳性和阴性的肝衰竭患者HBV DNA水平均低于相应的慢性乙型肝炎患者,差异有统计学意义(Z分别为-11.665和-12.853,P0.05)。在391肝衰竭病例中,HBV特异性抗体阳性组29例(7.42%),死亡25例(86.21%),HBV特异性抗体阴性组362例(92.58%),死亡157例(43.37%),2组病死率差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。特异性抗体阳性组患者HBV DNA水平明显低于特异性抗体阴性组,差异有统计学意义(Z=-3.594,P0.05)。2组HBeAg阴性患者HBV DNA水平均低于HBeAg阳性患者,差异有统计学意义(Z分别为7.427和7.513,P0.05)。结论 HBV M表达形式及机体免疫状态的动态变化在乙型肝炎相关性肝衰竭的发生发展过程中起着一定作用,HBV DNA低水平复制系机体处于免疫清除期所致,而同时伴抗-HBs、抗-HBe、抗-HBc 3个抗体同时阳性则提示机体对HBV的超强免疫反应,致使病情恶化、发展迅速,病死率高。     

HBsAg血清转换后乙型肝炎患者的临床与病理特点

目的 观察HBsAg阴转出现抗-HBs后,乙型肝炎患者的临床与病理学特征.方法 收集21例血清HBsAg阴转、出现抗-HBs的乙型肝炎患者,总结其临床特点,苏木精-伊红染色、Masson三色、Gomori网织纤维染色及HBsAg、HBcAg免疫组织化学染色分析肝穿刺组织病理形态特征.结果 21例乙型肝炎患者均有急性肝炎史,无肝炎家族史,血清抗-HBs、抗-HBe、抗-HBc阳性;其中2例血清HBV DNA检测阳性,分别为4.9×103和2.3×104拷贝/mL;组织学观察18例有轻度慢性炎性反应,15例有轻度纤维化;肝组织中HBsAg、HBcAg免疫组织化学染色均阴性.结论 发生HBsAg血清转换的乙型肝炎患者仍有肝脏炎性反应和纤维化,但病变较轻.     

132例HBeAg阳性HBsAg阴性的乙型肝炎患者HBV-M演变结果分析

目的:了解某些乙型肝炎患者HBsAg阴性,HBeAg阳性特殊感染模式的不稳定性,分析其产生的可能原因。方法:对符合主题的132例乙型肝炎患者,用ELISA法检测、复查血清乙肝病毒标志物(HBV-M)。结果:132例HBsAg阴性、HBeAg阳性患者入院时抗-HBc阳性123例、HBV DNA阳性65例(49.2％)。第1次复查有75例HBsAg转为阳性,16例抗HBs阳性、60例HBeAg阳性、65例抗HBe阳性、131例抗HBc阳性。第2次复查HBsAg阳性83例、抗-HBs阳性15例,HBeAg阳性78例、抗-Hbe阳性53例、抗-HBc阳性131例,HBV DNA阳性69例(52.27％)。结论:这种乙肝病毒感染的特殊模式很不稳定,大部分可以转变为HBsAg阳性,一小部分确也可以转变成抗-HBs阳性。     

HBsAg阳性者乙肝病毒血清标志物的组合模式及e抗原阳性者年龄和性别分布

目的了解山东省寿光市HBsAg阳性者乙肝病毒血清标志物(HBVm)组合模式,以及e抗原阳性者年龄、性别分布。方法用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测居民体检时发现的HBsAg阳性者的HBsAg、抗-HBs、HBeAg、抗-HBe、抗-HBc。结果共检出HBsAg阳性4312例,男性2554例、占59.2%,女性1758例、占40.8%;患者年龄3~91岁,平均35.9岁;HBVm有13种组合模式,HBsAg阳性、抗-HBe阳性或阴性、抗-HBc阳性占73.47%;HBeAg阳性率24.65%,男性高于女性,随年龄增加阳性率降低,年均递减0.89%;抗-HBe阳性率56.40%,女性高于男性,随年龄增长阳性率增高,年均递增0.92%。结论HBsAg阳性者以HBeAg阴性为主,随年龄增长HBeAg阳性率逐渐降低;小年龄组人群HBeAg、抗-HBe血清学转换率高,40岁以上人群转换率减慢。     

400例抗-HBc阳性者其他HBV血清学标志物检测结果分析

我们采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法检测了400例抗-HBc阳性乙肝病毒（HBV）感染者的其他血清学标志物（HBsAg、抗-HBs、HBeAg、抗-HBe）,现对将结果报告如下。 资料与方法：本文男260例、女140例,年龄26～64岁、平均45岁。均为体检正常,经ELISA法证实抗-HBc阳性者。 对受检者采集空腹血,离心后备用。采用Model-450型酶标仪及ELISA法测定血清HBsAg、抗-HBs、HBeAg、抗-HBe。 结果：本文HBsAg阳性284例（占71％）,抗-HBs阳性58例（占14.5％）,HBeAg阳性116例（占29％）,抗-HBe阳性186例（占46.5％）。按卫生部临床检验中心编著的《乙型肝炎临床免疫学检验质量保证》中的分组,本文检查结果见表1。     

Control of intraabdominal hemorrhage and shock: a comparison of fluid resuscitation, MAST, and balloon occlusion

Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock: intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). Twenty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and the spleen was exposed and completely crushed. The abdomen was closed, and treatment was initiated and continued for four hours or until the dog died. For all conditions the hematocrit dropped during the course of the experiment; balloon occlusion was effective at slowing this drop (P less than .0001), but MAST had no statistically significant effect. Animals with balloons bled more slowly into the abdominal cavity than did animals in the other two groups (P less than .0001). MAST also were effective at slowing the bleeding (P less than .05). Of the balloon and the MAST and balloon dogs, all except one survived the entire four hours; this difference between balloon and nonballoon dogs is significant (P = .002). MAST did not have a statistically significant effect on survival. Perfusion pressure (PP) declined during the course of the experiment, and the balloon was effective at slowing this decline (P less than .0001); none of the other comparisons was statistically significant.     

Interplay between interferon-mediated innate immunity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against viral infection, and in turn, viruses have evolved to evade host immune surveillance. As a result, viruses may persist in host and develop chronic infections. Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) are among the most potent antiviral cytokines triggered by viral infections. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a disease of pigs that is characterized by negligible induction of type I IFNs and viral persistence for an extended period. For IFN production, RIG-I/MDA5 and JAK-STAT pathways are two major signaling pathways, and recent studies indicate that PRRS virus is armed to modulate type I IFN responses during infection. This review describes the viral strategies for modulation of type I IFN responses. At least three non-structural proteins (Nsp1, Nsp2, and Nsp11) and a structural protein (N nucleocapsid protein) have been identified and characterized to play roles in the IFN suppression and NF-κB pathways. Nsp's are early proteins while N is a late protein, suggesting that additional signaling pathways may be involved in addition to the IFN pathway. The understanding of molecular bases for virus-mediated modulation of host innate immune signaling will help us design new generation vaccines and control PRRS.     

A Call to Action to Enhance Filovirus Disease Outbreak Preparedness and Response

The frequency and magnitude of recognized and declared filovirus-disease outbreaks have increased in recent years, while pathogenic filoviruses are potentially ubiquitous throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Meanwhile, the efficiency and effectiveness of filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response efforts are currently limited by inherent challenges and persistent shortcomings. This paper delineates some of these challenges and shortcomings and provides a proposal for enhancing future filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response. The proposal serves as a call for prompt action by the organizations that comprise filovirus-disease outbreak response teams, namely, Ministries of Health of outbreak-prone countries, the World Health Organization, Médecins Sans Frontières, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—Atlanta, and others.     

Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising From New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops

Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world’s staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA’s food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.     

Barrett's Esophagus: Where Do We Stand?

Barrett''s esophagus (BE) is a precursor for esophageal adenocarcinoma, which has an increased incidence rate over the last few decades. Its importance stems from the poor five-year survival of esophageal adenocarcinoma and current data that suggest a survival benefit when surveillance programs are implemented. In this review, we will cover the pathophysiology and natural history of BE and the different endoscopic findings. The prevalence of BE in different geographic areas and the incidence of high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in this patient population is reviewed. Recent recommendation for screening and surveillance of BE has been covered in this review as well as the efficacy of nonconventional imaging modalities and endoscopic ablation therapies.     

The Technology Transfer from Europe to China in the 17th–18th Centuries: Non-Invasive On-Site XRF and Raman Analyses of Chinese Qing Dynasty Enameled Masterpieces Made Using European Ingredients/Recipes

Two masterpieces of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912 CE), one in gilded brass (incense burner) decorated with cloisonné enamels stylistically attributed to the end of the Kangxi Emperor’s reign, the other in gold (ewer offered by Napoleon III to the Empress as a birthday present), decorated with both cloisonné and painted enamels bearing the mark of the Qianlong Emperor, were non-invasively studied by optical microscopy, Raman microspectroscopy and X-ray microfluorescence spectroscopy (point measurements and mapping) implemented on-site with mobile instruments. The elemental compositions of the metal substrates and enamels are compared. XRF point measurements and mappings support the identification of the coloring phases and elements obtained by Raman microspectroscopy. Attention was paid to the white (opacifier), blue, yellow, green, and red areas. The demonstration of arsenic-based phases (e.g., lead arsenate apatite) in the blue areas of the ewer, free of manganese, proves the use of cobalt imported from Europe. The high level of potassium confirms the use of smalt as the cobalt source. On the other hand, the significant manganese level indicates the use of Asian cobalt ores for the enamels of the incense burner. The very limited use of the lead pyrochlore pigment (European Naples yellow recipes) in the yellow and soft green cloisonné enamels of the Kangxi incense burner, as well as the use of traditional Chinese recipes for other colors (white, turquoise, dark green, red), reinforces the pioneering character of this object in technical terms at the 17th–18th century turn. The low level of lead in the cloisonné enamels of the incense burner may also be related to the use of European recipes. On the contrary, the Qianlong ewer displays all the enameling techniques imported from Europe to obtain a painted decoration of exceptional quality with the use of complex lead pyrochlore pigments, with or without addition of zinc, as well as cassiterite opacifier.